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日本のクロマツ林の遺伝管理

アジズ, アクバー, ムカシャフ AKBAR MUKASYAF, AZIZ 九州大学

2021.09.24

概要

クロマツ(Pinus thunbergii)は、日本に分布するマツ科マツ属の一種である。クロマツは、防風林・防砂林としての森林機能が期待され、江戸時代から人工的に植栽されてきた。しかし、クロマツは、マツノザイセンチュウ(Bursaphelenchus xylophilus)を原因とするマツ材線虫病に対する感受性が高く、1970 年代に大きな被害を受けた結果、その個体数は大きく減少した。そこで、マツ材線虫病に対して高い抵抗性を持つマツノザイセンチュウ抵抗性品種が開発され、これら品種を人工的に植栽することで被害の軽減とクロマツ林の維持が図られてきた。これまで日本の人工林は、植栽する際に森林を構成する遺伝子の多様性についてほとんど考慮されてこなかった。先行研究では、江戸期に成立したクロマツ林の大部分は、比較的近い地域から苗木が導入され、現在残っているクロマツ林の遺伝構造には、各地域で固有性が示唆されている。しかし、マツノザイセンチュウ抵抗性品種の遺伝的多様性や遺伝構造は明らかになっていない。さらに、クロマツは林業種苗法の種苗配布区域において主に太平洋側と日本海側の二区に分けられており、林業種苗法に従えば対象となる地域とは異なる遺伝構造を示す遠方の種苗の導入が可能である。そのため、抵抗性クロマツ品種の導入は、マツ材線虫病の被害を軽減する一方で、地域固有の遺伝構造を攪乱する可能性がある。

本研究では、まずゲノム SSR マーカーを用いて、生きの松原集団の遺伝的構造を明らかにした。その結果、生きの松原集団の遺伝構造は、樹齢によって異なることが明らかとなった。この結果は、樹齢の高い個体は生きの松原集団本来の遺伝構造を維持しているのに対し、若い個体は生きの松原以外の別の集団から導入された個体であることを示している。さらに、マツノザイセンチュウ抵抗性クロマツ品種は、遺伝構造の観点から現在の日本のクロマツ集団を網羅することが困難であることを示唆していた。九州育種基本区内で開発された抵抗性クロマツ品種もまた、生きの松原集団の遺伝的多様性や遺伝構造を維持するためにはその品種数は十分な数ではないことが示唆された。そのため、種苗配布区域に基づく抵抗性クロマツ品種の導入は、各地域のクロマツ林の遺伝子保存に決定的な影響を与えることが示唆された。

次に、より詳細な遺伝情報を得るために、ゲノム SSR マーカーとは異なる特徴を持つ DNA マーカーの開発を試みた。EST-SSR は、遺伝子内で認められる配列情報に基づくため、多型性は低いものの、ゲノム SSR マーカーとは異なる遺伝情報が得られることが期待される。開発した EST-SSRマーカーを利用して日本全国のクロマツ集団に適用したところ、ゲノム SSR マーカーでは複雑な遺伝構造を示していた地域の遺伝構造が明確となり、日本のクロマツが大きく 2 つのグループに分けることができることが明らかとなった。さらに、先行研究で明らかとなっていた東北地方と北陸地方間の遠方地域間の種苗の移動は、山陰地方と紀伊半島などいくつかの地域間でも生じていることが明らかとなった。

マツ材線虫病によるクロマツ林の被害を軽減するため、抵抗性クロマツ品種は継続的に利用される。しかし、現時点で日本全体を全体の遺伝構造を網羅するための品種数は十分ではない。さらに、歴史的に地域間の種苗の移動が生じていることが明らかとなった一方で、ほとんどのクロマツ林は比較的近い地域からの種苗の移動に留まっていた。人工林における遺伝的多様性や地域特異性に関する議論は少なく、本研究の結果は、日本におけるクロマツ林の人工植栽に関する既存の規制やプログラムに関して、歴史的背景も含めて再評価するための基礎情報となる。

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