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Table S1. Baseline patient characteristics at admission and within 24 hours treatment in sinus rhythm group.
First quartile (n=239)
Second quartile (n=242)
Third quartile (n=238)
Forth quartile (n=243)
HR change < 2.3 %
2.3 % ≤ HR change < 13.4 %
13.4 % ≤ HR change < 25.9 %
25.9 % ≤ HR change
Age, years
80 (72-87)
79 (65-86)
77 (66-84)
78 (69-84)
< 0.001
Male, n (%)
133 (55.6)
134 (55.4)
153 (64.3)
139 (57.2)
0.16
22.1 (20.0-24.4)
22.5 (19.9-26.1)
23.2 (20.4-25.8)
21.6 (19.6-24.2)
0.004
NYHA class III and IV, n (%)
196 (82.0)
210 (86.8)
212 (89.1)
229 (94.2)
< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
133 (116-156)
139 (120-159)
150 (132-172)
179 (153-206)
< 0.001
Heart rate, bpm
79 (68-90)
87 (75-100)
100 (87-110)
115 (102-127)
< 0.001
Ischemic etiology, n (%)
83 (34.7)
69 (28.5)
94 (39.5)
83 (34.1)
0.097
History of HF hospitalization, n (%)
79 (33.1)
89 (36.8)
76 (31.9)
74 (30.5)
0.48
Hypertension, n (%)
144 (60.3)
147 (60.7)
144 (60.5)
168 (69.1)
0.10
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)
71 (29.7)
87 (36.0)
83 (34.9)
98 (40.3)
0.11
ACE-I/ARB, n (%)
104 (43.5)
101 (41.7)
91 (38.2)
106 (43.6)
0.60
β-blocker, n (%)
79 (33.1)
99 (40.9)
63 (26.5)
75 (30.9)
0.008
MRA, n (%)
61 (25.5)
55 (22.7)
45 (18.9)
41 (16.9)
0.099
3.4 (3.0-3.8)
3.4 (3.0-3.8)
3.5 (3.1-3.9)
3.6 (3.2-3.9)
0.026
BUN, mg/dL
23.4 (17.0-34.1)
23.1 (16.0-32.0)
21.0 (15.7-28.6)
19.9 (15.1-27.3)
0.001
Creatinine, mg/dL
1.09 (0.87-1.55)
1.10 (0.85-1.58)
1.00 (0.80-1.28)
0.98 (0.79-1.30)
< 0.001
Sodium, mEq/L
139 (137-142)
140 (137-142)
140 (138-142)
140 (138-142)
0.076
Hemoglobin, g/dL
11.2 (9.7-12.7)
11.2 (9.7-13.3)
12.1 (10.5-13.9)
11.9 (10.4-13.7)
< 0.001
BNP, pg/mL
714 (385-1466)
875 (435-1515)
865 (450-1398)
664 (372-1301)
0.133
CRP, mg/dL
0.88 (0.24-3.36)
0.72 (0.30-2.50)
0.77 (0.25-1.93)
0.60 (0.16-2.25)
0.079
42 (27-58)
37 (25-53)
34 (25-47)
36 (27-50)
0.024
30 (12.6)
44 (18.2)
69 (29.0)
129 (53.1)
< 0.001
Body mass index, kg/m2
p value
Comorbidities
Oral medication before admission
Laboratory data
Albumin, g/dL
LVEF, %
Treatment within 24 hours
NIV, n (%)
Endotracheal intubation, n (%)
7 (2.9)
4 (1.7)
7 (2.9)
14 (5.8)
0.096
Inotropes, n (%)
37 (15.5)
39 (16.1)
27 (11.3)
36 (14.8)
0.44
Diltiazem, n (%)
2 (0.8)
6 (2.5)
6 (2.5)
9 (3.7)
0.13
Landiolol, n (%)
0 (0)
1 (0.4)
0 (0)
0 (0)
Digoxin, n (%)
1 (0.4)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0 (0)
0.73
Amiodarone, n (%)
2 (0.8)
4 (1.7)
7 (2.9)
9 (3.7)
0.083
-6.2 (-14.9- -1.3)
8.0 (5.6-10.8)
20.0 (16.4-23.0)
36.3 (30.5-41.9)
< 0.001
HR change, (%)
Values are presented as number (%) or median (lower quartiles-upper quartiles).
ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker, BNP = brain natriuretic peptide, BUN = blood urea nitrogen,
CRP = C reactive protein, HF = heart failure, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, NIV = noninvasive ventilation,
NYHA = New York Heart Association.
Table S2. Baseline patient characteristics at admission and within 24 hours treatment in AF group.
First quartile (n=139)
Second quartile (n=141)
Third quartile (n=143)
Forth quartile (n=142)
HR change < 1.6 %
1.6 % ≤ HR change < 19.2 %
19.2 % ≤ HR change < 32.3 %
32.3 % ≤ HR change
Age, years
82 (76-87)
80 (70-86)
79 (72-86)
78 (69-84)
0.003
Male, n (%)
72 (51.8)
87 (61.7)
78 (54.5)
70 (49.3)
0.18
22.3 (19.4-25.2)
22.6 (20.0-25.6)
22.3 (19.4-24.9)
21.8 (18.8-24.6)
0.44
NYHA class III and IV, n (%)
111 (79.9)
108 (76.6)
127 (88.8)
121 (85.2)
0.031
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
129 (114-150)
134 (116-156)
138 (122-164)
155 (128-181)
< 0.001
Heart rate, bpm
80 (67-91)
94 (79-110)
113 (94-133)
140 (123-157)
< 0.001
Ischemic etiology, n (%)
20 (14.4)
22 (15.6)
28 (19.6)
17 (12.0)
0.36
History of HF hospitalization, n (%)
50 (36.0)
60 (42.6)
36 (25.2)
44 (31.0)
0.016
Hypertension, n (%)
74 (53.2)
87 (61.7)
73 (51.0)
78 (54.9)
0.33
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)
33 (23.7)
35 (24.8)
28 (19.6)
31 (21.8)
0.75
ACE-I/ARB, n (%)
57 (41.0)
60 (42.6)
52 (36.4)
53 (37.3)
0.68
β-blocker, n (%)
57 (41.0)
62 (44.0)
45 (31.5)
53 (37.3)
0.16
MRA, n (%)
43 (30.9)
32 (22.7)
27 (18.9)
27 (19.0)
0.062
3.5 (3.2-3.9)
3.4 (3.0-3.8)
3.5 (3.1-3.9)
3.4 (3.1-3.8)
0.32
BUN, mg/dL
22.6 (17.2-28.9)
22.0 (16.0-29.4)
21.6 (17.9-32.4)
20.7 (15.8-26.8)
0.13
Creatinine, mg/dL
1.04 (0.79-1.30)
1.01 (0.81-1.36)
1.04 (0.79-1.40)
0.91 (0.73-1.25)
0.052
140 (138-142)
140 (137-143)
139 (137-142)
141 (139-142)
0.077
11.7 (10.0-13.0)
11.6 (10.3-13.5)
11.9 (10.3-13.3)
12.1 (10.6-13.6)
0.23
BNP, pg/mL
543 (309-899)
569 (337-980)
599 (284-1090)
572 (338-859)
0.59
CRP, mg/dL
0.47 (0.17-1.85)
0.76 (0.26-1.95)
1.06 (0.31-2.88)
0.84 (0.28-3.13)
0.089
50 (34-61)
45 (33-59)
40 (30-55)
41 (31-56)
0.091
10 (7.2)
15 (10.6)
41 (28.7)
46 (32.4)
< 0.001
Body mass index, kg/m2
p value
Medical history
Oral medication before admission
Laboratory data
Albumin, g/dL
Sodium, mEq/L
Hemoglobin, g/dL
LVEF, %
Treatment within 24 hours
NIV, n (%)
Endotracheal intubation, n (%)
3 (2.2)
2 (1.4)
4 (2.8)
0 (0)
0.21
Inotropes, n (%)
10 (7.2)
21 (14.9)
10 (7.0)
6 (4.2)
0.013
Diltiazem, n (%)
13 (9.4)
19 (13.5)
45 (31.5)
61 (43.0)
< 0.001
Landiolol, n (%)
5 (3.6)
8 (5.7)
13 (9.1)
20 (14.1)
0.009
Digoxin, n (%)
6 (4.3)
5 (3.5)
9 (6.3)
15 (10.6)
0.083
Amiodarone, n (%)
3 (2.2)
7 (5.0)
6 (4.2)
6 (4.2)
0.65
-9.2 (-18.3- -2.4)
9.9 (5.0-14.6)
25.7 (23.2-28.5)
41.9 (36.8-49.3)
< 0.001
HR change, (%)
Values are presented as number (%) or median (lower quartiles-upper quartiles).
ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker, BNP = brain natriuretic peptide, BUN = blood urea nitrogen,
CRP = C reactive protein, HF = heart failure, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, NIV = noninvasive ventilation,
NYHA = New York Heart Association.
Table S3. Baseline patient characteristics at admission and within 24hours treatment.
Lower tertile (n=480)
Middle tertile (n=535)
Higher tertile (n=512)
HR < 85 bpm
85 bpm ≤ HR < 110 bpm
110 bpm ≤ HR
Age, years
82 (74-87)
79 (69-85)
77 (67-84)
< 0.001
Male, n (%)
270 (56.3)
314 (58.7)
282 (55.1)
0.48
22.2 (20.0-24.9)
22.6 (20.0-25.6)
22.0 (19.4-24.9)
0.11
NYHA class III and IV, n (%)
383 (79.8)
472 (88.2)
459 (89.6)
< 0.001
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
135 (118-157)
144 (124-167)
157 (131-189)
< 0.001
Heart rate, bpm
74 (66-80)
97 (90-102)
126 (117-140)
< 0.001
Atrial fibrillation rhythm, n (%)
160 (33.3)
148 (27.7)
257 (50.2)
< 0.001
Ischemic etiology, n (%)
127 (26.5)
173 (32.3)
116 (22.7)
0.002
History of HF hospitalization, n (%)
187 (39.0)
193 (36.1)
128 (25.0)
< 0.001
Hypertension, n (%)
287 (59.8)
328 (61.3)
300 (58.6)
0.67
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)
141 (29.4)
172 (32.1)
153 (29.9)
0.56
ACE-I/ARB, n (%)
228 (47.5)
231 (43.2)
165 (32.2)
< 0.001
β-blocker, n (%)
219 (45.6)
180 (33.6)
134 (26.2)
< 0.001
MRA, n (%)
141 (29.4)
114 (21.3)
76 (14.8)
< 0.001
3.5 (3.1-3.8)
3.5 (3.0-3.9)
3.5 (3.1-3.8)
0.53
BUN, mg/dL
22.5 (16.5-31.0)
22.0 (16.6-30.2)
20.2 (15.5-27.3)
0.001
Creatinine, mg/dL
1.09 (0.86-1.53)
1.02 (0.81-1.37)
0.97 (0.76-1.28)
< 0.001
Sodium, mEq/L
140 (137-142)
140 (138-142)
140 (138-142)
0.65
Hemoglobin, g/dL
11.2 (9.9-12.7)
11.5 (9.9-13.3)
12.5 (10.6-14.0)
< 0.001
BNP, pg/mL
634 (319-1100)
724 (380-1414)
666 (379-1214)
0.012
CRP, mg/dL
0.53 (0.17-1.88)
0.89 (0.26-2.46)
0.84 (0.29-2.97)
< 0.001
48 (32-60)
37 (26-54)
36 (27-48)
< 0.001
Body mass index, kg/m2
p value
Comorbidities
Oral medication before admission
Laboratory data
Albumin, g/dL
LVEF, %
Treatment within 24 hours
NIV, n (%)
52 (10.8)
126 (23.6)
206 (40.2)
< 0.001
4 (0.8)
14 (2.6)
23 (4.5)
0.012
Inotropes, n (%)
53 (11.0)
64 (12.0)
69 (13.5)
0.50
Diltiazem, n (%)
7 (1.5)
27 (5.0)
127 (24.8)
< 0.001
Landiolol, n (%)
4 (0.8)
4 (0.7)
39 (7.6)
< 0.01
Digitalis, n (%)
4 (0.8)
3 (0.6)
29 (5.7)
< 0.001
Amiodarone, n (%)
7 (1.5)
10 (1.9)
27 (5.3)
< 0.001
1.7 (-8.7-11.0)
14.1 (3.5-24.7)
31.3 (20.9-41.3)
< 0.001
Endotracheal intubation, n (%)
HR change, (%)
Values are presented as number (%) or median (lower quartiles-upper quartiles).
ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker, BNP = brain natriuretic peptide, BUN = blood urea nitrogen,
CRP = C reactive protein, HF = heart failure, LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction, MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, NIV = noninvasive ventilation,
NYHA = New York Heart Association.
Table S4. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis excluding patients who have been treated with negative chronotropic agents within 24 hours after
admission.
All patients
Sinus rhythm group
AF group
Hazard ratio
95% CI
p value
Hazard ratio
95% CI
p value
Hazard ratio
95% CI
p value
HR change
0.995
0.990-0.999
0.015
0.992
0.987-0.998
0.007
1.003
0.993-1.013
0.57
HR at admission
0.994
0.990-0.998
0.004
0.992
0.987-0.998
0.005
0.999
0.990-1.008
0.82
HR change*
0.996
0.991-0.999
0.044
0.993
0.988-0.999
0.018
1.003
0.993-1.012
0.59
HR at admission*
0.997
0.993-1.001
0.12
0.996
0.991-1.002
0.17
0.999
0.989-1.008
0.77
HR change†
0.999
0.994-1.005
0.78
0.998
0.991-1.005
0.61
1.005
0.993-1.018
0.42
HR at admission†
0.998
0.992-1.003
0.38
0.998
0.990-1.005
0.50
0.995
0.983-1.008
0.46
Univariate
Model 1
Model 2
HR, heart rate; CI, confidence interval.
*adjusted by age and sex. †adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure at admission, ischemic etiology, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, β-blocker at
admission, albumin, creatinine, sodium, hemoglobin, logarithm brain natriuretic peptide, left ventricular ejection fraction, and use of inotropes.
Table S5. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis excluding patients who have been treated with inotropes within 24 hours after admission.
All patients
Sinus rhythm group
AF group
Hazard ratio
95% CI
p value
Hazard ratio
95% CI
p value
Hazard ratio
95% CI
p value
HR change
0.993
0.988-0.997
< 0.001
0.991
0.986-0.997
0.004
0.994
0.988-0.999
0.038
HR at admission
0.993
0.989-0.996
< 0.001
0.992
0.986-0.998
0.007
0.992
0.987-0.997
0.001
HR change*
0.995
0.991-0.999
0.015
0.993
0.988-0.999
0.027
0.996
0.990-1.002
0.22
HR at admission*
0.996
0.992-0.999
0.021
0.997
0.991-1.002
0.24
0.994
0.989-0.999
0.028
HR change†
0.999
0.993-1.004
0.62
0.997
0.990-1.005
0.46
0.999
0.992-1.007
0.86
HR at admission†
0.999
0.994-1.004
0.70
0.999
0.991-1.006
0.72
0.998
0.991-1.005
0.52
Univariate
Model 1
Model 2
HR, heart rate; CI, confidence interval.
*adjusted by age and sex. †adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, systolic blood pressure at admission, ischemic etiology, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, β-blocker at
admission, albumin, creatinine, sodium, hemoglobin, logarithm brain natriuretic peptide, left ventricular ejection fraction, and use of negative chronotropic agents.
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