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Electrochemical technique for cell viability assessment via monitoring of intracellular NADH with a modified double mediator system

ALIM Md. Abdul 富山大学

2022.03.23

概要

In this thesis, I proposed and developed a new electrochemical technique for cell viability assessment via monitoring of intracellular NADH with a modified double mediator system.

Developing of rapid and precise methods for cell counting and cell viability assessment is very important to evaluate the acute cytotoxicity of fast-acting drugs, pollutants, food additives, fermentation processes in the food processing industry, and in cell biology. There are various kinds of conventional methods have been developed for cell viability assessment. However, some methods such as the fluorescent dye-staining methods take a time to analysis and cannot assess the intracellular metabolic activity. To resolve this problem, electrical methods such as the impedance spectroscopy method and electro-orientation method have been developed. These methods are rapid but still unable to assess an intracellular metabolism as cell viability. On the other hand, conventional MTT or WST assays can assess the total intracellular NADH as a marker of cell viability though it is time-consuming. These colorimetric methods have some other limitations such as cytotoxicity of assay dye, several steps to get results, scattering effect of cells suspended in medium, and therefore cannot evaluate the toxic effect of fast-acting drugs or chemicals.

With this background, the main objective of this study was to develop a rapid, precise, and convenient electrochemical method to evaluate the real cell viability through the monitoring of intracellular NADH which is one of the most important metabolites for not only mammalian cells but also microorganisms.

In chapter 1, I highlighted the background and purpose of this study, and provided some important biological terms related to this study. In chapter 2, I comprehensively explained the required materials and methods for this study.

In chapter 3, I introduced the electrochemical technique with 1-methoxy-5-methylphenazinium methyl sulfate (mPMS) and [Fe(CN)6]3-(FeCN) as a modified double mediator system to monitor intracellular NADH on mammalian cells. A combination of 10 µM mPMS and 500 µM FeCN was the optimum concentration, and 10 minutes of incubation was enough to monitor intracellular NADH by chronoamperometry at +0.5 V applications. My this mPMS/FeCN system worked as useful as previously reported enzyme-dependent menadione (Mena)/FeCN system. I confirmed that the electron transfer from intracellular NADH to mPMS occurred non-enzymatically, though the cytosolic enzyme catalyzed the electron transfer from intracellular NADH to Mena. Next, I applied my modified double mediator system to count the various kinds of mammalian cells. Here the cell counting results by my method were compared with the results by conventional WST-1 assay. The oxidation current in chronoamperometry after 10 minutes of incubation showed an excellent linear relationship in two times wider cell concentration as compared to the cell concentration detected by conventional WST-1 assay. Furthermore, I applied my method to investigate the acute toxic effect of oxamic acid on metabolic activity in PC12 cells as a model tumor cell by blocking LDH. Recently, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibition by oxamic acid has taken a lot of attention for the anti-cancer drug. My result demonstrated that the electrochemical technique with the modified double mediator system might be useful for screening of fast-acting drugs to intracellular metabolism.

In chapter 4, I described the application of my method for yeast cell counting and to evaluate the acute cytotoxicity of two antifungal agents in yeast cells. Firstly, I paid attention to itaconic acid that has been especially used to make hydrogels for water decontamination and eco-friendly biodegradable polymer. Itaconic acid is also important as a natural metabolite that acts as a key regulator for the TCA cycle by an inhibitory effect on succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). Itaconic acid with mM concentration interferes the TCA cycle metabolism by direct inhibition of SDH. So, itaconic acid cytotoxicity monitoring is highly important. I succeeded to evaluate the metabolic inhibition effect of itaconic acid in yeast cells by electrochemical monitoring of intracellular NADH with my modified double mediator system. Further, I applied my method to evaluate the toxic effect of nystatin in yeast cells. Nystatin is widely used as an anti-fungal drug. It has been reported that the toxic effect of nystatin at the concentration of µg/mL range was evaluated by the colony counting method on the basis of cell membrane disruption. Here, the toxic effect of nystatin with two order lower concentration was evaluated by my method. The results obtained by my method demonstrated that 0.01 µg/mL of nystatin induced intracellular NADH decrease to promote apoptosis without cell membrane disruption.

In chapter 5, I concluded this research. Result obtained in this study suggested that my method might be applicable to evaluate the various types of acute cytotoxicity such as inhibition of respiratory chain, protein and DNA synthesis, etc. I believe that my method might be useful as a tool for academic study, cell-based research, medical and pharmaceutical applications. Finally, in the future perspective, I introduced the possibility of controlling intracellular metabolic activity by electrochemical reduction of intracellular NAD+ to NADH.

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