Isomerization and epimerization of glucose and galactose in arginine solution and phosphate buffer under subcritical fluid conditions

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Figure 1. Time courses of the reaction of glucose under subcritical fluid conditions in (a)

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arginine solution, (b) phosphate buffer, and (c) pure water; (a-1) Temperature (dashed curve) of

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the reaction mixture, the remaining fraction of glucose (CGlc/CGlc,0; □), yields of fructose

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(CFru/CGlc,0; ), mannose (CMan/CGlc,0; ◇), and allulose (CAll/CGlc,0; △), and pH (■); (a-2)

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Absorbances at 280 nm (A280; ◇) and 420 nm (A420; ); (b-1) and (b-2) are the time courses

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in phosphate buffer, and (c-1) and (c-2) are those in pure water. Symbols and bars indicate mean

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and standard deviation, respectively (n = 3). The temperature of the reaction bath was set at

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110°C. The solid curves smoothly connect the points.

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Figure 2. Time courses of the reaction of galactose under subcritical fluid conditions in (a)

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arginine solution, (b) phosphate buffer, and (c) pure water: (a-1) Temperature (dashed curve) of

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the reaction mixture, the remaining fraction of galactose (CGal/CGal,0; □), yields of tagatose

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(CTag/CGal,0; ), talose (CTal/CGal,0; ◇), and sorbose (CSor/CGal,0; △), and pH (■); (a-2)

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Absorbances at 280 nm (A280; ◇) and 420 nm (A420; ); (b-1) and (b-2) are the time courses

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in phosphate buffer, and (c-1) and (c-2) are those in pure water. Symbols and bars indicate mean

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and standard deviation, respectively (n = 3). The temperature of the reaction bath was set at

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110°C. The solid curves smoothly connect the points.

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Figure 3. Relationship between the yields of formed sugars and pH of the reaction mixture in

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arginine solution (closed symbols) or phosphate buffer (open symbols). (a) Relationship in the

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glucose reaction for fructose (CFru/CGlc,0; , ), mannose (CMan/CGlc,0; ◆, ◇), and allulose

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(CAll/CGlc,0; ▲, △). (b) Relationship in the galactose reaction between tagatose (CTag/CGal,0; ,

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○), sorbose (CSor/CGal,0; ◆, ◇), and talose (CTal/CGal,0; ▲, △). Symbols and bars indicate

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mean and standard deviation, respectively (n = 3). The pH was measured at room temperature.

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The curved arrow in (a) indicates the direction of reaction progress.

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Figure 4. Relationship between the yields of formed sugars and conversion of the substrate in

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arginine solution (closed symbols) or phosphate buffer (open symbols). (a) Relationship in the

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reaction of glucose for fructose (CFru/CGlc,0; , ○), mannose (CMan/CGlc,0; ◆, ◇), and

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allulose (CAll/CGlc,0; ▲, △ ). (b) Relationship in the reaction of galactose for tagatose

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(CTag/CGal,0; , ), sorbose (CSor/CGlc,0; ◆, ◇), and talose (CTal/CGlc,0; ▲, △). Symbols and

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bars indicate mean and standard deviation (n = 3).

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Figure 5. Relationship between the absorbances at 280 nm and 420 nm during the isomerization

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of glucose (, ) and galactose (▲, △) in arginine solution (closed symbols) or phosphate

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buffer (open symbols) at approximately 110°C. Symbols and bars indicate mean and standard

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deviation, respectively (n = 3).

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Figure 6. Relationship between the yields of fructose (, ) and tagatose (▲, △) and

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absorbance of the reaction mixture at 420 nm in arginine solution (closed symbols) or phosphate

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buffer (open symbols). Symbols and bars indicate mean and standard deviation, respectively (n

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= 3).

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Graphical abstract caption

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Isomerization of hexoses in arginine solution and phosphate buffer under subcritical condition

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