1. Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton GE. ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: Pereira F, Burges CJC, Bottou L, Weinberger KQ, eds. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25. Red Hook, NY: Curran Associates, Inc.; 2012:1097–1105.
2. Coudray N, Ocampo PS, Sakellaropoulos T, et al. Classification and mutation prediction from non-small cell lung cancer histopathology images using deep learning. Nat Med. 2018;24:1559–1567.
3. Iizuka O, Kanavati F, Kato K, Rambeau M, Arihiro K, Tsuneki M. Deep learning models for histopathological classification of gastric and colonic epithelial tumours. Sci Rep. 2020;10:1504.
4. Song Z, Zou S, Zhou W, et al. Clinically applicable histopathological diagnosis system for gastric cancer detection using deep learning. Nat Commun. 2020;11:4294.
5. Ginley B, Lutnick B, Jen K-Y, et al. Computational segmentation and classification of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;30:1953–1967.
6. Becker JU, Mayerich D, Padmanabhan M, et al. Artificial intelligence and machine learning in nephropathology. Kidney Int. 2020;98:65–75.
7. Uchino E, Suzuki K, Sato N, et al. Classification of glomerular pathological findings using deep learning and nephrologistAI collective intelligence approach. Int J Med Inform. 2020;141:104231.
8. Trimarchi H, Barratt J, Cattran DC, et al. Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy 2016: an update from the IgA Nephropathy Classification Working Group. Kidney Int. 2017;91:1014–1021.
9. Goode A, Gilbert B, Harkes J, Jukic D, Satyanarayanan M. OpenSlide: a vendor-neutral software foundation for digital pathology. J Pathol Inform. 2013;4:27.
10. Macenko M, Niethammer M, Marron JS, et al. A method for normalizing histology slides for quantitative analysis. In: 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging. From Nano to Macro; 2009:1107–1110.
11. Zoph B, Vasudevan V, Shlens J, Le QV. Learning transferable architectures for scalable image recognition. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2018:8697–8710.
12. Chollet F. Keras. Available at: https://keras.io. Accessed July 1, 2021.
13. Russakovsky O, Deng J, Su H, et al. ImageNet large scale visual recognition challenge. Int J Comput Vis. 2015;115:211–252.
14. McInnes L, Healy J, Saul N, Großberger L. UMAP: uniform manifold approximation and projection. J Open Source Softw. 2018;3:861.
15. Fraley C, Raftery A. Model-based Methods of Classification: Using the mclust Software in Chemometrics. J Stat Softw. 2007;18(6):1–13.
16. Abadi M, Agarwal A, Barham P, et al. TensorFlow: large-scale machine learning on heterogeneous systems. Available at: http://tensorflow.org/. Accessed July 1, 2021.
17. Kingma DP, Ba J. Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization. arXiv [csLG]. Published online December 22, 2014 http:// arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980. Accessed July 1, 2021.
18. Hand DJ, Till RJ. A simple generalisation of the area under the ROC curve for multiple class classification problems. Mach Learn. 2001;45:171–186.
19. Wang H, Wang Z, Du M, et al. Score-CAM: score-weighted visual explanations for convolutional neural networks. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops. 2020:24–25.
20. Springenberg JT, Dosovitskiy A, Brox T, Riedmiller M. Striving for simplicity: the all convolutional net. arXiv. Available at: http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6806. Accessed July 1, 2021.
21. Selvaraju RR, Cogswell M, Das A, Vedantam R, Parikh D, Batra D. Grad-CAM: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). 2017:618–626.
22. Dunnett CW. A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control. J Am Stat Assoc. 1955;50:1096–1121.
23. pandas-dev/pandas: Pandas. Available at: 10.5281/zenodo.35 09134. Accessed July 1, 2021.
24. Wickham H, Averick M, Bryan J, et al. Welcome to the tidyverse. J Open Source Softw. 2019;4:1686.
25. Pedregosa F, Varoquaux G, Gramfort A, et al. Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. J Mach Learn Res. Available at: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/1953048.2078195. Accessed February 13, 2020.
26. Wickham H. ggplot2: elegant graphics for data analysis. Available at: https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org. Accessed July 1, 2021.
27. van Kesteren E-J. Vankesteren/Firatheme: Firatheme Version 0.2.1. Available at: 10.5281/zenodo.3604681. Accessed July 1, 2021.
28. Kannan S, Morgan LA, Liang B, et al. Segmentation of glomeruli within trichrome images using deep learning. Kidney Int Rep. 2019;4:955–962.
29. Temerinac-Ott M, Forestier G, Schmitz J, et al. Detection of glomeruli in renal pathology by mutual comparison of multiple staining modalities. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis. 2017:19–24.
30. Sheehan S, Mawe S, Cianciolo RE, Korstanje R, Mahoney JM. Detection and classification of novel renal histologic phenotypes using deep neural networks. Am J Pathol. 2019;189: 1786–1796.
31. Zeng C-H, Nan Y, Xu F, et al. Identification of glomerular lesions and intrinsic glomerular cell types in kidney diseases via deep learning. J Pathol. 2020;252:53–64.
32. Barros GO, Navarro B, Duarte A, Dos-Santos WLC. Patho Spotter-K: a computational tool for the automatic identification of glomerular lesions in histological images of kidneys. Sci Rep. 2017;7:46769.
33. Chattopadhay A, Sarkar A, Howlader P, Balasubramanian VN. Grad-CAMþþ: generalized gradient-based visual explanations for deep convolutional networks. In: 2018 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). 2018:839–847.
34. Gowrishankar S, Gupta Y, Vankalakunti M, et al. Correlation of Oxford MEST-C scores with clinical variables for IgA nephropathy in South India. Kidney Int Rep. 2019;4:1485– 1490.
35. Peng W, Tang Y, Tan L, Qin W. Crescents and global glomerulosclerosis in Chinese IgA nephropathy patients: a five-year follow-up. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2019;44:103– 112.
36. Shao X, Li B, Cao L, et al. Evaluation of crescent formation as a predictive marker in immunoglobulin A nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2017;8: 46436–46448.