1. OECD Reviews of Health Care Quality: Japan 2015: Raising Standards-en, https://www.oecd.org/japan/oecd-reviews-of-health-care-quality-japan-2015- 9789264225817-en.htm
2. Furlanetto LM, da Silva RV, et al. The impact of psychiatric comorbidity on length of stay of medical inpatients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2003;25:14–9
3. Bourgeois JA, Kremen WS, Servis ME, et al. The impact of psychiatric diagnosis on length of stay in a university medical center in the managed care era. Psychosomatics 2005;46:431–9
4. Koopmans GT, Donker MCH, Rutten FHH. Length of hospital stay and health services use of medical inpatients with comorbid noncognitive mental disorders: a review of the literature. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2005;27:44–56
5. Abrams TE, Vaughan-Sarrazin M. Rosenthal GE. Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on surgical mortality. Arch Surg Chic Ill 2010;145:947–53
6. Davies SJC, Iwajomo T, de Oliveira C, et al. The impact of psychiatric and medical comorbidity on the risk of mortality: a population-based analysis. Psychol Med 2021;51:320–8
7. Hanrahan NP, Bressi S, Marcus SC, et al. Examining the impact of comorbid serious mental illness on rehospitalization among medical and surgical inpatients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2016;42:36–40
8. Health at a Glance 2019: OECD Indicators. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/socialissues-migration-health/health-at-a-glance-2019_4dd50c09-en
9. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th.
10. Kim S, Kim JJ, Oh J, et al: Delirium characteristics and outcomes in medical and surgical lnpatients: A subgroup analysis. J Crit Care 2018; 43:156–62
11. Inouye SK, Dyck CH, Alessi CA, et al: Clarifying Confusion: The Confusion Assessment Method. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 113:941–8
12. Neelon J, Champagne T, Carlson R, et al: The NEECHAM Confusion Scale: Construction, Validation, And Clinical Testing. Nursing Research. 1996; 45: 324-330
13. Trzepacz PT, Baker RW, Greenhouse J. A symptom rating scale for delirium. Psychiatry Res. 1988 ;23: 89–97
14. 北川雄一 : 高齢手術患者における術後せん妄. 日外科系連会誌 2013; 38:28–35
15. Sanders RD, Pandharipande PP, Davidson AJ, et al: Anticipating and managing postoperative delirium and cognitive decline in adults. BMJ 2011;343:d4331
16. Oh S-T, Park JY: Postoperative delirium. Korean J Anesthesiol 2019;72:4–12
17. Kishi T, Hirota T, Matsunaga S,et al: Antipsychotic medications for the treatment of delirium: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016;87:767–74
18. Hong N, Park J: The Motoric Types of Delirium and Estimated Blood Loss during Perioperative Period in Orthopedic Elderly Patients. BioMed Res Int 2018;2018:1–7
19. Someya T, Endo T, Hara T, et al; A survey on the drug therapy for delirium. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;55:397–401
20. Kim S-W, Yoo J-A, Lee S-Y, et al. Risperidone versus olanzapine for the treatment of delirium. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010;25:298–302
21. Herzig SJ, Rothberg MB, Guess JR, et al. Antipsychotic Use in Hospitalized Adults: Rates, Indications, and Predictors. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016;64:299–305
22. Smith PJ, Attix DK, Weldon BC, et al. Executive Function and Depression as Independent Risk Factors for Postoperative Delirium. Anesthesiology 2009;110:781–7
23. Leung JM, Sands LP, Paul S, et al. Does Postoperative Delirium Limit the Use of Patient Controlled Analgesia in Older Surgical Patients? Anesthesiology 2009;111:625–31
24. 康永秀生, 松居宏樹, 堀口裕正, et al. DPC (Diagnosis Procedure Combination) データの臨床研究利用. J UOEH 2014;36:191–7
25. Matsuda S, Ishikawa K, Kuwabara K, et al. Development and use of the Japanese case-mix system. Eurohealth 2008;143:25-30
26. Yamana H, Moriwaki M, Horiguchi H, et al. Validity of diagnoses, procedures, and laboratory data in Japanese administrative data. J Epidemiol 2017;27:476–82
27. Yasunaga H, Matsui H, Horiguchi H, et al. Clinical Epidemiology and Health Services Research using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination Database in Japan. Asian Pac J Dis Manag. 2015;7:19–24
28. 康永秀生. DPC データによる臨床疫学研究の成果と今後の課題. 医療と社会. 2016;26:8
29. World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines. WHO, 1992.
30. 2019 年度「DPC導入の影響評価に係る調査」実施説明資料(厚生労働省), https://www.mhlw.go.jp/content/12400000/000498086.pdf
31. Yamada K, Hosoda M, Nakashima S, et al. Psychiatric diagnosis in the elderly referred to a consultation-liaison psychiatry service in a general geriatric hospital in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012;12:304–9
32. 堀川直史, コンサルテーション・リエゾン精神医学.精神雑誌 2007;109;709-712 https://journal.jspn.or.jp/jspn/openpdf/1090070709.pdf
33. Lipowski ZJ. Review of Consultation Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine: I. General Principles. Psychosom Med 1967;29:153–71
34. Lipowski ZJ. Review of Consultation Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine: II. Clinical Aspects. Psychosom Med. 1967;29:201–24
35. Lipowski ZJ. Consultation-liaison psychiatry in general hospital. Compr Psychiatry. 1971;12:461–5
36. Aoki T, Sato T, Hosaka T. Role of consultation-liaison psychiatry toward shortening of length of stay for medically ill patients with depression. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract 2004;8:71–6
37. Vulser H, Vinant V, Lanvin V, et al. Association between the timing of consultationliaison psychiatry interventions and the length of stay in general hospital. Br J Psychiatry J Ment Sci 2019;13:1–6
38. Grassi L, Mitchell AJ, Otani M, et al. Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry in the General Hospital: the Experience of UK, Italy, and Japan. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015;17:44
39. Shinjo D, Tachimori H, Maruyama-Sakurai K, et al. Consultation-liaison psychiatry in Japan: a nationwide retrospective observational study. BMC Psychiatry 2021;21:235 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-021-03241-y
40. Ogawa A, Nouno J, Shirai Y, et al. Availability of psychiatric consultation-liaison services as an integral component of palliative care programs at Japanese cancer hospitals. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2012;42:42–52
41. O’Mahony R, Murthy L, Akunne A, et al. Guideline Development Group. Synopsis of the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guideline for prevention of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 2011; 154: 746–51
42. An official website of the Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines and Measures, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, https://www.ahrq.gov/gam/index.html
43. Shekelle PG, MacLean CH, Morton SC, et al. Acove quality indicators. Ann Intern Med. 2001; 135: 653–67
44. de Jonge P, Latour CHM, Huyse FJ. Implementing Psychiatric Interventions on a Medical Ward: Effects on Patients’ Quality of Life and Length of Hospital Stay. Psychosom Med. 2003;65:997–1002
45. Ormont MA, Weisman HW, Heller SS, et al. The timing of psychiatric consultation requests. Utilization, liaison, and diagnostic considerations. Psychosomatics. 1997;38:38–44
46. Kishi Y, Meller WH, Kathol RG, et al. Factors affecting the relationship between the timing of psychiatric consultation and general hospital length of stay. Psychosomatics 2004;45:470–6
47. Desan PH, Zimbrean PC, Weinstein AJ, et al. Proactive psychiatric consultation services reduce length of stay for admissions to an inpatient medical team. Psychosomatics 2011;52:513–20
48. Cheung S, Hamuro Y, Mahlich J, et al. Drug Utilization of Japanese Patients Diagnosed with Schizophrenia: An Administrative Database Analysis. Clin Drug Investig 2017;37:559–69
49. Urushihara H, Kobayashi S, Honjo Y, et al. Utilization of antipsychotic drugs in elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease seen in ambulatory practice in Japan. Science Postprint 1(1): e00014. doi:10.14340/spp.2014.01C0003
50. Kadohara K, Sato I, Doi Y, et al. Prescription Patterns of Medications for Alzheimer’s Disease in Japan from 2010 to 2015: A Descriptive Pharmacy Claims Database Study. Neurol Ther 2017;6:25–37
51. Duarte Martínez DM. Factores de riesgo en pacientes adultos para el desarrollo de Delirium una perspectiva desde el cuidado de enfermería. 2018; https://repository.udca.edu.co/handle/11158/934
52. 森脇睦子, 林田賢史, 松田晋哉. 重症度,医療・看護必要度における評価法 I と 評価法 II の 差異に関する検討. 日本医療・病院管理学会誌 2020;57:131-140
53. Koga Y, Moro E, Arita T, et al. The Current Situation Survey of Delirium Assessment and Delirium Care for Perioperative Ward after 2016 Revision of Medical Fee: Necessity of Clarification for Delirium Patients and Additional Medical Fee for Critical Care in Delirium Management Japan. Crit Care Nurs Soc 2018:14: 47-56
54. Quan H, Li B, Couris C, Fushimi K, et al. Updating and Validating the Charlson Comorbidity Index and Score for Risk Adjustment in Hospital Discharge Abstracts Using Data From 6 Countries. Am J Epidemiol 2011;173:676–82
55. Noda Y, Tarasawa K, Fushimi K, et al. Drug Treatment for Patients with Postoperative Delirium and Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry in Japan: A Retrospective Observational Study of a Nationwide Hospital Claims Database. Annals of Clinical Epidemiology 2021;3:116–126
56. Chu C-S, Liang C-K, Chou M-Y, et al. Short-Form Mini Nutritional Assessment as a useful method of predicting the development of postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016; 38: 15–20.
57. Fineberg SJ, Nandyala SV, Marquez-Lara A, et al. Incidence and Risk Factors for Postoperative Delirium After Lumbar Spine Surgery. Spine. 2013 ;38: 1790–6
58. Hakim SM, Othman AI, Naoum DO. Early Treatment with Risperidone for Subsyndromal Delirium after On-pump Cardiac Surgery in the Elderly: A Randomized Trial. Anesthesiology 2012;116:987–97
59. Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, et al. Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2011;306:1359–69
60. Okumura Y, Hatta K, Wada K, et al. Expert opinions on the first-line pharmacological treatment for delirium in Japan: a conjoint analysis. Int Psychogeriatr 2016;28:1041–50
61. Hatta K, Kishi Y, Wada K, et al. Antipsychotics for delirium in the general hospital setting in consecutive 2453 inpatients: a prospective observational study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014;29:253–62
62. Carvalho J, Alvim R, Martins J, et al. Pharmacological treatment of hypoactive delirium in critically ill patients: a systematic review. Crit Care 2013;17:36
63. Marder SR, McQuade RD, Stock E, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia: safety and tolerability in short-term, placebo-controlled trials. Schizophr Res 2003;61:123–36
64. 佐藤茂樹. 総合病院精神科医療の将来像. 精神雑誌 2016;118;688-694
65. 佐々木吉子, 林みよ子, 江川幸二, et al. 術後せん妄ケアガイドライン作成に向け て-ICU および外科病棟の入院患者における術後せん妄の発症状況および看護ケア の実態-. 日本クリティカルケア看護学会誌 2014;10:51-62
66. Hshieh TT, Yue J, Oh E, et al. Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:512–20