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Figure Legends
Figure 1: A representative ECoG of stimulus-induced clinical seizure
(Patient 3)
A: Ictal ECoG induced by SPES on the pair of electrodes on the precentral
gyrus (C19-C20). Repetitive spikes appeared on the B plate, followed by
paroxysmal fast occurring on the C plate (shown in the magenta frames).
The patient showed a habitual seizure characterized by right foot twitches.
The recording band-pass filter was 0.08-600 Hz and the filter for display is
10
1.6-50 Hz.
11
B: Configuration of implanted SDG electrodes. SOZs defined by the initial
12
ictal ECoG changes in the spontaneous seizure are shown as red circles.
13
Abbreviations: ECoG = electrocorticogram; SPES = single-pulse electrical
14
stimulation; SDG = subdural grid; SOZ = seizure-onset zone.
15
16
Figure 2: A representative ECoG of stimulus-induced clinical seizure
17
(Patient 25)
18
A: In this patient (Patient 25), SOZ was not conventionally identified because
19
spontaneous seizure did not occur despite AED reduction. One electrode
20
pair of SPESs (A12-A17) induced a habitual seizure that included
21
hyperventilation and right face twitches. This finally evolved to focal to
22
bilateral tonic-clonic seizure. Clear ictal ECoG changes are highlighted by the
33
Kobayashi et al 34
frames in magenta. The surgical removal of the areas including the pair that
induced the seizure and showed the earliest ECoG changes during the
induced seizure led to seizure freedom for more than 2 years. The recording
band-pass filter was 0.08-300 Hz and the filter for display is 1.6-50 Hz.
B: Configuration of implanted SDG electrodes. Probable SOZs, defined by
this stimulus-induced clinical seizure, are shown as orange circles.
Abbreviations: SOZ = seizure-onset zone; SPES = single-pulse electrical
stimulation; AC-PC line = anterior commissure – posterior commissure line;
VAC line = line vertical to the AC-PC line through the AC; Rt = right; AED =
10
antiepileptic drug; ECoG = electrocorticogram; SDG = subdural grid.
34
Kobayashi et al. 35
Table 1: Patient profile
Patient
1 (1st SDG)
1 (2nd SDG)
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Total
Total except
for Patient 17
Age and
gender
23F
23F
23M
40M
22M
44M
24M
17F
29M
34M
38F
28F
55M
41F
52M
Epilepsy
Etiology
Rt FLE
Rt FLE
Rt OLE
Lt F-PLE
Lt F-TLE
Rt FLE
Lt FLE
Lt TLE
Lt TLE
Rt P-TLE
Lt TLE
Rt PLE
Lt TLE
Lt TLE
Lt TLE
27F
27F
39M
45M
61M
30F
28F
39M
29M
21M
16F
41M
16M
39F
23F
Rt TLE
Rt PLE
Lt FLE
Lt FLE
Lt PLE
Rt TLE
Lt TLE
Rt TLE
Rt FLE
Lt TLE
Lt FLE
Lt TLE
Rt F-T-PLE
Lt FLE
Lt PLE
FCD IA
FCD IA
FCD IIA
Mixed oligoastrocytoma
Gliosis (F), FCD IA (T)
Mixed oligoastrocytoma, FCD IA
FCD IB
FCD IB
HS, FCD IA
Posttraumatic change (P), HS (T), Scar (T)
FCD IIA
Low grade neuroepithelial tumor
Diffuse astrocytoma
FCD IA
Arteriovenous malformation, Gliosis,
Inflammatory infiltration
FCD IA
FCD IIB
FCD IIB
FCD IA
Oligoastrocytoma
FCD IIA, Mild gliosis
Non-neoplastic brain tissue
HS, FCD IA
FCD IA
HS, FCD IA
Dysmorphic neuroepithelial tumor
HS, FCD IA
FCD IC
FCD IIB
FCD IIB
Implanted SDG
electrodes
52
44
52
56
66
48
100
60
102
82
88
48
56
102
110
Total SPES
pairs
27
24
18
22
36
26
50
34
51
55
44
28
27
49
38
SPES pairs for SOZ stim
(ADs and clinical seizures)
5 (3 clinical seizures)
10
4 (2 ADs)
4 (1 AD)
10
SPES pairs for non-SOZ stim
(ADs and clinical seizures)
24
21
16
17 (1 AD)
29 (1 clinical seizure)
24
40
28
47 (1 AD)
46
41
25
23 (3 ADs)
45
28 (1 AD)
76
72
108
104
106
102
106
90
100
82
92
92
162
68
84
40
36
54
50
58
40
55
48
58
53
55
47
82
36
42
1283
1229
n.a.
5 (1 AD)
12
6 (1 clinical seizure)
12
38
29
n.a.
47
50 (1 AD)
38
50
45
50
41
49
35 (1 AD)
78
27
36
162
(4 ADs and 4 clinical seizures)
1067
(8 ADs and 1 clinical seizure)
SPES, single-pulse electrical stimulation; SOZ, seizure onset zone; stim, stimulation; AD, afterdischarge; SDG, subdural grid; FLE, frontal lobe
epilepsy; OLE, occipital lobe epilepsy; PLE, parietal lobe epilepsy; TLE, temporal lobe epilepsy; FCD, focal cortical dysplasia; HS, hippocampal
sclerosis; n.a., not available
35
Kobayashi et al. 36
Table 2: EEG characteristics of stimulus-induced clinical seizures and ADs
Patient
Event
Clinical seizure
Clinical seizure
Clinical seizure
25
Clinical seizure
Clinical seizure
AD
AD
12
AD
21
AD
AD
AD
12
AD
12
AD
12
AD
14
AD
19
AD
26
AD
Stimulus site
(anatomical
location)
SOZ
(PCL)
SOZ
(PrCG)
SOZ
(PrCG)
SOZ
(PrCG)
non-SOZ
(Ento)
SOZ
(Ento)
SOZ
(Ento)
SOZ
(Ento)
SOZ
(Ento)
non-SOZ
(PrCG)
non-SOZ
(IFG)
non-SOZ
(IFG)
non-SOZ
(FuG)
non-SOZ
(ITG)
non-SOZ
(Ento)
non-SOZ
(FuG)
non-SOZ
(ITG)
Involvement of
adjacent electrode
(<2 cm)
Involvement of
remote electrode
(>5 cm or other lobes)
Involvement
of SOZ
180
Involvement of
near electrode
(2-5 cm)
Consistency of
propagation pattern with
spontaneous seizure
Consistent
51
Consistent
15
241
Consistent
10
142
(no spontaneous seizure)
12
104
Consistent
10
50
44
14
10
28
61
10
34
10
94
10
45
Inconsistent: narrower
distribution
Inconsistent: narrower
distribution
Inconsistent: narrower
distribution
Inconsistent: narrower
distribution
Inconsistent: narrower
distribution
Inconsistent: narrower
distribution
Inconsistent: different
locations
Consistent
10
10
80
10
34
10
519
Stimulus
intensity (mA)
Duration of EEG
changes (sec)
12
Inconsistent: different
locations
Inconsistent: partial
overlap
Inconsistent: different
locations
Inconsistent: partial
overlap
AD, afterdischarge; SOZ, seizure onset zone; PCL, paracentral lobule; PrCG, precentral gyrus; Ento, entorhinal cortex; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus;
FuG, fusiform gyrus; ITG, inferior temporal gyrus
36
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