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大学・研究所にある論文を検索できる 「Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on local neural activity examined by the simultaneous recording of electrocorticogram (ECoG) and motor evoked potential (MEP) in monkeys.」の論文概要。リケラボ論文検索は、全国の大学リポジトリにある学位論文・教授論文を一括検索できる論文検索サービスです。
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Effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on local neural activity examined by the simultaneous recording of electrocorticogram (ECoG) and motor evoked potential (MEP) in monkeys.

Honda Yasutaka 東北大学

2021.03.25

概要

Introduction: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been increasingly used in the fields of basic and clinical neurosciences for facilitating or inhibiting local neural activity. Functional features of rTMS have mainly been studied in healthy human volunteers by measuring the changes in the amplitude of motor-evoked potential (MEP) evoked by single-pulse TMS of the primary motor cortex (MI) as an indirect index of the MI activity. In such evaluation, the increase and decrease of the amplitude of MEP after the rTMS can be interpreted as results of the facilitatory and inhibitory effects, respectively, of the specific pattern of trains used. From earlier studies, it has become as established fact that low-frequency stimulation (typically ≤ 1 Hz) induces the inhibition of local neural activity, whereas the intermittent high-frequency stimulation (typically ≥ 5 Hz) induces facilitation. However, there have been much fewer studies concerning the direct electrophysiological evaluation of neural changes induced by rTMS in the stimulated site of the brain. Inconsistent results have been obtained from studies by recording and evaluating resting-state electroencephalograms (EEGs) before and after rTMS. In this study, using awake and unanesthetized macaque monkeys as experimental subjects, we aimed to record the changes in the neural activity of a cortical area targeted by rTMS, in the form of electrocorticograms (ECoGs) recorded using subdurally implanted electrodes. Owing to the high signal-to-noise ratio, we expected that ECoG recordings would enable better evaluation of relatively higher frequency bands, such as gamma and beta bands, which could be difficult in conventional EEG recordings. Macaque monkeys are a suitable model of humans as rTMS subjects because their brains are big enough to limit the direct effect of rTMS to a small portion of cerebral cortex, while using the standard stimulation coil for humans (70 mm figure-of-eight coil).

Method: The resting-state ECoG signals recorded through subdurally implanted electrodes and the MEPs in the abductor pollicis brevis muscle in the contralateral hand were repeatedly measured in two awake and unanesthetized macaque monkeys before and after the rTMS session. Repetitive and single-pulse TMS was applied targeting the unilateral MI. The intensities of TMS pulses were set to 150% and 100% of the resting motor threshold (rMT) of each monkey for rTMS and single-pulse TMS, respectively. The rMT of each monkey was defined as the machine output that produced a visible twitch in its thumb on 5 out of 10 TMS pulses delivered to the MI while the monkey quietly sat on the monkey chair. The stimulation frequency was set to 0.5, 1, 2, 5 and 10 Hz. At all stimulation frequencies, a total of 1200 pulses of rTMS were given in 20 min. Before and after an rTMS session, single-pulse TMS was applied at 1-min intervals for 60 min and 120 min, respectively. In 1-Hz and 10-Hz conditions, we conducted additional experiments with the stimulation intensity of rTMS set to 125, 100 and 75% of rMT.

Result: A significant decrease in the beta band power was observed after 1-Hz rTMS with a significant decrease in the MEP amplitude, whereas a significant increase in the high-gamma band power was observed after 10-Hz rTMS with a significant increase in the MEP amplitude. There were no significant changes in each ECoG band power and the amplitude of MEP after 0.5, 2, and 5-Hz rTMS. Consistent changes in ECoG and MEP, such as those observed with 150% rMT, were not observed at lower stimulus intensities. In monkey A, ECoG signals were also recorded from the electrode over the DLPFC and PPC. We found no significant changes in ECoG signals from the remote electrodes in terms of power of two frequency bands (beta and high-gamma) following either of the 1-Hz or 10-Hz rTMS application.

Discussion: The major findings of this study was that, in the resting-state ECoG signals of the stimulation site, the decrease in beta band power and the increase in high-gamma band power were induced after 1-Hz and 10-Hz rTMS, respectively, in both monkeys. As indicated in previous studies that beta and high-gamma activities in the ECoG reflect the synchronous firing and the firing frequency, respectively, of cell assembly in local neural circuits, our results suggest that the 1-Hz rTMS inhibits the neural excitability by desynchronizing the local circuit activity, and that the 10-Hz rTMS facilitates the neural excitability by increasing the firing of neurons in the local circuits. Interestingly, neither of the changes of band powers in ECoG nor those of MEP amplitudes were observed in 0.5, 2 or 5 Hz rTMS conditions. These results suggest that 1-Hz and 10-Hz rTMS are the specific frequency working for inhibiting and facilitating the neural excitability, respectively. The band power changes appeared to be limited to the stimulation site, as no change was found in the power of beta or high-gamma band in the ECoG signals from remote electrodes such as those in the DLPFC or PPC. The examination of the effect of rTMS of different intensities have shown that only with the intensity of rMT 150% can the effects be stable, and with that of rMT 125, 100 or 75%, effects would be weak and unstable. To obtain stable effects of rTMS, it may be important to use high intensities.

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