1. Takano Y, Tatewaki Y, Mutoh T, et al. Voxel-Based Morphometry Reveals a Correlation Between Bone Mineral Density Loss and Reduced Cortical Gray Matter Volume in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2020;12:178.
2. Takano Y, Mutoh T, Tatewaki Y, et al. Hypoperfusion in the posterior cingulate cortex is associated with lower bone mass density in elderly women with osteopenia and Alzheimer's disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2020;47(3):365-371.
3. 武藤達士. 認知症の核医学診断(画像統計解析法を含む) . 日本臨床. 2018;76:24-31.
4. 認知症診療の充実と強化―もの忘れ外来と加齢画像外来. In: 東北大学病院地域医療連携センター; 2017.
5. Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia Diagnosis and Treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(3):300-307.e302.
6. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16-31.
7. 吉川 亮, 小原 香, 三浦 士, 小林 信, 吉田 光. 認知症外来受診者における骨量の実態と栄養状態との関連性. 日本栄養士会雑誌. 2020;63(7):381-386.
8. Chang KH, Chung CJ, Lin CL, Sung FC, Wu TN, Kao CH. Increased risk of dementia in patients with osteoporosis: a population-based retrospective cohort analysis. Age (Dordr). 2014;36(2):967-975.
9. Kang HG, Park HY, Ryu HU, Suk SH. Bone mineral loss and cognitive impairment: The PRESENT project. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(41):e12755.
10. Amouzougan A, Lafaie L, Marotte H, et al. High prevalence of dementia in women with osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine. 2017;84(5):611-614.
11. Zhou R, Deng J, Zhang M, Zhou HD, Wang YJ. Association between bone mineral density and the risk of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011;24(1):101-108.
12. Bae IS, Kim JM, Cheong JH, Han MH, Ryu JI. Association between cerebral atrophy and osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):e0224439.
13. Bae IS, Kim JM, Cheong JH, Ryu JI, Han MH. Association between bone mineral density and brain parenchymal atrophy and ventricular enlargement in healthy individuals. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11(19):8217-8238.
14. Loskutova N, Honea RA, Vidoni ED, Brooks WM, Burns JM. Bone density and brain atrophy in early Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;18(4):777-785.
15. Reginster JY, Burlet N. Osteoporosis: a still increasing prevalence. Bone. 2006;38(2 Suppl 1):S4-9.
16. Compston JE, McClung MR, Leslie WD. Osteoporosis. Lancet. 2019;393(10169):364-376.
17. Yoshimura N, Muraki S, Oka H, et al. Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, lumbar spondylosis, and osteoporosis in Japanese men and women: the research on osteoarthritis/osteoporosis against disability study. J Bone Miner Metab. 2009;27(5):620-628.
18. 折茂 肇. 骨粗鬆症の予防と治療ガイドライン. ジャパンメディカルソサエティ. 2007(123):59-62.
19. Yoshimura N, Muraki S, Oka H, et al. Is osteoporosis a predictor for future sarcopenia or vice versa? Four-year observations between the second and third ROAD study surveys. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(1):189-199.
20. Yoshimura N, Muraki S, Oka H, et al. Do sarcopenia and/or osteoporosis increase the risk of frailty? A 4-year observation of the second and third ROAD study surveys. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(10):2181-2190.
21. Nguyen ND, Center JR, Eisman JA, Nguyen TV. Bone loss, weight loss, and weight fluctuation predict mortality risk in elderly men and women. J Bone Miner Res. 2007;22(8):1147-1154.
22. Ensrud KE, Thompson DE, Cauley JA, et al. Prevalent vertebral deformities predict mortality and hospitalization in older women with low bone mass. Fracture Intervention Trial Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000;48(3):241- 249.
23. Takano Y, Mutoh T, Tatewaki Y, et al. Assessment of Gait Symmetry in Elderly Women with Low Bone Mineral Density Using a Portable Trunk Accelerometer: A Pilot Study. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:6669-6674.
24. Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Wang ZM, Ross R. Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18-88 yr. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2000;89(1):81-88.
25. Johansson J, Nordstrom A, Nordstrom P. Greater Fall Risk in Elderly Women Than in Men Is Associated With Increased Gait Variability During Multitasking. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(6):535-540.
26. 山本 幹, 和田 健. 認知症有病率の時代的推移―洋の東西の比較. 日本老年医学会雑誌. 2018;55(4):547-552.
27. Ikejima C, Hisanaga A, Meguro K, et al. Multicentre population-based dementia prevalence survey in Japan: a preliminary report. Psychogeriatrics. 2012;12(2):120-123.
28. Braak H, Braak E. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 1991;82(4):239-259.
29. Bateman RJ, Xiong C, Benzinger TL, et al. Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(9):795-804.
30. Zhou R, Zhou H, Rui L, Xu J. Bone loss and osteoporosis are associated with conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2014;11(7):706-713.
31. Li S, Liu B, Zhang L, Rong L. Amyloid beta peptide is elevated in osteoporotic bone tissues and enhances osteoclast function. Bone. 2014;61:164-175.
32. Loskutova N, Honea RA, Brooks WM, Burns JM. Reduced limbic and hypothalamic volumes correlate with bone density in early Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20(1):313-322.
33. Ahlborg HG, Johnell O, Turner CH, Rannevik G, Karlsson MK. Bone loss and bone size after menopause. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(4):327-334.
34. Lee DY, Na DL, Seo SW, et al. Association between cognitive impairment and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2012;19(6):636- 641.
35. Obri A, Khrimian L, Karsenty G, Oury F. Osteocalcin in the brain: from embryonic development to age-related decline in cognition. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(3):174-182.
36. Ding Q, Vaynman S, Akhavan M, Ying Z, Gomez-Pinilla F. Insulin-like growth factor I interfaces with brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated synaptic plasticity to modulate aspects of exercise-induced cognitive function. Neuroscience. 2006;140(3):823-833.
37. Hori M, Shimizu Y, Fukumoto S. Minireview: fibroblast growth factor 23 in phosphate homeostasis and bone metabolism. Endocrinology. 2011;152(1):4-10.
38. Shimada T, Kakitani M, Yamazaki Y, et al. Targeted ablation of Fgf23 demonstrates an essential physiological role of FGF23 in phosphate and vitamin D metabolism. J Clin Invest. 2004;113(4):561-568.
39. Guntur AR, Rosen CJ. Bone as an endocrine organ. Endocr Pract. 2012;18(5):758-762.
40. Oury F, Khrimian L, Denny CA, et al. Maternal and offspring pools of osteocalcin influence brain development and functions. Cell. 2013;155(1):228- 241.
41. Nakano Y, Morimoto I, Ishida O, et al. The receptor, metabolism and effects of androgen in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Bone Miner. 1994;26(3):245-259.
42. Almeida M, Han L, Ambrogini E, Bartell SM, Manolagas SC. Oxidative stress stimulates apoptosis and activates NF-kappaB in osteoblastic cells via a PKCbeta/p66shc signaling cascade: counter regulation by estrogens or androgens. Mol Endocrinol. 2010;24(10):2030-2037.
43. Meier C, Nguyen TV, Handelsman DJ, et al. Endogenous sex hormones and incident fracture risk in older men: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168(1):47-54.
44. Takeda S, Elefteriou F, Levasseur R, et al. Leptin regulates bone formation via the sympathetic nervous system. Cell. 2002;111(3):305-317.
45. Elefteriou F, Takeda S, Ebihara K, et al. Serum leptin level is a regulator of bone mass. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(9):3258-3263.
46. Shi Y, Oury F, Yadav VK, et al. Signaling through the M(3) muscarinic receptor favors bone mass accrual by decreasing sympathetic activity. Cell Metab. 2010;11(3):231-238.
47. Ashburner J, Csernansky JG, Davatzikos C, Fox NC, Frisoni GB, Thompson PM. Computer-assisted imaging to assess brain structure in healthy and diseased brains. Lancet Neurol. 2003;2(2):79-88.
48. Matsuda H. MRI morphometry in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev. 2016;30:17-24.
49. Taki Y, Kinomura S, Sato K, et al. Both global gray matter volume and regional gray matter volume negatively correlate with lifetime alcohol intake in non-alcohol-dependent Japanese men: a volumetric analysis and a voxel-based morphometry. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2006;30(6):1045-1050.
50. Taki Y, Kinomura S, Sato K, et al. Relationship between body mass index and gray matter volume in 1,428 healthy individuals. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(1):119-124.
51. Matsuda H. Role of neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease, with emphasis on brain perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(8):1289-1300.
52. Imabayashi E, Matsuda H, Asada T, et al. Superiority of 3-dimensional stereotactic surface projection analysis over visual inspection in discrimination of patients with very early Alzheimer's disease from controls using brain perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(9):1450-1457.
53. Maarouf CL, Kokjohn TA, Walker DG, et al. Biochemical assessment of precuneus and posterior cingulate gyrus in the context of brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e105784.
54. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12(3):189-198.
55. Kawano N, Awata S, Ijuin M, Iwamoto K, Ozaki N. Necessity of normative data on the Japanese version of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised Logical Memory subtest for old-old people. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13(3):726-730.
56. Kunitoki K, Mutoh T, Tatewaki Y, et al. Clinical Utility of a Semiquantitative Method Using Lumbar Radiography as a Screening Tool for Osteoporosis in Elderly Subjects. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:6928-6934.
57. Imboden MT, Swartz AM, Finch HW, Harber MP, Kaminsky LA. Reference standards for lean mass measures using GE dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in Caucasian adults. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0176161.
58. Maldjian JA, Laurienti PJ, Kraft RA, Burdette JH. An automated method for neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic atlas-based interrogation of fMRI data sets. Neuroimage. 2003;19(3):1233-1239.
59. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology. 1984;34(7):939-944.
60. Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56(3):M146-156.
61. Siris ES, Adler R, Bilezikian J, et al. The clinical diagnosis of osteoporosis: a position statement from the National Bone Health Alliance Working Group. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25(5):1439-1443.
62. Minoshima S, Frey KA, Koeppe RA, Foster NL, Kuhl DE. A diagnostic approach in Alzheimer's disease using three-dimensional stereotactic surface projections of fluorine-18-FDG PET. J Nucl Med. 1995;36(7):1238-1248.
63. 内田 佳, 伊東 久, 飯森 隆, 木川 隆, 岡田 真, 蓑島 聡. 統計学的画像診断 (3D-SSP). 日本放射線技術学会雑誌. 2002;58(12):1563-1572.
64. Mizumura S, Kumita S, Cho K, et al. Development of quantitative analysis method for stereotactic brain image: assessment of reduced accumulation in extent and severity using anatomical segmentation. Ann Nucl Med. 2003;17(4):289-295.
65. Mizumura S, Nakagawara J, Takahashi M, et al. Three-dimensional display in staging hemodynamic brain ischemia for JET study: objective evaluation using SEE analysis and 3D-SSP display. Ann Nucl Med. 2004;18(1):13-21.
66. Schrager S. Epidemiology of osteoporosis in women with cognitive impairment. Ment Retard. 2006;44(3):203-211.
67. 吉村 典. 骨粗鬆症の疫学―地域住民コホート ROAD スタディより. The Japanese Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2019;56(5):344-348.
68. Lui LY, Stone K, Cauley JA, Hillier T, Yaffe K. Bone loss predicts subsequent cognitive decline in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003;51(1):38-43.
69. Lv X-L, Zhang J, Gao W-Y, et al. Association between Osteoporosis, Bone Mineral Density Levels and Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. International Journal of Gerontology. 2018;12(2):76-83.
70. Hafkemeijer A, van der Grond J, Rombouts SA. Imaging the default mode network in aging and dementia. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1822(3):431-441.
71. Yaffe K, Browner W, Cauley J, Launer L, Harris T. Association between bone mineral density and cognitive decline in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47(10):1176-1182.
72. Tan ZS, Seshadri S, Beiser A, et al. Bone mineral density and the risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(1):107-111.
73. Minoshima S, Giordani B, Berent S, Frey KA, Foster NL, Kuhl DE. Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol. 1997;42(1):85-94.
74. Minoshima S, Foster NL, Kuhl DE. Posterior cingulate cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 1994;344(8926):895.
75. Leech R, Sharp DJ. The role of the posterior cingulate cortex in cognition and disease. Brain. 2014;137(Pt 1):12-32.
76. Klunk WE, Engler H, Nordberg A, et al. Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer's disease with Pittsburgh Compound-B. Ann Neurol. 2004;55(3):306-319.
77. Yokoi T, Watanabe H, Yamaguchi H, et al. Involvement of the Precuneus/Posterior Cingulate Cortex Is Significant for the Development of Alzheimer's Disease: A PET (THK5351, PiB) and Resting fMRI Study. Front Aging Neurosci. 2018;10:304.
78. Pagani M, Salmaso D, Jonsson C, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow as assessed by principal component analysis and (99m)Tc-HMPAO SPET in healthy subjects at rest: normal distribution and effect of age and gender. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2002;29(1):67-75.
79. Greicius MD, Srivastava G, Reiss AL, Menon V. Default-mode network activity distinguishes Alzheimer's disease from healthy aging: evidence from functional MRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(13):4637-4642.
80. Aizawa H, Goto M, Sato T, Okamoto H. Temporally regulated asymmetric neurogenesis causes left-right difference in the zebrafish habenular structures. Dev Cell. 2007;12(1):87-98.
81. Franzmeier N, Duering M, Weiner M, Dichgans M, Ewers M. Left frontal cortex connectivity underlies cognitive reserve in prodromal Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2017;88(11):1054-1061.
82. Franzmeier N, Düzel E, Jessen F, et al. Left frontal hub connectivity delays cognitive impairment in autosomal-dominant and sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 2018;141(4):1186-1200.
83. Tamimi I, Ojea T, Sanchez-Siles JM, et al. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the risk of hip fracture in Alzheimer's disease patients: a case-control study. J Bone Miner Res. 2012;27(7):1518-1527.
84. Nachlinger RJ, Kauschke V, Trinkaus K, El Khassawna T, Heiss C, Lips KS. Application of donepezil increased collagen 1 expression in mesenchymal stroma cells of an ovine osteoporosis model. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2018;18(3):354-365.
85. Cibicková L, Palicka V, Cibicek N, et al. Differential effects of statins and alendronate on cholinesterases in serum and brain of rats. Physiol Res. 2007;56(6):765-770.
86. Colcombe SJ, Erickson KI, Scalf PE, et al. Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61(11):1166-1170.
87. Erickson KI, Voss MW, Prakash RS, et al. Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(7):3017-3022.