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成熟期緑肥の窒素無機化とその施用が水稲の生育，収量，窒素利用率に及ぼす影響

チー, モン, モン, コー MON, MON, KO, KYI 九州大学

2020.09.25

概要

本論文は，化学肥料に代替し，地力維持に寄与し得るマメ科緑肥の水稲生産への有効利用に関する研究を取り纏めたものである。水稲生産では，一般に開花期緑肥を化成肥料（基肥）の代替として利用している。一方，成熟期緑肥は，C/N比が高く，窒素の無機化が水稲の生育後半まで続くため，異なる施用効果を示すと考えられる。この開花期と成熟期の緑肥の施用効果の違いを把握することを目的に，緑肥の窒素無機化特性とその施用が水稲の生育，収量，窒素利用率に及ぼす影響を，ポット栽培試験および培養試験により明らかにしたものである。

　まず，初年度は，1/5000aのワグネルポットを用いて，化学肥料および緑肥（クリムソンクローバー）の施用方法が異なる処理区について水稲（品種：元気つくし）の栽培試験を行った。無肥料（NF）区，化学肥料（CF）区，開花期緑肥（GMF）区+追肥（GMF+T）区，成熟期緑肥（GMM）区+追肥（GMM+T）区の6処理区を設けた。水稲の分げつ盛期と幼穂形成期の生育調査を行い，窒素利用率を評価した。また，緑肥由来の窒素無機化量を培養試験により推定し，生育との関係を考察した。GMM（+T）区は，分げつ盛期の地上部窒素吸収量および幼穂形成期の乾物重と地上部窒素吸収量が，GMF（+T）区に比べて有意に大きかった。この生育の差異は，GMM（+T）区において無機態窒素の利用可能量が多かったためと推察した。培養試験による推定では，開花期緑肥が全窒素供給量の34%を水稲の生育期間に無機化したのに対し，成熟期緑肥は71%と多かった。さらに，窒素利用率はGMM（+T）区において14–21%と，GMF（+T）区の4–6%に比べて有意に高かった。しかし，緑肥施用区の窒素利用率はCF区の55–56%に比べて顕著に低かった。この理由は，開花期および成熟期緑肥を施用した後の畑期間が，それぞれ，45日および21日と長く，脱窒損失が多かったためと結論付けた。一方，開花期緑肥の施用時期と水稲の移植時期が離れている場合は，成熟期緑肥の利用が水稲の生育および窒素利用率の面で有利なことを示した。

　次年度は，緑肥を施用した後の畑期間を合わせるために，開花期および成熟期緑肥の施用を同日に行い，畑期間を10日間とし，他は初年度と同様に行った。GMM（+T）区においては，初期生育が抑制された。この一因は，分げつ盛期までの無機化窒素量が，GMF（+T）区に比べて20–30%少なかったためと推察した。一方，緑肥施用区は，生育期後半の窒素供給量が多く，無効分げつが減少した。これにより，CF区に比べてGMF（+T）区の穂数は有意に多く，GMM（+T）区の穂数はCF区と同等となった。加えて，一穂当たりの籾数は，緑肥施用区において多い傾向であった。その結果，収量はGMF（+T）区で最も大きく，GMM（+T）区，CF区の順であった。収穫期のGMM（+T）区の窒素利用率は，初期生育の抑制により38–42%に留まった。これはGMF（+T）区の46–52%より低い傾向であり，CF区の67%に比べて有意に低かった。以上から，水稲生産において成熟期緑肥を施用する場合は，基肥として化成肥料を補って施用して初期生育を促進する必要性が示唆された。なお，2年間の実験を通して，緑肥施用区における追肥の施用効果は見られなかった。

　最後に，緑肥添加土壌の培養試験を行い，窒素無機化特性と脱窒損失を評価した。緑肥添加後に，0～4週間の畑培養期間を経て，0～16週間の湛水培養を行った。緑肥は，ヘアリーベッチ，クリムソンクローバー，ホワイトクローバーを用いた。畑期間0週の条件では，湛水培養4週～16週の期間の窒素無機化率が，開花期緑肥において1–22%であったのに対し，成熟期緑肥は41–58%と大きく，無機化パターンの差が明らかになった。また，脱窒損失は，畑期間が2週間以上になると顕著に増加し，湛水後4週間までに無機化する易分解性画分に起因すると推察した。このことから，成熟期緑肥は畑期間の脱窒損失を低減する面で有利であることを示した。

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