Adler, D. M. T., Damborg, P., & Verwilghen, D. R. (2017). The antimicrobial activity of
bupivacaine, lidocaine and mepivacaine against equine pathogens: An investigation of
40 bacterial isolates. Veterinary Journal, 223, 27–31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.05.001
Adler, D. M. T., Frellesen, J. F., Karlsen, C. V., Jensen, L. D., Dahm, A. S. Q., & Berg, L. C.
(2021). Evaluation of the in vitro effects of local anesthetics on equine chondrocytes and
fibroblast-like synoviocytes. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 82(6), 478–486.
https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.82.6.478
Archer, C. W., & Francis-West, P. (2003). The chondrocyte. International Journal of
Biochemistry and Cell Biology, 35(4), 401–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/S13572725(02)00301-1
Athar, M., Ahmed, S., Ali, S., & Siddiqi, O. (2016). Levobupivacaine: A safer alternative.
Journal of Current Research in Scientific Medicine, 2(1), 3.
https://doi.org/10.4103/2455-3069.184114
Baker, J. F., Walsh, P. M., Byrne, D. P., & Mulhall, K. J. (2011). In vitro assessment of
human chondrocyte viability after treatment with local anaesthetic, magnesium sulphate
or normal saline. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 19(6), 1043–1046.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1437-9
Barletta, M., & Reed, R. (2019). Local Anesthetics: Pharmacology and Special Preparations.
Veterinary Clinics of North America - Small Animal Practice, 49(6), 1109–1125.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2019.07.004
Barry, S. L., Martinez, S. A., Davies, N. M., Remsberg, C. M., Sayre, C. L., & Bachelez, A.
(2015). Synovial fluid bupivacaine concentrations following single intra-articular
injection in normal and osteoarthritic canine stifles. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology
58
and Therapeutics, 38(1), 97–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvp.12158
Becerra, J., Andrades, J. A., Guerado, E., Zamora-Navas, P., López-Puertas, J. M., & Reddi,
A. H. (2010). Articular cartilage: Structure and regeneration. Tissue Engineering - Part
B: Reviews, 16(6), 617–627. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.teb.2010.0191
Becker, D. E., & Reed, K. L. (2006). Essentials of local anesthetic pharmacology. Anesthesia
Progress, 53(3), 98–109. https://doi.org/10.2344/00033006(2006)53[98:EOLAP]2.0.CO;2
Becker, D. E., & Reed, K. L. (2012). Local anesthetics: review of pharmacological
considerations. Anesthesia Progress, 59(2), 90–102. https://doi.org/10.2344/0003-300659.2.90
Bhosale, A. M., & Richardson, J. B. (2008). Articular cartilage: Structure, injuries and review
of management. British Medical Bulletin, 87(1), 77–95.
https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldn025
Borer, K. (2006). Local analgesic techniques in small animals. In Practice, 28(4), 200–207.
https://doi.org/10.1136/inpract.28.4.200
Breu, A., Eckl, S., Zink, W., Kujat, R., & Angele, P. (2013). Cytotoxicity of local anesthetics
on human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Arthroscopy - Journal of Arthroscopic and
Related Surgery, 29(10), 1676–1684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2013.06.018
Breu, A., Rosenmeier, K., Kujat, R., Angele, P., & Zink, W. (2013). The cytotoxicity of
bupivacaine, ropivacaine, and mepivacaine on human chondrocytes and cartilage.
Anesthesia and Analgesia, 117(2), 514–522.
https://doi.org/10.1213/ANE.0b013e31829481ed
Breu, A., Scheidhammer, I., Kujat, R., Graf, B., & Angele, P. (2015). Local anesthetic
cytotoxicity on human mesenchymal stem cells during chondrogenic differentiation.
Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 23(4), 937–945.
59
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-014-3312-y
Brioschi, F. A., Gioeni, D., Lazzarini, E., Del Prete, G., Bronzo, V., Jacchetti, A., &
Carotenuto, A. M. (2021). Clinical effects of preemptive intra-articular lidocaine,
dexmedetomidine and lidocaine-dexmedetomidine administration in dogs undergoing
arthroscopy. Veterinary Journal, 276(August), 105730.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105730
Busfield, B. T., & Romero, D. M. (2009). Pain Pump Use After Shoulder Arthroscopy As a
Cause of Glenohumeral Chondrolysis. Arthroscopy - Journal of Arthroscopic and
Related Surgery, 25(6), 647–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2009.01.019
Campagnol, D., Teixeira-Neto, F. J., Monteiro, E. R., Restitutti, F., & Minto, B. W. (2012).
Effect of intraperitoneal or incisional bupivacaine on pain and the analgesic requirement
after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 39(4), 426–
430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00728.x
Casati, A., & Baciarello, M. (2008). Enantiomeric Local Anesthetics: Can Ropivacaine and
Levobupivacaine Improve Our Practice? Current Drug Therapy, 1(1), 85–89.
https://doi.org/10.2174/157488506775268506
Casati, A., & Putzu, M. (2005). Bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine: Are they
clinically different? Best Practice and Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology, 19(2 SPEC.
ISS.), 247–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpa.2004.12.003
Çevik, O., Gergin, Ö. Ö., Yildiz, K., Bayram, A., Canöz, Ö., Halici, M., Baran, M., Yay, A.,
& Polat, S. (2018). The chondrotoxic and apoptotic effects of levobupivacaine and
bupivacaine on the rabbit knee joint. Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English
Edition), 68(6), 605–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2018.06.008
Chen, Q., Gao, Y., Kao, X. Bin, Chen, J. H., Xue, W. L., Xiong, Y. M., & Wang, Z. L.
(2012). SNP-induced apoptosis may be mediated with caspase inhibitor by JNK
60
signaling pathways in rabbit articular chondrocytes. Journal of Toxicological Sciences,
37(1), 157–167. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.37.157
Chiu, Y. S., Cheng, Y. H., Lin, S. W., Chang, T. S., Liou, C. J., & Lai, Y. S. (2015).
Bupivacaine induces apoptosis through caspase-dependent and -independent pathways in
canine mammary tumor cells. Research in Veterinary Science, 100, 232–238.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.03.024
Chu, C. R., Coyle, C. H., Chu, C. T., Szczodry, M., Seshadri, V., Karpie, J. C., Cieslak, K.
M., & Pringle, E. K. (2010). In vivo effects of single intra-articular injection of 0.5%
bupivacaine on articular cartilage. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 92(3), 599–608.
https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.I.00425
Chu, C. R., Izzo, N. J., Coyle, C. H., Papas, N. E., & Logar, A. (2008). The in vitro effects of
bupivacaine on articular chondrocytes. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series B,
90(6), 814–820. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.90B6.20079
Chu, C. R., Izzo, N. J., Papas, N. E., & Fu, F. H. (2006). In Vitro Exposure to 0.5%
Bupivacaine Is Cytotoxic to Bovine Articular Chondrocytes. Arthroscopy - Journal of
Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, 22(7), 693–699.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2006.05.006
Cobo-Molinos, J., Poncela-Garcia, M., Marchal-Corrales, J. A., & Delgado-Martinez, A. D.
(2014). Effect of levobupivacaine on articular chondrocytes: An in-vitro investigation.
European Journal of Anaesthesiology, 31(11), 635–639.
https://doi.org/10.1097/EJA.0000000000000115
Cox, B., Durieux, M. E., & Marcus, M. A. E. (2003). Toxicity of local anaesthetics. Best
Practice and Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology, 17(1), 111–136.
https://doi.org/10.1053/bean.2003.0275
Di Salvo, A., Chiaradia, E., Nannarone, S., & della Rocca, G. (2021). Intra-articular use of
61
analgesic/antinflammatory drugs in dogs and horses. Research in Veterinary Science,
134(December 2020), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.12.014
Dragoo, J. L., Braun, H. J., Kim, H. J., Phan, H. D., & Golish, S. R. (2012). The in vitro
chondrotoxicity of single-dose local anesthetics. American Journal of Sports Medicine,
40(4), 794–799. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546511434571
Dragoo, J. L., Korotkova, T., Kanwar, R., & Wood, B. (2008). The effect of local anesthetics
administered via pain pump on chondrocyte viability. American Journal of Sports
Medicine, 36(8), 1484–1488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546508318190
Dregalla, R. C., Lyons, N. F., Reischling, P. D., & Centeno, C. J. (2014). Amide-Type Local
Anesthetics and Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Clinical Implications for Stem Cell
Therapy. Stem Cells Translational Medicine, 3(3), 365–374.
https://doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2013-0058
Dutton, T. A. G., Gurney, M. A., & Bright, S. R. (2014). Intra-articular mepivacaine reduces
interventional analgesia requirements during arthroscopic surgery in dogs. Journal of
Small Animal Practice, 55(8), 405–408. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12232
Eduardo, L., Ferreira, N., Hasan, D., Muniz, B. V., Burga-sánchez, J., Volpato, M. C., &
Groppo, F. C. (2018). Effects of Local Anesthetics on Cellular Necrosis , Apoptosis and
Inflammatory Modulation : Short Review. Journal of Anesthesia and Clinical Research,
9(5), 826. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6148.1000826
Epstein, M. E., Rodanm, I., Griffenhagen, G., Kadrlik, J., Petty, M. C., Robertson, S. A., &
Simpson, W. (2015). 2015 AAHA/AAFP Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and
Cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 17(3), 251–272.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1098612X15572062
Fortier, L. A., & Travis, A. J. (2011). Stem cells in veterinary medicine. Stem Cell Research
and Therapy, 2(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/scrt50
62
Gaesser, A. M., Varner, K. M., Douglas, H. F., Barr, C. A., Hopster, K., & Levine, D. G.
(2020). The effect of intra-articular mepivacaine administration prior to carpal
arthroscopy on anesthesia management and recovery characteristics in horses. Veterinary
Surgery, 49(7), 1343–1349. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13501
Ghasemi, M., Turnbull, T., Sebastian, S., & Kempson, I. (2021). The mtt assay: Utility,
limitations, pitfalls, and interpretation in bulk and single-cell analysis. International
Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312827
Glaser, C., Marhofer, P., Zimpfer, G., Heinz, M. T., Sitzwohl, C., Kapral, S., & Schindler, I.
(2002). Levobupivacaine versus racemic bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia. Anesthesia
and Analgesia, 94(1), 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1213/00000539-200201000-00037
Gomoll, A. H., Kang, R. W., Williams, J. M., Bach, B. R., & Cole, B. J. (2006). Chondrolysis
After Continuous Intra-Articular Bupivacaine Infusion: An Experimental Model
Investigating Chondrotoxicity in the Rabbit Shoulder. Arthroscopy - Journal of
Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, 22(8), 813–819.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2006.06.006
Gordon, S. M., Mischenko, A. V., & Dionne, R. A. (2010). Long-Acting Local Anesthetics
and Perioperative Pain Management. Dental Clinics of North America, 54(4), 611–620.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2010.06.002
Grishko, V. I., Ho, R., Wilson, G. L., & Pearsall IV, A. W. (2009). Diminished mitochondrial
DNA integrity and repair capacity in OA chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage,
17(1), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2008.05.009
Grishko, V., Xu, M., Wilson, G., & Pearsall IV, A. W. (2010). Apoptosis and mitochondrial
dysfunction in human chondrocytes following exposure to lidocaine, bupivacaine, and
ropivacaine. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 92(3), 609–618.
https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.H.01847
63
Grubb, T., & Lobprise, H. (2020a). Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats:
Descriptions of specific local and regional techniques (Part 2). Veterinary Medicine and
Science, 6(2), 218–234. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.218
Grubb, T., & Lobprise, H. (2020b). Local and regional anaesthesia in dogs and cats:
Overview of concepts and drugs (Part 1). Veterinary Medicine and Science, 6(2), 209–
217. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.219
Gungor, I., Yilmaz, A., Ozturk, A. M., Ergun, M. A., Menevse, S., & Kaya, K. (2014).
Bupivacaine and levobupivacaine induce apoptosis in rat chondrocyte cell cultures at
ultra-low doses. European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, 24(3),
291–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-013-1202-5
Gurney, M. A., Rysnik, M., Comerford, E. J., Cripps, P. J., & Iff, I. (2012). Intra-articular
morphine, bupivacaine or no treatment for postoperative analgesia following unilateral
elbow joint arthroscopy. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 53(7), 387–392.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5827.2012.01222.x
Hoelzler, M. G., Harvey, R. C., Lidbetter, D. A., & Millis, D. L. (2005). Comparison of
perioperative analgesic protocols for dogs undergoing tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.
Veterinary Surgery, 34(4), 337–344. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-950X.2005.00052.x
Holder, E. K., Christolias, G., Saffarian, M., Patel, J., & Mccormick, Z. L. (2022).
Chondrotoxicity : Which Local Anesthetics are Safest for Intraarticular Injection? Spine
Intervention Society, April.
Huser, C. A. M., Peacock, M., & Davies, M. E. (2006). Inhibition of caspase-9 reduces
chondrocyte apoptosis and proteoglycan loss following mechanical trauma.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 14(10), 1002–1010.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2006.03.012
Irwin, W., Fontaine, E., Agnolucci, L., Penzo, D., Betto, R., Bortolotto, S., Reggiani, C.,
64
Salviati, G., & Bernardi, P. (2002). Bupivacaine myotoxicity is mediated by
mitochondria. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 277(14), 12221–12227.
https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M108938200
Jayaram, P., Kennedy, D. J., Yeh, P., & Dragoo, J. (2019). Chondrotoxic Effects of Local
Anesthetics on Human Knee Articular Cartilage: A Systematic Review. PM and R,
11(4), 379–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12007
Johnson, M. E., Uhl, C. B., Spittler, K. H., Wang, H., & Gores, G. J. (2004). Mitochondrial
injury and caspase activation by the local anesthetic lidocaine. Anesthesiology, 101(5),
1184–1194. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200411000-00019
Kaewpichit, P., Charuluxananan, S., Srisa-Art, M., Sisawat, S., Aksornkitti, V., Chayudsatid,
C., & Sereemaspun, A. (2019). Cytotoxic responses of human chondrocytes to
bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, and ropivacaine. Asian Biomedicine, 12(4), 169–178.
https://doi.org/10.1515/abm-2019-0017
Kantari, C., & Walczak, H. (2011). Caspase-8 and Bid: Caught in the act between death
receptors and mitochondria. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Molecular Cell Research,
1813(4), 558–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.026
Karpie, J. C., & Chu, C. R. (2007). Lidocaine exhibits dose- and time-dependent cytotoxic
effects on bovine articular chondrocytes in vitro. American Journal of Sports Medicine,
35(10), 1622–1627. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546507304719
Kheir, E., & Shaw, D. (2009). Hyaline articular cartilage. Orthopaedics and Trauma, 23(6),
450–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mporth.2009.01.003
Kiraz, Y., Adan, A., Kartal Yandim, M., & Baran, Y. (2016). Major apoptotic mechanisms
and genes involved in apoptosis. Tumor Biology, 37(7), 8471–8486.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13277-016-5035-9
Kreuz, P. C., Steinwachs, M., & Angele, P. (2018). Single-dose local anesthetics exhibit a
65
type-, dose-, and time-dependent chondrotoxic effect on chondrocytes and cartilage: a
systematic review of the current literature. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology,
Arthroscopy, 26(3), 819–830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-017-4470-5
Kubrova, E., Su, M., Galeano-Garces, C., Galvan, M. L., Jerez, S., Dietz, A. B., Smith, J., Qu,
W., & Van Wijnen, A. J. (2021). Differences in Cytotoxicity of Lidocaine, Ropivacaine,
and Bupivacaine on the Viability and Metabolic Activity of Human Adipose-Derived
Mesenchymal Stem Cells. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,
100(1), 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0000000000001529
Kürkçüoǧlu, B. S., Dönmez, M., Altinel, S., Akinci, S. B., Saricaoǧlu, F., & Aypar, Ü.
(2014). Comparison of intraarticular bupivacaine and levobupivacaine injection in rat
synovial inflammation. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 44(4), 540–545.
https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1302-32
Kushnir, Y., Toledano, N., Cohen, L., Bdolah-Abram, T., & Shilo-Benjamini, Y. (2017).
Intratesticular and incisional line infiltration with ropivacaine for castration in
medetomidine–butorphanol–midazolam sedated dogs. Veterinary Anaesthesia and
Analgesia, 44(2), 346–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaa.2016.03.007
Kuthiala, G., & Chaudhary, G. (2011). Ropivacaine: A review of its pharmacology and
clinical use. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 55(2), 104–110.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5049.79875
Lemke, K. A., & Dawson, S. D. (2000). Local and regional anesthesia. Veterinary Clinics of
North America - Small Animal Practice, 30(4), 839–857. https://doi.org/10.1016/S01955616(08)70010-X
Leone, S., Di Cianni, S., Casati, A., & Fanelli, G. (2008). Pharmacology, toxicology, and
clinical use of new long acting local anesthetics, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Acta
Biomedica de l’Ateneo Parmense, 79(2), 92–105.
66
Lin, Z., Willers, C., Xu, J., & Zheng, M. H. (2006). The chondrocyte: Biology and clinical
application. Tissue Engineering, 12(7), 1971–1984.
https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.2006.12.1971
Lo, I. K. Y., Sciore, P., Chung, M., Liang, S., Boorman, R. B., Thornton, G. M., Rattner, J.
B., & Muldrew, K. (2009). Local Anesthetics Induce Chondrocyte Death in Bovine
Articular Cartilage Disks in a Dose- and Duration-Dependent Manner. Arthroscopy Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, 25(7), 707–715.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2009.03.019
Lotz, M., Hashimoto, S., & Kühn, K. (1999). Mechanisms of chondrocyte apoptosis.
Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 7(4), 389–391. https://doi.org/10.1053/joca.1998.0220
Lotz, M., Otsuki, S., Grogan, S., Sah, R., Terkeltaub, R., & D’Lima, D. (2010). Cartilage cell
clusters. Arthritis Rheum., 62(8), 2206–2218. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.27528
Maldonado, M., & Nam, J. (2013). The role of changes in extracellular matrix of cartilage in
the presence of inflammation on the pathology of osteoarthritis. BioMed Research
International, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/284873
Martin-Flores, M., Anderson, J. C., Sakai, D. M., Campoy, L., Cheong, S. H., Romano, M., &
Gleed, R. D. (2019). A retrospective analysis of the epidural use of bupivacaine 0.06250.125% with opioids in bitches undergoing cesarean section. Canadian Veterinary
Journal, 60(12), 1349–1352.
Matsen, F. A., & Papadonikolakis, A. (2013). Published evidence demonstrating the causation
of glenohumeral chondrolysis by postoperative infusion of local anesthetic via a pain
pump. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 95(12), 1126–1134.
https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.L.01104
McFadzean, W. J. M., Macfarlane, P., Granger, N., & Murrell, J. C. (2021). Influence of periincisional epaxial muscle infiltration with bupivacaine pre- or post-surgery on opioid
67
administration in dogs undergoing thoraco-lumbar hemilaminectomy. Veterinary
Journal, 270, 105622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105622
McLeod, G. A., & Burke, D. (2001). Levobupivacaine. Anaesthesia, 56(4), 331–341.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2044.2001.01964.x
Ni, Q., Chen, W., Tong, L., Cao, J., & Ji, C. (2016). Preparation of novel biodegradable
ropivacaine microspheres and evaluation of their efficacy in sciatic nerve block in mice.
Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 10, 2499–2506.
https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S110742
Özcan, M. S., Kalem, M., Özçelik, M., Şahin, E., Çakar, S., Hayırlı, N., Evirgen, O., &
Ökten, F. (2017). The effect of intra-articular levobupivacaine on shoulder cartilage at
different doses—experimental study. Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology (English
Edition), 67(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2015.08.008
Park, J., Sutradhar, B. C., Hong, G., Choi, S. H., & Kim, G. (2011). Comparison of the
cytotoxic effects of bupivacaine, lidocaine, and mepivacaine in equine articular
chondrocytes. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 38(2), 127–133.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2995.2010.00590.x
Parrish, A. B., Freel, C. D., & Kornbluth, S. (2013). Cellular Mechanisms Controlling
Caspase Activation and Function. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 3(2),
311–312. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00005070
Piper, S. L., & Kim, H. T. (2008). Comparison of ropivacaine and bupivacaine toxicity in
human articular chondrocytes. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - Series A, 90(5), 986–
991. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.G.01033
Piper, S. L., Kramer, J. D., Kim, H. T., & Feeley, B. T. (2011). Effects of local anesthetics on
articular cartilage. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(10), 2245–2253.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546511402780
68
Pountos, I., & Giannoudis, P. V. (2017). Modulation of cartilage’s response to injury: Can
chondrocyte apoptosis be reversed? Injury, 48(12), 2657–2669.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.injury.2017.11.032
Prządka, P., Buczak, K., Frejlich, E., Gąsior, L., Suliga, K., & Kiełbowicz, Z. (2021). The
role of mesenchymal stem cells (Mscs) in veterinary medicine and their use in
musculoskeletal disorders. Biomolecules, 11(8), 1–20.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11081141
Ravnihar, K., Marš, T., Pirkmajer, S., Alibegović, A., Koželj, G., Stožer, A., & Drobnič, M.
(2021). The Influence of a Single Intra-Articular Lidocaine Injection on the Viability of
Articular Cartilage in the Knee. Cartilage, 13(1_suppl), 456S-463S.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1947603520904759
Rengert, R., Snider, D., & Gilbert, P. J. (2021). Effect of bupivacaine concentration and
formulation on canine chondrocyte viability in vitro. Veterinary Surgery, 50(3), 633–
640. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13590
Sams, V. G., Lawson, C. M., Coan, P., Bemis, D., Newkirk, K., Karlstad, M., Norwood, J.,
Barlow, P., Goldman, M. H., & Daley, B. J. (2012). Effect of local anesthetic on
microorganisms in a murine model of surgical site infection. Journal of Trauma and
Acute Care Surgery, 73(2), 441–446. https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e3182583e4f
Sasaki, A., Mizuno, M., Mochizuki, M., & Sekiya, I. (2019). Mesenchymal stem cells for
cartilage regeneration in dogs. World Journal of Stem Cells, 11(5), 254–269.
https://doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v11.i5.254
Schumacher, J., & Boone, L. (2021). Local anaesthetics for regional and intra-articular
analgesia in the horse. Equine Veterinary Education, 33(3), 159–168.
https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.13235
Sherman, S. L., Khazai, R. S., James, C. H., Stoker, A. M., Flood, D. L., & Cook, J. L.
69
(2015). In vitro toxicity of local anesthetics and corticosteroids on chondrocyte and
synoviocyte viability and metabolism. Cartilage, 6(4), 233–240.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1947603515594453
Sophia Fox, A. J., Bedi, A., & Rodeo, S. A. (2009). The basic science of articular cartilage:
Structure, composition, and function. Sports Health, 1(6), 461–468.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738109350438
Stewart, J., Kellett, N., & Castro, D. (2003). The central nervous system and cardiovascular
effects of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine in healthy volunteers. Anesthesia and
Analgesia, 97(2), 412–416. https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ANE.0000069506.68137.F2
Taylor, A., & McLeod, G. (2020). Basic pharmacology of local anaesthetics. BJA Education,
20(2), 34–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjae.2019.10.002
Thomson, R., Trimble, T., Pawson, P., & Bell, A. M. (2021). A Survey-Based Study Into the
Use of Peripheral Nerve Blocks for Pelvic Limb Surgery Among Veterinary
Professionals With an Interest in Anesthesia. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine,
42(May 2017), 100507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100507
Tian, J., & Li, Y. (2016). Comparative effects of vitamin C on the effects of local anesthetics
ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and lidocaine on human chondrocytes. Brazilian Journal of
Anesthesiology (English Edition), 66(1), 29–36.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjane.2015.01.006
Tucker, G. T. (2000). Ropivacaine-chemistry, safety pharmacology and pharmacokinetics.
Journal of Japan Society of Pain Clinicians, 7(1), 1–6.
Tummers, B., & Green, D. R. (2017). Caspase-8: regulating life and death. Immunological
Reviews, 277(1), 76–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/imr.12541
Unami, A., Shinohara, Y., Ichikawa, T., & Baba, Y. (2003). Biochemical and microarray
analyses of bupivacaine-induced apoptosis. Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 28(2),
70
77–94. https://doi.org/10.2131/jts.28.77
Van Vynckt, D., Samoy, Y., Mosselmans, L., Verhoeven, G., Verschooten, F., & Van Ryssen,
B. (2012). The use of intra-articular anesthesia as a diagnostic tool in canine lameness.
Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift, 81(5), 290–297.
https://doi.org/10.21825/vdt.v81i5.18328
Van Vynckt, D., Verhoeven, G., Saunders, J., Polis, I., Samoy, Y., Verschooten, F., & Van
Ryssen, B. (2012). Diagnostic intra-articular anaesthesia of the elbow in dogs with
medial coronoid disease. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology,
25(4), 307–313. https://doi.org/10.3415/VCOT-11-11-0166
Werdehausen, R., Braun, S., Essmann, F., Schulze-Osthoff, K., Walczak, H., Lipfert, P., &
Stevens, M. F. (2007). Lidocaine induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway
independently of death receptor signaling. Anesthesiology, 107(1), 136–143.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.anes.0000268389.39436.66
Zhang, A. Z., Ficklscherer, A., Gülecyüz, M. F., Paulus, A. C., Niethammer, T. R., Jansson,
V., & Müller, P. E. (2017). Cell Toxicity in Fibroblasts, Tenocytes, and Human
Mesenchymal Stem Cells—A Comparison of Necrosis and Apoptosis-Inducing Ability
in Ropivacaine, Bupivacaine, and Triamcinolone. Arthroscopy - Journal of Arthroscopic
and Related Surgery, 33(4), 840–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2016.10.026
Zheng, L., Zhang, Z., Sheng, P., & Mobasheri, A. (2021). The role of metabolism in
chondrocyte dysfunction and the progression of osteoarthritis. Ageing Research Reviews,
66(December), 101249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2020.101249
71
...
論文の公開元へ
