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Table 1. Outcome measures in the stabilometric test at pre-exercise and at the end of exercise
Control condition
Variables
Pre
Post
CoP velocity with
eye open [mm/s]
9.7±1.15
9.78±1.29
CoP velocity with
eye closed
[mm/s]
9.71±1.36 9.7±1.3
Interaction effect
(condition × time)
Vibration condition
Pre
Post
ηp2
Stabilometric test
9.66±1.33 9.73±1.17
0.006 0.94
10±1.58
1.092 0.315 0.078
9.77±1.25
CoP, center of pressure; ηp2, partial η2; Pre-, pre-exercise; Post, post-exercise
Table 2. Outcome measures in the UQYBT score at pre-exercise and at the end of exercise
Control condition
Variables
Pre
Post
Interaction effect
(condition × time)
Vibration condition
Pre
Post
ηp2
UQYBT score
(%)
Medial
101.7±6.6 99.9±7
<0.05 101.5±6.2 104.7±6.5 <0.05 21.404 <0.01 0.605
77.4±7.4
75.5±8.6
<0.01 76.3±8.5
Lateroinferior
87.2±9.1
Composite
88.8±6.5
Laterosuperior
80.1±8
<0.01 12.049 <0.01 0.463
85.1±10.3 0.081 85.5±8.1
89.1±7.4
<0.05 13.583 <0.01 0.492
86.9±7.4
91.1±5.3
<0.01 21.362 <0.01 0.604
<0.01 87.8±5.9
ηp2, partial η2; Pre, pre-exercise; Post, post-exercise; UQYBT, Upper Quarter Y Balance Test
Table 3. Outcome measures of shoulder muscle activity at pre-exercise and at the end of exercise
Interaction effect
Control condition
Vibration condition
(condition × time)
Variables
ηp2
<0.01
6.294
<0.05
0.31
94.4±38.6 110.4±48.6 <0.05
4.869
<0.05
0.258
57.7±32.6 62.2±33.3 <0.05
57.3±27.2 72.4±34.2
<0.01
7.655
<0.05
0.353
13.9±6.2
16.3±10.6 17.1±11.5
0.407
7.134
<0.05
0.338
Pre
Post
Pre
Post
Muscle
Activity (%)
Infraspinatus
Medial
45.1±28.6 49.4±31.0 <0.01
Laterosuperior 74.9±31.8 75±32.2
Lateroinferior
0.983
44.1±21.8 55.2±25.9
Posterior
deltoid
Medial
17±7.4
<0.05
Laterosuperior 12.2±6.5
12.4±5.9
11.1±6
12.9±9
2.188
0.161
0.135
Lateroinferior
13.3±5.7
10.4±4.1
13.4±6.1
1.346
0.265
0.088
11.9±5
Serratus
anterior
Medial
54.9±19.7 53.9±16.2 0.678
57.3±23.7 64.1±27.4
<0.01
6.944
<0.05
0.332
Laterosuperior 50.8±16.6 49.9±10.8
48.3±18.8 51.3±22.5
1.217
0.289
0.08
Lateroinferior
78.1±28
76.7±22.8
76.7±30.2 84.4±32.5
2.47
0.138
0.15
6.4±3.5
6.8±2.9
8.2±6
8.3±4.6
0.188
0.671
0.013
Laterosuperior 13.9±9
15.2±9
19.7±16.7 18±12.8
2.471
0.138
0.15
Lateroinferior
14.7±9
14.5±6.8
17.2±11.9 18.3±11.9
1.24
0.284
0.081
11.1±4.1
11.2±5
6.109
<0.05
0.304
Upper
trapezius
Medial
Lower
trapezius
Medial
0.921
11.4±4.9
15.4±6.7
<0.01
Laterosuperior 11.4±4.9
8.7±6
10.6±6.8
10.3±7.2
0.184
0.675
0.013
Lateroinferior
6±3
6.4±3.6
6.8±4.7
0.031
0.863
0.002
8.4±4.6
ηp2, partial η2; Pre, pre-exercise; Post, post-exercise; UQYBT, Upper Quarter Y Balance Test
Table 4. Change of rate in the stabilometric test, UQYBT score, and muscle activity
between the 0-Hz and 50-Hz conditions.
Change of rate [%]
Stabilometric Test
COP velocity with eye open
COP velocity with eye closed
Influence of vision index
UQYBT score
Medial
Laterosuperior
Lateroinferior
Compiste
10
11
12
13
Musle Activity
Infraspinatus
Medial
Laterosuperior
Lateroinferior
Posterior deltoid
Medial
Laterosuperior
Lateroinferior
Serratus anteroir
Medial
Laterosuperior
Lateroinferior
Upper trapezius
Medial
Laterosuperior
Lateroinferior
Lower trapezius
Medial
Laterosuperior
Lateroinferior
UQYBT; upper quarter Y balance test.
Vibration frequency
0Hz
50Hz
0.8 ± 4.8
0.2 ± 6.1
-17.3 ± 316.0
9.8 ± 1.3
9.7 ± 1.3
-0.7 ± 5.1
0.894
0.395
0.458
-1.7 ± 2.4
-2.5 ± 5.1
-2.4 ± 4.0
-2.2 ± 3.2
3.2 ± 3.3
5.2 ± 5.7
4.4 ± 4.9
3.9 ± 3.0
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
11.0 ± 13.4
1.3 ± 13.8
8.2 ± 15.4
27.6 ± 17.1
18.0 ± 19.5
27.8 ± 21.6
0.006
0.011
0.008
25.2 ± 28.3
4.0 ± 18.1
15.7 ± 26.8
4.5 ± 14.7
11.8 ± 17.6
27.7 ± 27.3
0.018
0.237
0.237
0.8 ± 17.3
2.1 ± 18.5
2.1 ± 19.4
11.5 ± 12.8
5.4 ± 14.8
12.4 ± 24.3
0.065
0.591
0.212
19.4 ± 32.3
13.5 ± 24.5
9.7 ± 27.8
68.0 ± 169.7
5.6 ± 34.5
16.2 ± 37.5
0.286
0.480
0.593
0.7 ± 31.4
-0.4 ± 20.3
14.1 ± 44.0
36.7 ± 48.7
-1.1 ± 31.7
6.4 ± 26.9
0.023
0.948
0.566
14
Figure legends
15
Figure 1. Experimental set up for vibration exercise in the modified push-up position
16
17
Figure 2. Experimental set up for the upper limb static stability test in the modified
18
push-up position
19
20
Figure 3. Upper Quarter Y Balance Test reach directions
21
22
23
Figures
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Fig. 1
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41
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43
44
45
46
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48
49
50
51
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54
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57
58
Fig. 2
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Fig. 3
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