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Studies on potential role of nonneutralizing IgA antibodies in cross-protective immunity against influenza A viruses

奥谷, 公亮 北海道大学

2021.03.25

概要

A型インフルエンザウイルス(IAV)は、ヘマグルチニン(HA)、ノイラミニダーゼ(NA)およびマトリックス2(M2)タンパク質を粒子表面にもつ。HAおよびNAは抗原性の違いからそれぞれ複数の亜型に分類される。一方、M2タンパク質は、HAおよびNA亜型に関わらずウイルス株間で抗原性が高く保存されている。HAはIAVの標的細胞表面への結合および細胞侵入を担っており、NAは感染細胞からIAVが放出される際に重要な機能を持っている。M2タンパク質は、イオンチャネルとしてIAVの細胞侵入に働くだけでなく、感染細胞外への出芽過程にも重要な役割を担うことが分かっている。

　HAはウイルスの細胞侵入に必須であるため、中和抗体の標的である。しかし、大部分の中和抗体はHA亜型特異的であり、複数の亜型のウイルス株に対して中和活性を示す抗HA抗体は限られている。一方、粘膜面に分泌されるIgA抗体はIgG抗体よりも亜型間交差反応性が高く、IAVに対する感染防御に重要であると考えられている。しかし、複数の亜型のIAVに対してIgA抗体が抗ウイルス作用を示す機序は未だ不明である。本学位論文では、非中和抗体に着目し、幅広い亜型のウイルスに交差反応性を示すHAおよびM2特異的モノクローナル抗体を用いて、様々なウイルス株に対する抗ウイルス活性をIgG抗体とIgA抗体との間で比較解析した。

　第一章では、HA特異的抗体による抗ウイルス活性を調べた。複数の異なる亜型のHAに結合能を有するマウスモノクローナル抗体5A5の可変領域の遺伝子配列を基に、ヒトIgGおよびIgA抗体発現プラスミドを用いて、同じエピトープを持つヒト―マウスキメラIgGおよびIgA抗体を作出した。IgA抗体は多量体を形成するため、ゲル濾過クロマトグラフィーにより単量体IgAおよび多量体IgA抗体の2つに分画した。各抗体存在下で、IAVA/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1)(PR8)、A/Adachi/2/1957(H2N2)(Ad2)、A/Hong Kong/483/1997(H5N1)(HK483)、A/shearwater/South Australia/1/1972(H6N5)(SA1)、A/duck/England/1/1956(H11N6)(Eng1)およびA/duck/Alberta/60/1976(H12N5)(Alb60)株を感染させた培養細胞の上清中に含まれるウイルスタンパク質およびウイルス遺伝子を定量した。その結果、IgGおよび単量体IgA抗体存在下と比較して、多量体IgA抗体存在下ではPR8、HK483、SA1、Eng1およびAlb60株に感染させた細胞上清中のウイルスタンパク質および遺伝子量が有意に減少する事が分かった。IgA抗体存在下では、感染細胞表面にウイルス粒子が集積している像が電子顕微鏡でみられ、単量体IgA抗体と比較して多量体IgA抗体でより強く集積していた。さらに、ウイルス増殖の指標であるプラーク形成能に及ぼす影響を抗体間で比較したところ、多量体IgA抗体存在下ではPR8、HK483、SA1、Eng1およびAlb60のプラークサイズが顕著に減少した。また、作出したIgGおよびIgA抗体はIAVのNA活性を阻害しないことを確認した。以上の結果から、多量体IgA抗体は、非中和抗体であっても、ウイルス粒子および感染細胞表面上に存在するHAに結合し架橋することでウイルス粒子が細胞から遊離する過程を阻害する事が示唆された。

　第二章では、M2特異的抗体による抗ウイルス活性をIgGおよびIgA抗体間で比較解析した。先行研究から、M2タンパク質に結合するマウスモノクローナル抗体 rM2ss23 (IgG)は、 Ad2 および A/Aichi/2/1968 (H3N2) (Aichi) に結合し、細胞侵入阻害による中和活性は示さないものの、これらのウイルスのプラークサイズを小さくさせることが分かっていた。そこで、第一章同様にrM2ss23と同じエピトープを持つヒト―マウスキメラIgGおよびIgA抗体を作出し、出芽阻害活性を比較解析した。IgA抗体は多量体を形成するため、ゲル濾過クロマトグラフィーにより単量体IgA、二量体IgA、三・四量体IgAの3つに分画した。プラーク形成能に及ぼす影響をこれらの抗体間で比較したところ、三・四量体IgA抗体存在下では、Ad2およびAichiのプラークサイズがIgG抗体存在下と比較して有意に縮小した。また、感染細胞の上清中に含まれるウイルスタンパク質量およびウイルス遺伝子量は、三・四量体IgA抗体存在下でIgGおよび単量体IgAと比較して有意に減少した。各抗体存在下における感染細胞を電子顕微鏡で観察したところ、ウイルス粒子が集積している像は見られなかった。以上のことから、M2特異的IgA抗体は、ウイルスの出芽過程自体を効率よく阻害することで抗ウイルス活性を示す可能性が示唆された。

　本研究により、IAVに対する非中和IgA抗体が抗ウイルス活性を発揮するメカニズムの一端が明らかになった。本研究の結果から、粘膜免疫の誘導によって産生される、複数の亜型のIAVに対して交差反応性を有する非中和p-IgA抗体は、IAVの出芽過程を阻害することで亜型間交差感染防御免疫に関与する可能性が示唆された。今後、p-IgA抗体の生体内での機能を解析することによって、亜型に制限されない感染防御免疫の誘導法の開発につながると考えられる。そのようなワクチンが実現すれば、将来出現する新型インフルエンザウイルスにも効果が期待される。

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