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Study on isoprene emission from leaves of bamboo species

Chang, Ting-Wei 京都大学 DOI:10.14989/doctor.k23522

2021.09.24

概要

Isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) emitted from terrestrial vegetation can be considered as a carbon source in the global carbon budget. The chemistry of isoprene can potentially aggravate air quality and impact climate change. This study measured leaf-scale isoprene emission rates for multiple bamboo species. For this, the responses of leaf isoprene emission rate to potential meteorological, morphological, and physiological controllers such as leaf temperature, light intensity, leaf mass per area, leaf nitrogen concentration, photosynthetic rate, and electron transport rate were examined. This study verifies the relationships of isoprene emission flux from bamboo leaves with these factors, and aids in a better estimation of bamboo isoprene emissions.

Chapter 1 of this study reviews the biochemical process of isoprene synthesis in plant leaves, the adaptive significance of isoprene emission by plants, the history of model development of isoprene emission from plant leaves, and the isoprene emission capacity of multiple plant species reported by previous studies. Also, the importance of bamboo species in the global isoprene emission, which suggests the need of a further research on bamboo species, is described. Understanding isoprene emission dynamics from bamboo leaves can provide critical information on mitigating its negative impact on the atmospheric chemistry. However, the lack of further data leads to a main obstacle for reliable estimation of isoprene emission dynamics from bamboo species.

In Chapter 2, the isoprene emission rate of the leaves of Phyllostachys pubescens, an introduced bamboo, in response to varied leaf temperature and light intensity was examined. The results confirm that P. pubescens is a major isoprene emitter, equivalent to or even stronger than previously reported emitters. When validating the reproducibility of an existing isoprene emission model, the isoprene emission rate in response to light intensity was well reproduced in this species. However, the model did not reproduce the response to leaf temperature owing to overestimation of isoprene emission rates under low temperatures. Although the overestimation problem was substantially corrected by applying an optimization on certain parameters in the model, a large variation among leaves led to difficulties in reproducing isoprene emission rate from P. pubescens with a constant basal isoprene emission rate. Further investigation of the controlling factors by considering the seasonal and inter-leaf variation in isoprene emission is needed.

In Chapter 3, morphological and physiological factors which could alter the isoprene emission capacity of bamboo leaves were examined. A strong correlation between leaf mass per area and area-based isoprene emission rate was found. On the other hand, mass- based photosynthetic rate and leaf nitrogen concentration did not exhibit any correlation with mass-based isoprene emissions. By combining data from P. pubescens across the three sites in this study, under constant light (1000 μmol m-2 s-1) and leaf temperature (30 °C), the correlation between leaf mass per area and area-based isoprene emission rate was also demonstrated across these sites. This result partly explains that the inter-leaf variation in isoprene emission rate is related to leaf mass per area, and suggests that the detection of leaf mass per area can effectively determine a representative isoprene emission rate of bamboo leaves.

In Chapter 4, isoprene emission rate, leaf temperature, leaf mass per area, photosynthetic rate, and electron transport rate were recorded for 18 bamboo species within 5 genera, incorporating different growth types (tall and dwarf) and climates of the region of origin (temperate, warm-temperate, and subtropical). Dwarf bamboos showed negligible to no emissions of isoprene under any leaf temperature; in contrast, tall bamboos demonstrated considerable isoprene emission rates, mainly in August and September, at leaf temperatures higher than 30 °C. For tall bamboos, area-based isoprene emission rate generally showed a positive correlation to leaf mass per area across species. Mass-based isoprene emission rates showed a positive correlation to mass-based electron transport rates across species. Since no difference in leaf mass per area and electron transport rate was found between the tall species and dwarf species, different isoprene emission rates between them were independent of leaf mass per area, and electron transport rate.

Finally, Chapter 5 summarizes the findings in the above chapters. The results of this study show that bamboo species categorized as tall bamboos emit a considerable amount of isoprene. This emission amount is comparable to those of known high-emitter tree species. By having quantified the variability of isoprene emission rates, in response to factors such as leaf temperature, light intensity, leaf mass per area, and electron transport rate, from bamboo leaves of different species, this study allows us to achieve a better estimation of isoprene emission from leaves of bamboo species.

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