1 Niinomi M, Hattori T & K., M. Development of low rigidity β-type titanium alloy for biomedical applications. Mater Trans 43, 2970-2977 (2002).
2 Head, W. C., Bauk, D. J. & Emerson, R. H., Jr. Titanium as the material of choice for cementless femoral components in total hip arthroplasty. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 85-90 (1995).
3 Long, M. & Rack, H. J. Titanium alloys in total joint replacement--a materials science perspective. Biomaterials 19, 1621-1639 (1998).
4 Nourbash, P. S. & Paprosky, W. G. Cementless femoral design concerns. Rationale for extensive porous coating. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 189-199 (1998).
5 Glassman, A. H., Bobyn, J. D. & Tanzer, M. New femoral designs: do they influence stress shielding? Clinical orthopaedics and related research 453, 64-74 (2006).
6 Hanada S, O. T., Watanabe S, Yoshimi K, Abumiya T. Composition deference of Young’s modulus in beta titanium alloys. Mater Sci Forum, 426-432 (2003).
7 Takahashi E, S. T., Watanabe S, Masahashi N, Hanada S. Effect of Heat treatment and Sn content on super elasticity in biocompatible TiNbSn alloys. . Mater Trans, 2978-2983 (2002).
8 Ozaki T, Matsumoto H, Watanabe S & S, H. Beta Ti alloys with low young’s modulus and high strength. Mater Trans 2004 45, 2776-2779 (2004).
9 Matsumoto, H., Watanabe, S. & Hanada, S. Beta TiNbSn alloys with low young’s modulus and high strength. Mater Trans 46, 1070-1078 (2005).
10 Matsumoto, H., Watanabe, S. & Hanada, S. Microstructures and mechanical properties of metastable β TiNbSn alloys cold rolled and heat treated. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 439, 146-155, doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.08.267 (2007).
11 Nozoe, F. et al. Effect of Low Temperature Aging on Superelastic Behavior in Biocompatible β TiNbSn Alloy. Materials Transactions 48, 3007-3013, doi:10.2320/matertrans.MER2007182 (2007).
12 TK Jung, H. M., T Abumiya, N Masahashi, MS Kim, S Hanada. . Mechanical properties-graded Ti alloy implants for orthopedic applications. Mater Sci Forum, 205-210 (2010).
13 TK Jung, T. A., N Masahashi, MS Kim, S Hanada. . Fabrication of a high performance Ti alloy implant for an artificial hip joint. . Mater Sci Forum, 591-594 (2009).
14 Nag, S., Banerjee, R., Stechschulte, J. & Fraser, H. L. Comparison of microstructural evolution in Ti-Mo-Zr-Fe and Ti-15Mo biocompatible alloys. J Mater Sci-Mater M 16, 679-685, doi:DOI 10.1007/s10856-005-2540-6 (2005).
15 Kuroda, D., Niinomi, M., Morinaga, M., Kato, Y. & Yashiro, T. Design and mechanical properties of new beta type titanium alloys for implant materials. Mat Sci Eng a- Struct 243, 244-249, doi:Doi 10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00808-3 (1998).
16 Kim, H. Y., Satoru, H., Kim, J. I., Hosoda, H. & Miyazaki, S. Mechanical properties and shape memory behavior of ti-nb alloys. Materials Transactions 45, 2443-2448, doi:DOI 10.2320/matertrans.45.2443 (2004).
17 Inamura, T., Fukui, Y., Hosoda, H., Wakashima, K. & Miyazaki, S. Relationship between texture and macroscopic transformation strain in severely cold-rolled Ti-Nb- Al superelastic alloy. Materials Transactions 45, 1083-1089, doi:DOI 10.2320/matertrans.45.1083 (2004).
18 Hao, Y. L., Li, S. J., Sun, S. Y. & Yang, R. Effect of Zr and Sn on Young's modulus and superelasticity of Ti-Nb-based alloys. Mat Sci Eng a-Struct 441, 112-118, doi:10.1016/j.msea.2006.09.051 (2006).
19 Fukui, Y., Inamura, T., Hosoda, H., Wakashima, K. & Miyazaki, S. Mechanical properties of a Ti-Nb-Al shape memory alloy. Materials Transactions 45, 1077-1082, doi:DOI 10.2320/matertrans.45.1077 (2004).
20 Banerjee, R., Nag, S., Stechschulte, J. & Fraser, H. L. Strengthening mechanisms in Ti-Nb-Zr-Ta and Ti-Mo-Zr-Fe orthopaedic alloys. Biomaterials 25, 3413-3419, doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2003.10.041 (2004).
21 Ahmed., T., Lomg., M., Silvestri., J., Ruiz., C. & Rack, H. J. A New Low Modulus, Biocompatible Titanium Alloy. Titanium 95 Titanium Science and technology, 1760- 1767 (1995).
22 Hanada, S. et al. Fabrication of a high-performance hip prosthetic stem using beta Ti-33.6Nb-4Sn. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 30, 140-149, doi:10.1016/j.jmbbm.2013.11.002 (2014).
23 Miura, K., Yamada, N., Hanada, S., Jung, T. K. & Itoi, E. The bone tissue compatibility of a new Ti-Nb-Sn alloy with a low Young's modulus. Acta biomaterialia 7, 2320-2326, doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.02.008 (2011).
24 de Groot, K., Geesink, R., Klein, C. P. & Serekian, P. Plasma sprayed coatings of hydroxylapatite. Journal of biomedical materials research 21, 1375-1381, doi:10.1002/jbm.820211203 (1987).
25 Yoneyama, Y., Matsuno, T., Hashimoto, Y. & Satoh, T. In vitro evaluation of H2O2 hydrothermal treatment of aged titanium surface to enhance biofunctional activity. Dental Materials Journal 32, 115-121, doi:10.4012/dmj.2012-087 (2013).
26 Nishiguchi, S. et al. The effect of heat treatment on bone-bonding ability of alkali- treated titanium. Biomaterials 20, 491-500 (1999).
27 Nishiguchi, S. et al. Titanium metals form direct bonding to bone after alkali and heat treatments. Biomaterials 22, 2525-2533 (2001).
28 Nishiguchi, S., Fujibayashi, S., Kim, H. M., Kokubo, T. & Nakamura, T. Biology of alkali- and heat-treated titanium implants. Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A 67, 26-35, doi:10.1002/jbm.a.10540 (2003).
29 Kokubo, T., Kim, H. M., Kawashita, M. & Nakamura, T. Bioactive metals: preparation and properties. Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine 15, 99-107 (2004).
30 Kokubo, T., Kushitani, H., Sakka, S., Kitsugi, T. & Yamamuro, T. Solutions able to reproduce in vivo surface-structure changes in bioactive glass-ceramic A-W. Journal of biomedical materials research 24, 721-734, doi:10.1002/jbm.820240607 (1990).
31 Tanaka, H. et al. Apatite Formation and Biocompatibility of a Low Young's Modulus Ti-Nb-Sn Alloy Treated with Anodic Oxidation and Hot Water. PLoS One 11, e0150081, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150081 (2016).
32 Yang, B., Uchida, M., Kim, H. M., Zhang, X. & Kokubo, T. Preparation of bioactive titanium metal via anodic oxidation treatment. Biomaterials 25, 1003-1010 (2004).
33 Masahashi, N. et al. Bioactive TiNbSn alloy prepared by anodization in sulfuric acid electrolytes. Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications 98, 753-763, doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.033 (2019).
34 Matsumoto H, W. S., Hanada S. Strengthening of low Young’s modulus beta Ti-Nb- Sn alloys by thermomechanical processing. ed Venugopalan R, Wu M, In Medical Device Materials III: Proceedings of the Materials & Processes for Medical Devices Conference (November 14–16, 2005, Boston, Massachusetts, USA). ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio,, 9-14 (2006).
35 花田修治. 医療用チタン合金の材料特性. まてりあ 47, 242-248 (2008).
36 McCafferty, E. & Wightman, J. P. Determination of the Concentration of Surface Hydroxyl Groups on Metal Oxide Films by a Quantitative XPS Method. Surf. Interface Anal. 26, 549-564 (1998).
37 Frost, H. M. Preparation of thin undecalcified bone sections by rapid manual method. Stain technology 33, 273-277 (1958).
38 Dempster, D. W. et al. Standardized nomenclature, symbols, and units for bone histomorphometry: a 2012 update of the report of the ASBMR Histomorphometry Nomenclature Committee. J Bone Miner Res 28, 2-17, doi:10.1002/jbmr.1805 (2013).
39 Ito, A. オッセオインテグレーションの形態学. The Bone 23-3, 283-288 (2009).
40 Manabe, T. ラット脛骨に埋入された金属系インプラントの新生骨形成に関する病理組織学的検討. 日大口腔科学 28-1, 31-47 (2002).
41 伊藤明美,覚道健治,嶋田景介. Osseointegration の形態学. 福田仁一,瀬戸晥一、栗田賢一,他編,別冊 the Quintessence 口腔外科YEAR BOOK 一般臨床科,口腔外科医のための口腔外科ハンドマニュアル‘ 09.クインテッセンス出版,東京, (2009).
42 Li, P. et al. The role of hydrated silica, titania, and alumina in inducing apatite on implants. Journal of biomedical materials research 28, 7-15, doi:10.1002/jbm.820280103 (1994).
43 Choi W, T. A., Hoffmann MR. The Role of Metal Ion Dopants in Quantum-Sized TiO2: Correlation between Photoreactivity and Charge Carrier Recombination Dynamics. J Phys Chem. 98, 13669–13679 (1994).
44 Cui, X. et al. Preparation of bioactive titania films on titanium metal via anodic oxidation. Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials 25, 80-86, doi:10.1016/j.dental.2008.04.012 (2009).
45 Sclafani, A. & Herrmann, J. M. Comparison of the Photoelectronic and Photocatalytic Activities of Various Anatase and Rutile Forms of Titania in Pure Liquid Organic Phases and in Aqueous Solutions. The Journal of Physical Chemistry 100, 13655- 13661, doi:10.1021/jp9533584 (1996).
46 Masahashi, N. et al. Study of bioactivity on a TiNbSn alloy surface. Thin Solid Films 639, 22-28, doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2017.08.023 (2017).
47 Jinno, T., Goldberg, V. M., Davy, D. & Stevenson, S. Osseointegration of surface- blasted implants made of titanium alloy and cobalt-chromium alloy in a rabbit intramedullary model. Journal of biomedical materials research 42, 20-29 (1998).
48 Shapiro, F. & Wu, J. Y. Woven bone overview: structural classification based on its integral role in developmental, repair and pathological bone formation throughout vertebrate groups. Eur Cell Mater 38, 137-167, doi:10.22203/eCM.v038a11 (2019).
49 Grandfield, K., Vuong, V. & Schwarcz, H. P. Ultrastructure of Bone: Hierarchical Features from Nanometer to Micrometer Scale Revealed in Focused Ion Beam Sections in the TEM. Calcif Tissue Int 103, 606-616, doi:10.1007/s00223-018-0454-9 (2018).
50 Kirsch, T. Biomineralization--an active or passive process? Connect Tissue Res 53, 438-445, doi:10.3109/03008207.2012.730081 (2012).
51 Ling, J. et al. A MGI-oriented investigation of the Young's modulus and its application to the development of a novel Ti-Nb-Zr-Cr bio-alloy. Materials science & engineering. C, Materials for biological applications 106, 110265, doi:10.1016/j.msec.2019.110265 (2020).
52 Yamako, G., Chosa, E., Totoribe, K., Watanabe, S. & Sakamoto, T. Trade-off between stress shielding and initial stability on an anatomical cementless stem shortening: in-vitro biomechanical study. Med Eng Phys 37, 820-825, doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2015.05.017 (2015).