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安定同位体比分析に基づく農作物を採食する大型哺乳類の生態学的特性に関する研究

秦 彩夏 帯広畜産大学

2022.09.06

概要

本研究では,世界各地で農作物被害を引き起こし,問題となっている代表的な大型哺乳類であるクマ類とシカ類を対象に,安定同位体比分析を用いて各個体の農作物への採食依存度を推定し、農作物を採食する個体の行動や繁殖といった生態学的特性を解明するとともに、農地を含む複数の景観に広く生息する個体群を対象とした効果的かつ効率的な管理手法の検討を行った。得られた知見をもとに、農地を含む景観に生息する大型哺乳類の個体群を対象とした、農作物被害の軽減および個体群の保全の両立を目指した保全管理上の課題を整理した。

 第2章では,北海道東部のヒグマ個体群を対象に,ヒグマによる主な被害農作物であるトウモロコシへの採食依存度が高い個体の空間分布傾向とその移動スケールを検討した。体毛試料を用いて,DNA分析による個体識別を行うとともに,炭素安定同位体比分析を用いて各個体のトウモロコシ依存度を推定した。その結果,メスではトウモロコシ依存度が高い個体ほど農地の近くに生息することが示唆された。また,農地から3-4km離れるとメス個体の農作物採食可能性が急激に減少し,本スケールはメスのクマの年間行動圏の半径に近かった。一方,農作物依存度が高いオスは農地近くにも農地から離れた森林地域にも生息していた。そのため,オスの場合トウモロコシの収穫期以外に森林地域に生息していたとしても,収穫期に農地に移動してくることで駆除リスクに晒される可能性があると考えられた。

 第3章では,本州中部地域のシカ個体群を対象に,シカによる主な被害農作物である牧草や野菜類への採食依存度が,シカの成長や繁殖に与える影響を検討した。骨コラーゲン試料を用いて,窒素安定同位体比分析により各個体の農作物依存度を推定した。成長の指標として頭骨最大長を,繁殖の指標として妊娠の有無を用い,齢ステージごと(0歳・1-4歳・5歳以上)に農作物依存度との関係を調べた。その結果,4歳以下の個体では農作物依存度が高いほど頭骨最大長が大きく,妊娠確率が高かった。一方で,5歳以上の個体ではいずれの関係も見られなかった。これらの結果から,農作物への依存はシカの早熟化を促進し,シカ個体群を増加させる可能性があることが示唆された。

 第4章では,第3章と同じ本州中部地域のシカ個体群を対象に,山間部の牧草地におけるシカによる加害リスクの時空間変化を検討した。計32か所の牧区に出没するシカをライトセンサス法により調査し,出没個体数の季節変化を調べるとともに、出没個体数と牧区の管理条件や地形といったシカの牧草地利用に影響する可能性がある要因との関係を解析した。その結果,牧草地を利用するシカの個体数は季節によって変化し,11月に最も多く,2月に最も少なかった。非積雪期である4-11月は,施肥が行われる牧区を利用するシ力が多かった一方で,牛を放牧する牧区の利用は少なかった。積雪期である12-3月は,傾斜が急な牧区を利用するシカが多かった。これらの結果から,非積雪期には牧草の質と利用可能量が,積雪期には牧草の利用可能量がシカによる牧草地利用を左右する重要な要因であることが示唆された。

 本研究結果から,安定同位体比分析を用いることでヒグマおよびシカの加害農作物への依存度をそれぞれ推定できたとともに,農作物採食によって移動や繁殖といった生態学的特性に生じる変化や、被害発生に影響する時空間要因について明らかにした。得られた結果から,ヒグマでは,農地周辺でのオスの駆除が個体群に負の影響をもたらす可能性が懸念されたことから、農業被害の低減とクマ類の地域個体群の保全を両立させるためには、電気柵の設置による被害防除や緩衝帯の整備等,クマ個体に農地を忌避させる被害防除対策や生息地管理を中心とした対策とその維持管理体制の確立が重要であると考えられた。シ力では,自然下餌資源が少なくなる季節を含め農作物の採食が年間を通して確認されるとともに、農作物採食により若齢個体の早熟化が生じ、更なる個体数増加を引き起こす可能性が懸念されたことから、農地侵入を防ぐ電気柵等の被害防除や農作物を採食するシカ個体の駆除が重要であると考えられた。また,こうした被害防除や駆除といった対策の導入時期や場所の優先順位を決定するための具体的な指針となりうる,シカによる被害が発生しやすい時期や牧草地の特徴も明らかになった。本研究で得られた知見は,農業被害の抑制と個体群の保全の両立を目的とした大型哺乳類の効果的な管理体制の確立と発展に寄与するだろう。

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