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ミャンマー択伐方式におけるアジアゾウによる集材の影響と行動様式の評価

シー, チュー, ミン THU MINN, SIE 九州大学

2022.09.22

概要

熱帯林の約20%は択伐を主体とする生産林であり、木材生産の観点以外にも地球規模の炭素循環や生物多様性の観点からも択伐生産林の保全価値が重要視されている。一方で、熱帯の択伐生産林における森林劣化についての報告事例も多く、「低インパクト林業(RIL:Reduced-impact logging)」の実践が世界的に求められおり、既往の研究ではRILの効果を従来からの慣習的な伐採方式(CON:Conventional logging)と比較して評価されてきた。ミャンマーではチークを代表とする有用広葉樹を生産する択伐方式(MSS:Myanmar Selection System)が19世紀より続いている。MSSでは現在でも集材にアジアゾウ(Elephasmaximus)が使用されており、MSSはRILの一形態と考えられてきた。しかしながら、アジアゾウによる集材に伴って生じる残存木や林地に与える攪乱の程度を、他国で一般的な重機を用いた集材と比較して定量的に調べた事例はほとんどない。また、集材に従事しているゾウの休息時における行動様式などもわかっておらず、アジアゾウとの共生を図るうえでの基礎的な情報も不足している。そこで本研究では、まず、ゾウ集材に伴う残存木や林地への攪乱の程度を重機集材と比較することでゾウ集材の影響を評価した。また、GNSS(全球測位衛星システム)を用いてゾウの作業時・休息時における行動様式を定量化し、ミャンマーの林業生態系の課題について議論した。

まず、MSSが実行されている4つの林班を対象にゾウ集材路、林道、土場での地表面攪乱を評価し、他国におけるRILとCONでの事例と比較した。その結果、林道および土場での地表面攪乱の面積率は、MSSで2.1%および0.4%であり、これらの値は他国のCONおよびRILでの値と有意な差はなかった(p>0.05)。一方、MSSにおけるゾウ集材路の攪乱面積率(0.9%)はCON(5.2%)やRIL(4.2%)と比較して有意に小さかった(p

次に、MSSにおけるゾウ集材路、林道および土場周辺での残存木の損傷の程度を評価した。その際、ゾウ集材路、林道および土場からの距離が3m以内に位置する立木について、損傷度合いを3段階(重度、軽度、無)で計測し、その発生確率を説明する多項ロジステックモデルを構築した。その結果、林道および土場においては、残存木のサイズが小さくなるほど重度の損傷を受ける確率が高くなったが、ゾウ集材路では重度の損傷率が0.6%と小さく、サイズ依存性も見られなかった。また、伐倒、集材、運材を含めた択伐作業のすべての工程にともなって生じる残存木損傷率の総計は他国で報告されている値よりもMSSでは小さい傾向にあることがわかり、その原因はMSSではゾウ集材に伴う重度損傷の確率が極めて小さいことにあると指摘した。

続いて、集材作業に従事しているアジアゾウの作業時と休息時の行動様式を明らかにするため、3頭を対象にGNSSを装着して4日間の軌跡を記録した。その結果、集材作業のベースキャンプからの距離は、休息時および作業時で、それぞれ、0.534~0.875kmおよび1.365~1.372kmであった。また、1時間当たりの移動距離は、休息時および作業時で、それぞれ、0.622~0.655kmおよび1.522~1.629kmであり、野生のアジアゾウで報告されている範囲(0.010~1.500km)に近いことがわかった。採餌や行水などを行う休息時はベースキャンプからの距離が0.875km以内であることがわかり、これらのエリアにおけるの生態系の保全が重要であることを指摘した。

以上のことから、ミャンマーの伝統的な択伐方式MSSにおけるアジアゾウによる集材は林地および残存木への攪乱の程度が他国の重機集材と比較して小さいことがわかり、アジアゾウの利用がRILの実践に大きく寄与していると結論づけた。また、アジアゾウとの共生が不可欠なミャンマーの林業生態系においては、特にペースキャンプに近い場所での植生や水辺環境の維持が重要であることを指摘した。

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