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奄美大島におけるリュウキュウコノハズクの繁殖成功の時空間パターンと要因

井上, 遠 東京大学 DOI:10.15083/0002004953

2022.06.22

概要

第1章総合序論
樹洞は、成熟林に多く見られ、営巣場所やねぐらとして多くの生物が利用する森林生態系における重要なマイクロハビタットである。樹洞を営巣場所とする鳥類は世界の鳥類種の約20%を占め、特にフクロウ目の鳥類ように自ら樹洞を穿孔することができず、既存の樹洞を利用して繁殖する二次樹洞営巣種は、森林伐採などによる大径木や樹洞の減少に脆弱である。そのため、二次樹洞営巣種の保全は世界的な課題であり、保全に向けた効率的な生息状況や繁殖状況のモニタリング手法の確立が求められる。そのような中、録音によるモニタリング(録音モニタリング)が二次樹洞営巣種の個体群動態や繁殖成功を評価する上で、有効な手法として近年注目を集めている。

本研究では、南西諸島周辺の島嶼部に生息する小型のフクロウ科の二次樹洞営巣種であるリュウキュウコノハズクを対象とした。リュウキュウコノハズクは、IUCNレッドリストの準絶滅危惧種に選定されている森林生態系の上位捕食者である。本研究で調査を行なった奄美大島は島の8割以上を森林が占めるが、その多くは二次林で成熟した常緑広葉樹林は島の中央部にわずかに残されているのみである。リュウキュウコノハズクの保全のためには、広く繁殖状況を評価し、繁殖に強く影響していると考えられる営巣場所と食物資源がおよぼす効果を検討していくことが必要である。

本研究では、現在でも比較的広範囲に亜熱帯常緑広葉樹林が維持されている奄美大島において、センサス調査と録音モニタリングからリュウキュウコノハズクの繁殖成功の空間パターンを評価した。その結果に基づき、保全上重要な繁殖ステージを特定するとともに、営巣場所選択や繁殖成功に影響する要因を食物資源と営巣場所の観点から検討した。さらに、リュウキュウコノハズクをはじめとする森林性鳥類の種組成や個体数、繁殖成功を評価する手法としての録音モニタリングの有効性を検証するとともに、その活用方法について検討した。

第2章巣立ちビナによるリュウキュウコノハズクの繁殖成功評価と繁殖期の食物内容の把握
奄美大島におけるリュウキュウコノハズクの個体群の現状を明らかにするとともに、繁殖フェノロジーと繁殖期の給餌内容などの基礎的な繁殖生態を把握した。奄美大島の森林域全域にわたって2年間、本種の繁殖期を網羅するように5月下旬から8月下旬にかけてセンサス調査を行ない、本種は7月上旬から下旬にヒナが巣立つことを明らかにした。また、巣立ち後もヒナが同じ場所で複数回にわたって観察され、1週間~3週間程度営巣場所周辺に留まることが示唆された。この特性を利用して巣立ちビナの分布から繁殖成功場所が評価できると考えられた。また、直接観察により親鳥が巣立ちビナに給餌した生物を把握した。その結果、樹上性の無脊椎動物を主に給餌しており、102例の記録のうち64%が直翅目であり、特にツユムシ科(同定できたものはすべてアマミヘリグロツユムシ)の割合が高く、40%を占めていた。

第3章リュウキュウコノハズクの主要な食物アマミヘリグロツユムシの生息環境と季節性
リュウキュウコノハズクの巣外育雛期の主要な食物資源となっていたツユムシ科昆虫、特にアマミヘリグロツユムシについて、リュウキュウコノハズクの繁殖時期や採餌環境との関係性を検討するため、発生時期や生息環境、食草をフィールド調査と飼育実験により把握した。奄美大島の代表的な森林域の林道沿い(林縁)と林内にそれぞれ21のコドラートを設置して、リュウキュウコノハズクの繁殖期に複数回、アマミヘリグロツユムシを含めたツユムシ科昆虫の生息調査を行なった。林内はスダジイやシシアクチなどの常緑広葉樹が優占する一方、林縁はアカメガシワやイヌビワなどの落葉樹やシダが優占していた。食物要求量の増加するリュウキュウコノハズクの巣内育雛後期から巣外育雛期までの期間と、アマミヘリグロツユムシの成虫の発生時期が重なることが判明した。確認されたのべ142個体のツユムシ科昆虫のち135個体はアマミヘリグロツユムシであり、ほとんどの個体は林縁のコドラートで確認された。半数以上の個体はアカメガシワやクサギ、ハゼノキなどの落葉樹の樹木の葉の上で確認された。コドラート調査でついていた植物を実際に食草として利用しているのかを確認するため、アマミヘリグロツユムシの幼虫に落葉樹5種、奄美大島の森林域で優占する常緑広葉樹のスダジイを与えて、成長量を測定した。スダジイを与えた個体は成虫になる前にすべて死亡したが、アカメガシワやハゼノキを与えた個体は成長し、そのほとんどが成虫になった。これらの結果から、アマミヘリグロツユムシは先駆樹種である落葉樹を若齢幼虫期の主要な食草として利用し、森林ギャップや林縁環境に多く生息している可能性が示唆された。

第4章録音による森林性鳥類モニタリングの有効性の評価
奄美大島の亜熱帯照葉樹林における、リュウキュウコノハズクを含めた森林性鳥類の種組成、および保全上重要な種の生息密度分布を把握する手法としての録音モニタリングの有用性を検討した。鳥類の繁殖期に5か所の森林域において、早朝および夜間に録音モニタリングとポイントカウント法を同時に実施した。オオトラツグミやルリカケスなど奄美大島の森林域に生息する保全上重要な鳥類種を含めて、録音法でもポイントカウント法とほぼ同様の鳥類相を記録できた。録音法で記録されたリュウキュウコノハズクとアカヒゲのさえずり回数は、ポイントカウント法で計数した個体数に対して有意な正の効果を示し、録音法はこれらの種の生息密度のモニタリングにも有効であることが示唆された。またさえずり回数は、調査時間帯、調査時期、気象条件の影響を受けており、これらの影響を適切に考慮するモデリング手法を提示した。

第5章録音モニタリングを用いたリュウキュウコノハズクの営巣場所および繁殖成功の評価
営巣場所選択と繁殖成功を評価し、その空間パターンに営巣場所や食物資源が与える影響を検討するため、代表的な森林域に録音地点を50地点設け、リュウキュウコノハズクの繁殖期に録音モニタリングを行なった。得られた音声データから、雌雄の鳴き交わし、交尾、巣立ちビナの鳴き声を抽出し、発見率を考慮したsingle season occupancy modelを用いて、ランドスケープ要因が繁殖期の異なる段階、すなわち営巣場所選択と繁殖成功におよぼす影響を評価した。鳴き交わしは45地点で、交尾は28地点で、巣立ちビナは22地点で確認された。営巣場所が豊富にあると考えられる成熟した常緑広葉樹林は営巣場所選択に有意な正の効果を持っていた一方で、採餌環境となっている可能性のある林縁は二次項が負の効果を、林道は有意な効果が認められなかった。以上より、二次林や林道沿いの森林ギャップが多く存在する現在の森林景観では、成熟した亜熱帯常緑広葉樹林に多くみられる樹洞が本種の繁殖成功の鍵となる一方で、採餌場所が繁殖成功にもたらす効果は小さいと考えられた。

第6章総合考察
リュウキュウコノハズクの営巣場所選択は、成熟した常緑広葉樹林が規定していると考えられ、営巣場所である樹洞の利用可能性が営巣場所に大きく影響していると考えられる。一方で採餌環境は豊富に存在し、繁殖成功の空間パターンを規定する要因にはなっていない可能性が考えられる。リュウキュウコノハズクの繁殖期とアマミヘリグロツユムシの成虫の発生時期がよく一致しており、アマミヘリグロツユムシの発生に合わせて繁殖している可能性が示唆された。

録音モニタリングを用いて、森林性鳥類の種組成、一部の種では生息密度や繁殖状況の評価が可能であることが示された。奄美大島の森林域には、貴重な絶滅危惧種や固有種が多く生息しており、それらの保全のために録音モニタリングを活用し、生息状況や繁殖状況のモニタリングを行ない、適切な保全策や森林管理手法を検討していくことが重要である。

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