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Molecular mechanism of concentration-regulated methanol induction and its signaling pathway in methylotrophic yeasts

Inoue, Koichi 京都大学 DOI:10.14989/doctor.k24665

2023.03.23

概要

KpMxr1 is the C2H2-type transcription factor that is necessary for the activation of many genes, including
those involved in peroxisome biogenesis (Lin-Cereghino et al., 2006). KpMxr1 regulates the gene
expression of not only methanol but acetate and amino acid metabolism as well and thus functions as a
global regulator of central carbon metabolism (Sahu et al., 2016a; Sahu et al., 2016b). KpMxr1 exists in
the cytosol in the cells during metabolizing glucose and localizes to the nucleus when the cells are
cultured in media containing non-fermentable carbon sources (Lin-Cereghino et al., 2006; Sahu et al.,
2016b). In S. cerevisiae, the activity of ScAdr1 is regulated through its indirect phosphorylation and
dephosphorylation by the ScSnf1/AMPK protein kinase (Ratnakumar et al., 2009). In K. phaffii, serine
215 residue of KpMxr1 is phosphorylated under ethanol-culture conditions and this phosphoserine
residue interacts with the 14-3-3 protein, resulting in loss of function for methanol induction of the genes
as a transcription factor (Parua et al., 2012). The involvement of S215 phosphorylation of KpMxr1 has
also been shown in ethanol repression of methanol-induced genes (Ohsawa et al., 2018).
Methanol concentration in the phyllosphere exhibits a daily periodicity with a dynamic range of 00.2% (ca. 0-60 mM) (Kawaguchi et al., 2011). Thus, methylotrophic yeasts must sense the presence and
concentration of methanol and regulate the expression of methanol-induced genes and the metabolism of
methanol based on that information. Since formaldehyde is toxic to cells and unbalanced methanol
metabolism results in the accumulation of formaldehyde, expression levels of the formaldehydegenerating enzyme, AOX, and formaldehyde-consuming enzymes, DAS and formaldehyde
dehydrogenase (FLD), should be properly controlled according to environmental methanol
concentrations.
In this chapter, I hypothesized that the transcription factor KpMxr1 is responsible for the CRMI in K.
phaffii and studied its functional and phosphorylation dynamics. I revealed that the phosphorylation state
of KpMxr1 is controlled depending on methanol concentration. Moreover, I discovered that KpMxr1
receives the methanol signal from Wsc family proteins via KpPkc1 and this process is independent of the
MAPK cascade. The analysis of C-terminal truncated KpMxr1 and LC-MS/MS gave me an insight that
phosphoregulation of KpMxr1 plays a crucial role in CRMI in K. phaffii. ...

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Acknowledgements

First, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Professor Yasuyoshi Sakai (Division of Applied Life

Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University) for his directions of this study and valuable

discussion during the whole course of graduate school. His ideas always stimulated my scientific interest

and enhanced my ability of logical thinking. I wish to express sincere thanks to Associate Professor

Hiroya Yurimoto (Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University)

for his directions of this study, helpful advice, valuable discussions and continuous support. I am deeply

grateful to Assistant Professor Kosuke Shiraishi (Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of

Agriculture, Kyoto University), Associate Professor Masahide Oku and Professor Jun Hoseki

(Department of Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyoto University of

Advanced Science) for technical supports, meaningful discussion and kind advice.

Next, I appreciate Dr. Shinji Ito (Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine,

Kyoto University) for the analysis of phosphorylation using LC-MS/MS in chapter I. And I would like to

express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Shin Ohsawa (for chapter I and chapter III), Mr. Taiju Okamoto (for

chapter I), Mr. Gakuto Kitayama (for chapter I), Mr. Kosuke Iwase (for chapter II), and Ms. Nono Saso

(for chapter II) for their experimental supports on my research and meaningful discussions. I would like

to thank Ms. Shiori Katayama (Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto

University) for the technical guidance of microscopy observation and flow cytometry (for preparing the

strains in chapter II). Special thanks are due to Ms. Yuri Fujita and Mr. Ryota Ikeda for their warm

supports to my laboratory life.

Finally, I am grateful to all members of my laboratory, staff, and fellows in the Division of Applied

Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University. I am glad to spend precious time with

them and will never forget the memories during this course. I wish to express deep appreciation to my

family and my wife Ms. Airi Inoue for their continuous support.

85

Publications

1. Inoue, K., Ohsawa, S., Yurimoto, H., and Sakai, Y. (2022)

“Phosphoregulation of the transcription factor Mxr1 plays a crucial role in the concentrationregulated methanol induction in Komagataella phaffii”

Mol Microbiol, 118:683–697.

2. Inoue, K., Iwase, S., Yurimoto, H., and Sakai, Y.

“Role of the transcription factor Mpp1 in the concentration-regulated methanol induction in Candida

boidinii”

Manuscript in preparation.

3. Ohsawa, S.*, Inoue, K.*, Yurimoto, H., and Sakai Y. (2021)

“Methanol sensor Wsc1 and MAP kinase suppress degradation of methanol-induced peroxisomes in

methylotrophic yeast”

J Cell Sci, 134,

*These authors contributed equally to this work as the first co-author.

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