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Acknowledgements
We thank all the scientists and engineers of the Hayabusa2 project for
their dedication and skills to bring these precious particles back to
Earth from the asteroid Ryugu. We also thank Marine Works Japan for
the assistance of curative activity, initial non-destructive investigation
and sample preparation of Ryugu particles. We thank the developers
of iSALE, including G. Collins, K. Wünnemann, B. Ivanov, J. Melosh
and D. Elbeshausen. We also thank T. Davison for the development
of pySALEPlot. The shock physics modelling was in part carried out
on PC cluster at the Center for Computational Astrophysics, National
Astronomical Observatory of Japan. This research was supported in
part by the JSPS KAKENHI (Grants JP20H01965 to N.T.; JP18K18795
and JP18H04468 to M.I.; JP19H01959 to A.Y.; JP18H05479 (Innovative
Areas MFS Materials Science) to M.U.; JP18K03729 to M.K.; JP21K03652
to N.I.; JP17H06459 to T.U.; JP19K03958 to M.A.; JP17H06459 to T.
Ohigashi; JP18K03830 to T.Y.; JP17H06459 and JP19H01951 to S.-i.W.;
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-01947-5
and JP18KK0092, JP19H00726, JP21K18660 and JP21H01140 to K.K.)
and by the National Institute of Polar Research Research Project (Grant
KP307 to A.Y.).
Author contributions
N.T., M.I. and A.Y. organized the research project. N.T., M.I., A.Y., M.U.,
N.I., N.S., T.Ohigashi, M.K. M-C.L., R.C.G., K.U., A.N., K.Y., H.Y. and
Y.Kodama conducted sample handling, preparation and mounting
processes of Ryugu grains. M.I., N.T., T.Ohigashi, M.U., K.U., H.Y.,
Y.Kodama, K.H., I.S., I.O. and Y.Karouji developed universal sample
holders for multiple instruments. Scanning electron microscopy
analysis was conducted by A.Y., M.K., N.I., M.I. and N.T. Focused
ion beam sample processing was conducted by Y.Kodama and
N.T. Transmission electron microscopy work was done by N.T. Fault
mechanics calculations were conducted by N.T. and K.O., and peak
pressure caused by the small carry-on impactor was evaluated by K.K.
T.N., A.Miyake, M.M., Y.S. T.M. and Y.I. provided valuable comments and
discussion on the mineralogy of Ryugu particles and carbonaceous
chondrites. A.N., K.Y., A.Miyazaki, M.N., T.Y., T.Okada, M.A. and T.U. led
the JAXA curation activities for initial characterization of allocated
Ryugu particles. S.N., T.S., S.T., F.T., M.Y., S.-i.W. and Y.T. administered the
project and acted as principal investigators. N.T. wrote the paper, and
all the authors discussed the results and commented on the paper.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Supplementary information The online version contains
supplementary material available at
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-01947-5.
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to
Naotaka Tomioka.
Peer review information Nature Astronomy thanks Christopher
Hamann and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution
to the peer review of this work.
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© The Author(s) 2023
Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, X-star, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Nankoku, Japan. 2National Institute of
Polar Research, Tachikawa, Japan. 3The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Japan. 4Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute,
Sayo, Japan. 5Graduate School of Science, Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan. 6Department of Chemistry,
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https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-01947-5
Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Japan. 7UVSOR Synchrotron Facility, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Japan. 8Institute of
Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan. 9Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences,
University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 10Planetary and Space Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK. 11Institute of Space and
Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan. 12Marine Works Japan, Ltd., Yokosuka, Japan. 13Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan. 14Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. 15Earth
and Planetary Systems Science Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima,
Japan. 16Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino, Japan. 17Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto
University, Kyoto, Japan. 18Department of Geosciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan. 19Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi,
Japan. 20Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan. 21Present address: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Livermore, CA, USA. 22Present address: Toyo Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. e-mail: tomioka@jamstec.go.jp
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