Morphology of subsurface cracks in glass-ceramics induced by Vickers indentation observed by synchrotron X-ray multiscale tomography

1. Lawn, B. & Wilshaw, R. Indentation fracture: Principles and applications. J. Mater. Sci. 10, 1049–1081 (1975).

2. Lawn, B. R., Evans, A. G. & Marshall, D. B. Elastic/plastic indentation damage in ceramics: Te median/radial crack system. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 63, 574–581 (1980).

3. Marshall, D. B., Lawn, B. R. & Evans, A. G. Elastic/plastic indentation damage in ceramics: Te lateral crack system. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 65, 561–566 (1982).

4. Yofe, E. H. Elastic stress felds caused by indenting brittle materials. Philos Mag A 46, 617–628 (1982).

5. Cook, R. F. & Pharr, G. M. Direct observation and analysis of indentation cracking in glasses and ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 73, 787–817 (1990).

6. Rouxel, T. Driving force for indentation cracking in glass: Composition, pressure and temperature dependence. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 373, 20140140 (2015).

7. Yoshida, S. Indentation deformation and cracking in oxide glass–toward understanding of crack nucleation. J. Non-Cryst. Solids X 1, 100009 (2019).

8. Lawn, B. R. Indentation of ceramics with spheres: A century afer Hertz. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 81, 1977–1994 (1998).

9. Lawn, B. R., Padture, N. P., Cai, H. & Guiberteau, F. Making ceramics ductile. Science 263, 1114–1116 (1994).

10. Peterson, I. M., Wuttiphan, S., Lawn, B. R. & Chyung, K. Role of microstructure on contact damage and strength degradation of micaceous glass-ceramics. Dent. Mater. 14, 80–89 (1998).

11. Arora, A., Marshall, D. B., Lawn, B. R. & Swain, M. V. Indentation deformation/fracture of normal and anomalous glasses. J. NonCryst. Solids. 31, 415–428 (1979).

12. Whittle, B. R. & Hand, R. J. Morphology of vickers indent faws in soda–lime–silica glass. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 84, 2361–2365 (2001).

13. Lube, T. Indentation crack profles in silicon nitride. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 21, 211–218 (2001).

14. Xie, Z.-H., Hofman, M., Moon, R. J. & Munroe, P. R. Subsurface indentation damage and mechanical characterization of a-sialon ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 87, 2114–2124 (2004).

15. Cuadrado, N., Seuba, J., Casellas, D., Anglada, M. & Jiménez-Piqué, E. Geometry of nanoindentation cube-corner cracks observed by FIB tomography: Implication for fracture resistance estimation. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 35, 2949–2955 (2015).

16. Baggott, A., Mazaheri, M. & Inkson, B. J. 3D characterisation of indentation induced sub-surface cracking in silicon nitride using FIB tomography. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 39, 3620–3626 (2019).

17. Wu, S. C., Xiao, T. Q. & Withers, P. J. Te imaging of failure in structural materials by synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomograpjy. Eng. Fract. Mech. 182, 127–156 (2017).

18. Lacondemine, T. et al. Direct observation of the displacement feld and microcracking in a glass by means of X-ray tomography during in situ Vickers indentation experiment. Acta Mater. 179, 424–433 (2019).

19. Okuma, G. et al. 3D multiscale-imaging of processing-induced defects formed during sintering of hierarchical powder packings. Sci. Rep. 9, 11595 (2019).

20. Takeuchi, A., Uesugi, K., Uesugi, M., Yoshinaka, F. & Nakamura, T. Nondestructive multiscale X-ray tomography by combining microtomography and high-energy phase-contrast nanotomography. Microsc. Microanal. 24, 106–107 (2018).

21. Takeuchi, A. et al. High-energy X-ray nanotomography introducing an apodization Fresnel zone plate objective lens. Rev. Sci. Instrum 92, 023701 (2021).

22. Holland, W. & Beall, G. H. Glass-Ceramic Technology 3rd edn. (American Ceramic Society, Hoboken, 2019).

23. Deubener, J. et al. Updated defnition of glass-ceramics. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 501, 3–10 (2018).

24. Fu, Q., Beall, G. H. & Smith, C. M. Nature-inspired design of strong, tough glass-ceramics. MRS Bull. 42, 220–225 (2017).

25. Apel, E. et al. Phenomena and mechanisms of crack propagation in glass ceramics. J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater. 1, 313–325 (2008).

26. Serbena, F. C., Mathias, I., Foerstera, C. E. & Zanotto, E. D. Crystallization toughening of a model glass-ceramic. Acta Mater. 86, 216–228 (2015).

27. Serbena, F. C. & Zanotto, E. D. Internal residual stresses in glass-ceramics: A review. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 358, 975–984 (2012).

28. Faber, K. T. & Evans, A. G. Crack defection process—I. Teory. Acta Metall. 31, 565–576 (1983).

29. Faber, K. T. & Evans, A. G. Crack defection process—II. Experiment. Acta Metall. 31, 577–584 (1983).

30. Marshall, D. B. & Evans, A. G. Failure mechanisms in ceramic-fber/ceramic-matrix composites. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 68, 225–231 (1985).

31. Becher, P. F. Microstructural design of toughened ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 74, 255–269 (1991).

32. Fu, Y. & Evans, A. G. Microcrack zone formation in single phase polycrystals. Acta Metall. 30, 1619–1625 (1982).

33. Evans, A. G. & Fu, Y. Some efects of microcracks on the mechanical properties of brittle solids—II. Microcrack toughening. Acta Metall. 33, 1525–1531 (1985).

34. Maeda, K. & Yasumori, A. Toughening of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass by dmisteinbergite precipitation. Mater. Lett. 180, 231–234 (2016).

35. Maeda, K., Akatsuka, K., Okuma, G. & Yasumori, A. Mechanical properties of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramics precipitating hexagonal CaAl2Si2O8. Curr. Comput.-Aided Drug Des. 11, 393 (2021).

36. Inage, K. et al. Efect of crystallinity and microstructure on mechanical properties of CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass toughened by precipitation of hexagonal CaAl2Si2O8 crystals. J. Non-Cryst. Solids. 534, 119948 (2020).

37. Maeda, K., Iwasaki, K., Urata, S., Akatsuka, K. & Yasumori, A. 3D microstructure and crack pathways of toughened CaO–Al2O3– SiO2 glass by precipitation of hexagonal CaAl2Si2O8 crystal. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 102, 5535–5544 (2019).

38. Urata, S., Takato, Y. & Maeda, K. Molecular dynamics investigation of the fracture mechanism of a glass-ceramic containing cleavable crystals. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 102, 5138–5148 (2019).

39. Maeda, K., Akatsuka, K. & Yasumori, A. Practical strength of damage resistant CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass-ceramic. Ceram. Int. 47, 8728–8731 (2021).

40. Kotoul, M. et al. Toughening efects quantifcation in glass matrix composite reinforced by alumina platelets. Acta Mater. 56, 2908–2918 (2008).

41. Quinn, G. D. & Bradt, R. C. On the Vickers indentation fracture toughness test. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 90, 673–680 (2007).

42. Marshall, D. B. et al. Te compelling case for indentation as a functional exploratory and characterization tool. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 98, 2671–2680 (2015).

43. Maeda, K. & Yasumori, A. Nucleation and growth of hexagonal CaAl2Si2O8 crystals in CaO–Al2O3–SiO2 glass. Mater. Lett. 206, 241–244 (2017).