1. Abdullah JM, Mustafa Z, Ideris A. Newcastle disease virus interaction in targeted therapy against proliferation and invasion pathways of glioblastoma multiforme. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:386470.
2. Adamo PF, Cantile C, Steinberg H. Evaluation of progesterone and estrogen receptor expression in 15 meningiomas of dogs and cats. Am J Vet Res. 2003;64:1310-1318.
3. Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF. Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003;100: 3983-3988.
4. Bannykh SI, Stolt CC, Kim J, Perry A, Wegner M. Oligodendroglial-specific transcriptional factor SOX10 is ubiquitously expressed in human gliomas. J Neurooncol. 2006;76:115-127.
5. Baracskay KL, Kidd GJ, Miller RH, Trapp BD. NG2-positive cells generate A2B5- positive oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Glia. 2007;55:1001-1010.
6. Beier D, Wischhusen J, Dietmaier W, et al. CD133 expression and cancer stem cells predict prognosis in high-grade oligodendroglial tumors. Brain Pathol. 2008;18:370- 377.
7. Berens ME, Bjotvedt G, Levesque DC, et al. Tumorigenic, invasive, karyotypic, and immunocytochemical characteristics of clonal cell lines derived from a spontaneous canine anaplastic astrocytoma. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 1993;29A:310-318.
8. Blankenstein MA, Verheijen FM, Jacobs JM, et al. Occurrence, regulation, and significance of progesterone receptors in human meningioma. Steroids. 200;65:795-800.
9. Boiko AD, Razorenova OV, van de Rijn M, Swetter SM, Johnson DL, Ly DP, Butler PD, Yang GP, Joshua B, Kaplan MJ, Longaker MT, Weissman IL. Human melanoma- initiating cells express neural crest nerve growth factor receptor CD271. Nature. 2010;466:133–137.
10. Bonnet D, Dick JE. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat Med. 1997;3:730-737.
11. Brabletz T, Jung A, Spaderna S, Hlubek F, Kirchner T. Opinion: migrating cancer stem cells - an integrated concept of malignant tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2005;5:744-749.
12. Briancon-Marjollet A, Balenci L, Fernandez M, et al. NG2-expressing glial precursor cells are a new potential oligodendroglioma cell initiating population in N-ethyl-N- nitrosourea-induced gliomagenesis. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31:1718-1725.
13. Cai N, Kurachi M, Shibasaki K, Okano-Uchida T and Ishizaki Y. CD44-positive cells are candidates for astrocyte precursor cells in developing mouse cerebellum. Cerebellum. 2012;11:181-193.
14. Canoll P, Goldman JE. The interface between glial progenitors and gliomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2008;116:465-477.
15. Cassiani-Ingoni R, Coksaygan T, Xue H, et al. Cytoplasmic translocation of Olig2 in adult glial progenitors marks the generation of reactive astrocytes following autoimmune inflammation. Exp Neurol. 2006;201:349-358.
16. Chen LP, Li ZF, Ping M, et al. Regulation of Olig2 during astroglial differentiation in the subventricular zone of a cuprizone-induced demyelination mouse model. Neuroscience. 2012;221:96-107.
17. Chen W, Dong J, Haiech J, Kilhoffer MC, Zeniou M. Cancer Stem Cell Quiescence and Plasticity as Major Challenges in Cancer Therapy. Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:1740936.
18. Chojnacki A and Weiss S. Production of neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from mammalian CNS stem cells. Nat Protoc. 2008;3:935-940.
19. Clarke MF, Dick JE, Dirks PB, et al. Cancer stem cells--perspectives on current status and future directions: AACR Workshop on cancer stem cells. Cancer Res. 2006;66:9339- 9344.
20. Codrici E, Enciu AM, Popescu ID, Mihai S, Tanase C. Glioma Stem Cells and Their Microenvironments: Providers of Challenging Therapeutic Targets. Stem Cells Int. 2016; 2016: 5728438.
21. Colin C, Baeza N, Tong S, et al. In vitro identification and functional characterization of glial precursor cells in human gliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2006;32:189-202.
22. Cuddapah VA, Robel S, Watkins S, Sontheimer H. A neurocentric perspective on glioma invasion. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15:455-465.
23. Dawson MR, Polito A, Levine JM, Reynolds R. NG2-expressing glial progenitor cells: an abundant and widespread population of cycling cells in the adult rat CNS. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2003;24:476-488.
24. Dobson JM, Samuel S, Milstein H, Rogers K, Wood JL. Canine neoplasia in the UK: estimates of incidence rates from a population of insured dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 2002;43:240-246.
25. Eliasson C, Sahlgren C, Berthold CH, at al. Intermediate filament protein partnership in astrocytes. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:23996-24006.
26. Fernández F, Deviers A, Dally C, et al. Presence of neural progenitors in spontaneous canine gliomas: A histopathological and immunohistochemical study of 20 cases. Vet J. 2016;209:125-132.
27. Friedmann-Morvinski D. Glioblastoma heterogeneity and cancer cell plasticity. Crit Rev Oncog. 2014;19:327-336.
28. Gibson EM, Purger D, Mount CW, et al. Neuronal activity promotes oligodendrogenesis and adaptive myelination in the mammalian brain. Science. 2014; 344:1252304.
29. Goldman SA and Kuypers NJ. How to make an oligodendrocyte. Development. 2015;142(23):3983-3995.
30. Gordon I, Paoloni M, Mazcko C, Khanna C. The Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium: using spontaneously occurring cancers in dogs to inform the cancer drug development pathway. PLoS Med. 2009;6. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000161.
31. Griffin CA, Burger P, Morsberger L, et al. Identification of der(1;19) (q10;p10) in five oligodendrogliomas suggests mechanism of concurrent 1p and 19q loss. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2006;65:988-994.
32. Haas C, Neuhuber B, Yamagami T, Rao M, Fischer I. Phenotypic analysis of astrocytes derived from glial restricted precursors and their impact on axon regeneration. Exp Neurol. 2012;233:717-732.
33. Hasselbach LA, Irtenkauf SM, Lemke NW, et al. Optimization of high grade glioma cell culture from surgical specimens for use in clinically relevant animal models and 3D immunochemistry. J Vis Exp. 2014;83. doi: 10.3791/51088.
34. Hayes HM, Priester WA Jr, Pendergrass TW. Occurrence of nervous-tissue tumors in cattle, horses, cats and dogs. Int J Cancer. 1975;15:39-47.
35. Haynes HR, Camelo-Piragua S, Kurian KM. Prognostic and predictive biomarkers in adult and pediatric gliomas: toward personalized treatment. Front Oncol. 2014;4:47.
36. Heidner GL, Kornegay JN, Page RL, Dodge RK, Thrall DE. Analysis of survival in a retrospective study of 86 dogs with brain tumors. J Vet Intern Med. 1991;5:219-226.
37. Herranz C, Fernández F, Martín-Ibáñez R, et al. Spontaneously Arising Canine Glioma as a Potential Model for Human Glioma. J Comp Pathol. 2016;154:169-179.
38. Higgins RJ, Dickinson PJ, LeCouteur RA, et al. Spontaneous canine gliomas: overexpression of EGFR, PDGFRalpha and IGFBP2 demonstrated by tissue microarray immunophenotyping. J Neurooncol. 2010;98:49-55.
39. Higgins RJ. Tumors of the nervous system. In: Meuten DJ, ed. Tumors in domestic animals. 5th ed. Ames state: Iowa State Press; 2017:834-891.
40. Holland EC, Celestino J, Dai C, et al. Combined activation of Ras and Akt in neural progenitors induces glioblastoma formation in mice. Nat Genet. 2000;25:55-57.
41. Holland EC, Hively WP, DePinho RA, Varmus HE. A constitutively active epidermal growth factor receptor cooperates with disruption of G1 cell-cycle arrest pathways to induce glioma-like lesions in mice. Genes Dev. 1998;12:3675-3685.
42. Hu JG, Wu XJ, Feng YF, et al. PDGF-AA and bFGF mediate B104CM-induced proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Int J Mol Med. 2012;30:1113-1118.
43. Hubbard ME, Arnold S, Bin Zahid A, et al. Naturally Occurring Canine Glioma as a Model for Novel Therapeutics. Cancer Invest. 2018;36:415-423.
44. Ide T, Uchida K, Kagawa Y, Suzuki K, Nakayama H. Pathological and immunohistochemical features of subdural histiocytic sarcomas in 15 dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2011;23:127-132.
45. Ide T, Uchida K, Kikuta F, Suzuki K, Nakayama H. Immunohistochemical characterization of canine neuroepithelial tumors. Vet Pathol. 2010;47:741-750.
46. Jenkins RB, Blair H, Ballman KV, et al. A t(1;19)(q10;p10) mediates the combined deletions of 1p and 19q and predicts a better prognosis of patients with oligodendroglioma. Cancer Res. 2006;66:9852-9861.
47. Khanna C, London C, Vail D, Mazcko C, Hirschfeld S. Guiding the optimal translation of new cancer treatments from canine to human cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:5671-5677.
48. Kishimoto TE, Yashima S, Nakahira R, et al. Identification of tumor-initiating cells derived from two canine rhabdomyosarcoma cell lines. J Vet Med Sci. 2017;79:1155- 1162.
49. Koestner A, Bilzer T, Fatzer R, et al. Histological classification of tumors of the nervous system of domestic animals. 2nd series. Washington, DC: Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, American Registry of Pathology;1999:17-33.
50. Koestner A, Jones TC. The Nervous system. In: Jones TC, Hunt RD, King NW, eds. Veterinary pathology. 6th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell;1997:1259-1297.
51. Kondo T, Raff M. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells reprogrammed to become multipotential CNS stem cells. Science. 2000;289:1754-1757.
52. Kondo T, Setoguchi T, Taga T. Perisistence of a small subpopulation of cancer stem- like cells in the C6 glioma cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2004;101:781-786.
53. Lathia JD, Mack SC, Mulkearns-Hubert EE, Valentim CL, Rich JN. Cancer stem cells in glioblastoma. Genes Dev. 2015;29:1203-1217.
54. Lee J, Kotliarova S, Kotliarov Y, et al. Tumor stem cells derived from glioblastomas cultured in bFGF and EGF more closely mirror the phenotype and genotype of primary tumors than do serum-cultured cell lines. Cancer Cell. 2006;9:391-403.
55. Lindberg N, Kastemar M, Olofsson T, Smits A, Uhrbom L. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells can act as cell of origin for experimental glioma. Oncogene. 2009;28:2266-2275.
56. Liu C, Sage JC, Miller MR, et al. Mosaic analysis with double markers reveals tumor cell of origin in glioma. Cell. 2011;146:209-221.
57. Lobo NA, Shimono Y, Qian D, Clarke MF. The biology of cancer stem cells. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2007;23: 675-699.
58. Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System. 4th ed. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2007:13-67.
59. Louis JC, Magal E, Muir D, Manthorpe M, Varon S. CG-4, a new bipotential glial cell line from rat brain, is capable of differentiating in vitro into either mature oligodendrocytes or type-2 astrocytes. J Neurosci Res. 1992;31:193-204.
60. Lu QR, Yuk D, Alberta JA, et al. Sonic hedgehog--regulated oligodendrocyte lineage genes encoding bHLH proteins in the mammalian central nervous system. Neuron. 2000;25:317-329.
61. Marjanovic ND, Weinberg RA, Chaffer CL. Cell plasticity and heterogeneity in cancer. Clin Chem. 2012;59:168-179.
62. McBride SM, Perez DA, Polley MY, et al. Activation of PI3K/mTOR pathway occurs in most adult low-grade gliomas and predicts patient survival. J Neurooncol. 2010;97:33- 40.
63. Menn B, Garcia-Verdugo JM, Yaschine C, et al. Origin of oligodendrocytes in the subventricular zone of the adult brain. J Neurosci. 2006;26:7907-7918.
64. Michishita M, Akiyoshi R, Yoshimura H, et al. Characterization of spheres derived from canine mammary gland adenocarcinoma cell lines. Res. Vet. Sci. 2011;91:254-260.
65. Moore MP, Bagley RS, Harrington ML and Gavin PR. Intracranial tumors. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1996;26:759-777.
66. Niels C. Pedersen, Ashley S. Pooch, Hongwei Liu. A genetic assessment of the English bulldog. Canine Genet Epidemiol. 2016;3:6.
67. Ning X, Shu J, Du Y, Ben Q, Li Z. Therapeutic strategies targeting cancer stem cells. Cancer Biol Ther. 2013;14:295-303.
68. Nishiyama A, Komitova M, Suzuki R and Zhu X. Polydendrocytes (NG2 cells): multifunctional cells with lineage plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2009;10:9-22.
69. Noble M, Barnett SC, Bögler O, et al. Control of division and differentiation in oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte progenitor cells. Ciba Found Symp. 1990;150:227-243.
70. Ohnishi A, Sawa H, Tsuda M, et al. Expression of the oligodendroglial lineage- associated markers Olig1 and Olig2 in different types of human gliomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2003;62:1052-1059.
71. Paoloni M, Khanna C. Translation of new cancer treatments from pet dogs to humans. Nat Rev Cancer. 2008;8:147-156.
72. Parker HG, Genomic analyses of modern dog breeds. Mamm Genome. 2012;23:19-27.
73. Patnaik AK, Kay WJ, Hurvitz AI. Intracranial meningioma: a comparative pathologic study of 28 dogs. Vet Pathol. 1986;23:369-373.
74. Persson AI, Petritsch C, Swartling FJ, et al. Non-stem cell origin for oligodendroglioma. Cancer Cell. 2010;18:669-682.
75. Prasetyanti PR, Medema JP. Intra-tumor heterogeneity from a cancer stem cell perspective. Mol Cancer. 2017;16:41.
76. Priester WA, Mantel N. Occurrence of tumors in domestic animals. Data from 12 United States and Canadian colleges of veterinary medicine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1971;47:1333-1344.
77. Reilly KM, Loisel DA, Bronson RT, McLaughlin ME, Jacks T. Nf1;Trp53 mutant mice develop glioblastoma with evidence of strain-specific effects. Nat Genet. 2000;26:109- 113.
78. Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL. Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature. 2001;414:105-111.
79. Reynolds BA and Weiss S. Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system. Science. 1992;255:1707-1710.
80. Riemenschneider MJ, Koy TH, Reifenberger G. Expression of oligodendrocyte lineage genes in oligodendroglial and astrocytic gliomas. Acta Neuropathol. 2004;107:277-282.
81. Rissi DR, Levine JM, Eden KB, et al. Cerebral oligodendroglioma mimicking intraventricular neoplasia in three dogs. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2015;27:396-400.
82. Rowitch DH. Glial specification in the vertebrate neural tube. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2004;5:409-419.
83. Rowell JL, McCarthy DO, Alvarez CE. Dog models of naturally occurring cancer. Trends Mol Med. 2011;17:380-388.
84. Scherer HJ. A critical review: the pathology of cerebral gliomas. J Neurol Psychiatry. 1940;3:147-177.
85. Sessums K, Mariani C. Intracranial meningioma in dogs and cats: a comparative review. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 2009;31:330-339.
86. Shoshan Y, Nishiyama A, Chang A, et al. Expression of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell antigens by gliomas: implications for the histogenesis of brain tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:10361-10366.
87. Simon C, Gotz M, Dimou L. Progenitors in the adult cerebral cortex: cell cycle properties and regulation by physiological stimuli and injury. Glia. 2011;59:869-881.
88. Singh S and Dirks PB. Brain tumor stem cells: identification and concepts. Neurosurg Clin. N. Am. 2007;18: 31-38.
89. Singh SK, Hawkins C, Clarke ID, et al. Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature. 2004;432:396-401.
90. Snyder JM, Shofer FS, Van Winkle TJ, Massicotte C. Canine intracranial primary neoplasia: 173 cases (1986-2003). J Vet Intern Med. 2006;20:669-675.
91. Song RB, Vite CH, Bradley CW, Cross JR. Postmortem evaluation of 435 cases of intracranial neoplasia in dogs and relationship of neoplasm with breed, age, and body weight. J Vet Intern Med. 2013;27:1143-1152.
92. Spitzbarth I, Heinrich F, Herder V, et al. Canine Central Nervous System Neoplasm Phenotyping Using Tissue Microarray Technique. Vet Pathol. 2017;54:369-379.
93. Takebayashi H, Yoshida S, Sugimori M, et al. Dynamic expression of basic helix-loop- helix Olig family members: implication of Olig2 in neuron and oligodendrocyte differentiation and identification of a new member, Olig3. Mech Dev. 2000;99:143-148.
94. Todaro M, Francipane MG, Medema JP, Stassi G. Colon cancer stemcells: promise of targeted therapy. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:2151-2162.
95. Vandevelde M, Fankhauser R, Luginbühl H. Immunocytochemical studies in canine neuroectodermal brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol. 1985;66:111-116.
96. Von Bohlen Und Halbach O. Immunohistological markers for staging neurogenesis in adult hippocampus. Cell Tissue Res. 2007;329:409-420.
97. Wayne RK, vonHoldt BM. Evolutionary genomics of dog domestication. Mamm Genome. 2012;23:3-18.
98. Wegner M. A matter of identity: transcriptional control in oligodendrocytes. J Mol Neurosci. 2008;35:3-12.
99. Wesseling P, van den Bent M, Perry A. Oligodendroglioma: pathology, molecular mechanisms and markers. Acta Neuropathol. 2015;129:809-827.
100. Wilson HC, Scolding NJ, Raine CS. Co-expression of PDGF alpha receptor and NG2 by oligodendrocyte precursors in human CNS and multiple sclerosis lesions. J Neuroimmunol. 2006;176:162-173.
101. Wisner ER, Dickinson PJ, Higgins RJ. Magnetic resonance imaging features of canine intracranial neoplasia. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2011;52:52-61.
102. Withrow SJ and Vail DM. Tumors of the nervous system. In: Small Animal Clinical Oncology, 4 th ed. Elseiver: Saunders; 2007:659-685.
103. Wodinsky I. Gliosarcoma studies in beagles. In: Progress reports to the National Cancer Institute. Arthur D. Little Corp. 1967-1973.
104. Wu XZ. Origin of cancer stem cells: the role of self-renewal and differentiation. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:407-414.
105. Yan H, Parsons DW, Jin G, et al. IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:765-773.
106. Young BD, Levine JM, Porter BF, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging features of intracranial astrocytomas and oligodendrogliomas in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2011;52:132-141.
107. Zhou Q and Anderson DJ. The bHLH transcription factors OLIG2 and OLIG1 couple neuronal and glial subtype specification. Cell. 2002;109:61-73.
108. Zong H, Parada LF, Baker S3. Cell of origin for malignant gliomas and its implication in therapeutic development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2015;29;7.