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Association of usual sleep quality and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes in Japanese: a cross sectional study. Sleep and Food Registry in Kanagawa(SOREKA)

阪本 理夏 横浜市立大学

2020.03.25

概要

1. 序論
日本人は睡眠時間が短く(総務省,2016),また睡眠の質の低下も見られると言われている(厚生労働省,2015).短時間睡眠などの睡眠時間の異常は,生活習慣病の罹患率や死亡率と関連することが,これまで多数報告されてきた.糖尿病患者においても睡眠障害の合併が多く(清水ら,2014),我が国の 2 型糖尿病患者を対象にした研究では,睡眠時間が 7 時間より長くても短くても HbA1c が高値となる U 字型の関連があることが示された(Ohkuma et al. , 2013).さらに,深くて質の良い睡眠とされる徐波睡眠が減少することにより,インスリン感受性の低下,耐糖能の悪化をきたす(Tasali et al. , 2008)ことや, 2 型糖尿病患者では徐波睡眠が少ない(Pallayova et al. , 2010)ことも報告されており,2型糖尿病患者の睡眠の質は不良であり,睡眠の質の低下が糖尿病の発症や増悪に関わっている可能性が示唆されている.その機序としては,睡眠障害による交感神経の活性化,カウンターホルモンの増加,食欲調節ホルモン分泌異常に伴う摂食の促進などによる肥満やインスリン抵抗性の関与等が考えられている (Taheri et al. ,2004) .しかし,2 型糖尿病と睡眠の質の関連についてはあまり報告がなく,特に大規模なものはまだ少ないのが現状である.睡眠の質の評価には,ポリソムノグラフィなどの機器を用いる客観的な方法と,質問票などによる主観的なものがあるが,特殊な機器を用いた検査は費用や実施施設,患者負担などの点から多くの患者を対象とすることができない.そこで今回は,睡眠の量,および質に関する情報が含まれており,信頼性,妥当性が既に証明されているピッツバーグ睡眠質問票 (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index:以下 PSQI) (Buysse et al. , 1989) を用いて日本人 2 型糖尿病患者の睡眠状況や主観的睡眠の質を評価し,血糖コントロールの指標であるHbA1c との関連性を検討した.

2. 方法
本研究は横断研究であり,2014 年 6 月から 2016 年 3 月に施行した.横浜市立大学附属市民総合医療センター内分泌・糖尿病内科,およびその関連施設に糖尿病治療目的で通院,または入院している 20 歳以上 85 歳未満の日本人 2 型糖尿病患者 3294 人(年齢 65[55-72]歳,男性 2012 人,女性 1282 人,HbA1c 7.1[6.6-7.9]%)に対して PSQI を用い,睡眠時間や睡眠の質を調査した.また,HbA1c との関連を検討した.

3. 結果
PSQI 総得点は平均 5.94±3.33 点,総得点 6 点以上で睡眠の質が不良と判定されたのは全体の 47.6%であった.PSQI の項目別に見ると,C3(睡眠時間),C1(主観的睡眠の質),C2(入眠時間)の順に得点が高かった.四分位法により HbA1c≦6.5%,6.6-7.0%,7.1-7.8%,7.9%≧の 4 群に分けると,HbA1c≧7.9%群では,睡眠の質が不良である患者の割合が,他の 3 群と比較し有意に高かった.PSQI 項目別の点数は,4 群とも,C3,C1,C2 の順に高く,これらの 3 項目いずれにおいても,HbA1c≧7.9%群で他の 3 群よりも有意に得点が高かった.PSQI 総得点は HbA1c≧7.9%の群で 6.50±3.49 点と,他の 3 群と比較し有意に高かった(p<0.001).年齢,性別,BMI などの交絡因子を調整しても,HbA1c≧7.9%群で PSQI 総得点は有意に高値であった(p=0.054 vs≦6.5%, p=0.002 vs6.6-7.0,p=0.006 vs7.1-7.8%).また睡眠時間は 6.40±1.28 時間であった. HbA1c≧7.9%群では 6.23±1.42 時間と有意に短く(p<0.001),多変量解析後も他の 3 群と比べて短い傾向にあった.

4. 考察
2 型糖尿病患者では,日本人の平均と比較し,睡眠時間は短かった(総務省,2016).また PSQI 総得点 6 点以上で睡眠の質が不良と判定された割合は,一般住民で見られた割合よりも高かった(Doi et al. , 2001).さらに PSQI 項目別得点は,C3(睡眠時間),C1(主観的睡眠の質),C2(入眠時間)の順に高かったことから,日本人 2 型糖尿病患者では睡眠の質が低下しており,その睡眠の質の低下には,睡眠時間が短いことに加えて入眠時間が長いことが関与している可能性が示唆された.四分位法により HbA1c 別に 4 群に分け比較すると,HbA1c の最も高い 7.9%以上の群で睡眠時間は短く,また PSQI 総得点は有意に高く,糖尿病患者の血糖コントロールの悪化と睡眠の質の低下は相互に関連している可能性が考えられた.つまり,睡眠状況を良くすることで血糖コントロールが改善する可能性があるが,最も重要なのは睡眠衛生指導であり,実際に睡眠教育によって PSQI で評価した主観的睡眠の質やHbA1c が低下したという報告もある(Li et al. , 2018).合併症の予防を含めた糖尿病管理のためにも,患者にとっては十分な睡眠をとることが重要であり,医療者には患者の睡眠にも配慮した診療をすることが求められると考えられる.

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