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α-チタンの双晶変形と強化機構に関する研究

塚本, 元気 TSUKAMOTO, Genki ツカモト, ゲンキ 九州大学

2022.03.23

概要

チタンは低密度、高比強度、高耐食性、高生体適合性などの優れた材料特性を有しており、航空機分野、自動車分野、化学工業分野などで様々な用途に適用されている。近年では、LCC(ライフサイクルコスト、Life Cycle Cost)やSDGs(持続可能な開発目標、Sustainable Development Goals)の観点から、建物の屋根(軽量、高耐食性によるメンテナンスフリー化、耐震性の向上)や海洋鋼構造物のカバー(高耐食性による経年劣化対策)などにも適用されている。このようにチタンはLCCの低減やSDGsの17の目標の一つである“住み続けられるまちづくりを”に貢献する金属であり、今後もさらなる使用が期待される。

　チタンは、その製造工程にて熱間鍛造、熱間圧延、冷間圧延、伸線加工、プレス成形、切削など、様々な塑性加工に供される。そのため、チタンの塑性変形挙動の理解は重要である。チタンのα相では、主に5種類のすべり系と5種類の双晶系によって塑性変形が進行することが知られており、活動する系によって機械的特性は大きく変化する。双晶変形の挙動は、変形温度、結晶粒径、化学組成など、多くの因子に影響されることが報告されているが、未だに系統的な整理がされていない因子も多く、双晶変形が塑性変形挙動に与える影響を定量的に評価することは難しい。

　一方で、近年のカーボンニュートラルの流れから、自動車や航空機部材などのさらなる軽量化が求められている。そのためには、チタン合金のさらなる高強度が必要であり、析出強化の積極的な活用に期待が集まっている。しかし、現状において、チタン合金において析出強化を有効活用している例は多くはない。

　以上の背景から、本研究では、工業用純チタンとチタン二元系合金の変形双晶に及ぼす変形温度、結晶粒径、添加元素(OまたはAl)の影響について調査し、その原理を考察した。また、工業用純チタンの加工硬化挙動に及ぼす双晶変形に影響を調査し、塑性変形を記述する新たな関係式を提案した。さらに、Ti-2.3mass%Cuの時効析出挙動を調査し、析出物と強度との関係性を考察した。

　第1章では、工業的に使用されている純チタンとチタン合金を紹介した。次に金属の塑性変形機構の説明し、チタンのα相(HCP構造)の各双晶系に関する研究の文献を要約して、各双晶系の特徴を示した。

　第2章では、本論文における実験方法を示した。

　第3章では、結晶粒径の異なる工業用純チタンを種々温度で圧縮試験した際の活動双晶系を調査し、各双晶系における変形温度と結晶粒径の影響を検討した。工業用純チタンでは{10-12}双晶は25°Cから800°Cまでの全温度域での圧縮変形で活動したが、{11-21}および{11-22}双晶は低温域のみ、{101-1}双晶は高温域のみで活動した。また、{10-12}、{11-21}および{11-22}双晶は粗粒の方が細粒よりも多く形成していたが、{10-11}双晶は粒径依存性も確認されなかった。このような双晶系ごとの粒径依存性の違いは、チタンの双晶変形の素過程である単純せん断とシャッフリングの観点から説明することが可能であった。

　第4章では、工業用純チタン、O添加チタン、Al添加チタンを種々温度で圧縮試験した際の活動双晶系を調査し、各双晶系におけるO、Al添加の影響を検討した。双晶変形挙動に及ぼすOの影響は、100℃以下での{10-12}、{11-21}および、{11-22}双晶の形成を抑制するが、300℃以上での{10-12}双晶や{10-11}双晶に関しては、ほとんど抑制しなかった。双晶変形挙動に及ぼすAlの影響は、{11-22}双晶の形成を大きく抑制するが、そのほかの双晶系にはほとんど影響しなかった。O添加による双晶抑制は、主にシャッフリング時のO原子の拡散を介して生じており、Alによる{11-22}双晶抑制効果は、転位の抑制により生じていると考えられた。

　第5章では、工業用純チタン冷延薄板を用いて、引張変形時の加工硬化挙動と変形中の組織変化を調査し、結晶粒径変化と集合組織変化の観点から、双晶変形による加工硬化率増加メカニズムに関して検討した。双晶変形が発生する系では、発生しない系と比較して加工硬化率が増加した。双晶変形により、結晶粒が分断され、ひずみ増加に伴い微細な結晶粒の割合が増加した。また、集合組織変化が大きく変化した。双晶変形が発生しないような結晶粒径の範囲では、結晶粒が小さいほど加工硬化率が大きかった。これは結晶粒径が小さいほど、転位密度の増加率が大きく、転位も多く活動するためであった。双晶変形による加工硬化促進は、結晶粒微細化による転位密度増加率の上昇と転位の活動割合の増加、集合組織変化によるテイラー因子の変化でおおよそ説明可能であった。

　第6章では、Ti-2.3mass%Cuの時効析出挙動と機械的特性変化を調査し、析出物の遷移挙動や各析出物の機械的特性への影響を検討した。Ti-2.3Cu合金は400℃と450℃の時効で硬化を、600℃の時効で軟化を示した。400℃の時効では、40hで平均長さ20nm程度のG.P.zone-like析出物が観察され、このG.P.zone-like析出物の生成と成長が400℃や450℃での時効硬化の要因であると考えられる。600℃の時効では、長さ200nm程度のTi2Cuと長さ1µm程度の粗大なG.P.zone-like析出物の析出が観察された。これらの生成によりα-Ti相中の固溶Cu量が低下したことが軟化の要因であると推察された。G.P.zone-like析出物のみが生成する温度域(400℃)から、G.P.zone-like析出物とTi2Cuの2種類が生成する温度域(600℃)へと温度を変化させた2段階時効を実施した結果、複数のG.P.zone-like析出物が接触したV字型のクラスターを形成し、その接合部において析出物がTi2Cuへ変化している様子が捉えられた。このような析出物の変化は硬度とよく相関しており、析出物の粗大化、数密度の減少によって硬度変化を説明することが可能であった。

　第7章では、上記の結果をまとめた。

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