[1] Y. Koike, Fundamentals of Plastic Optical Fibers. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH, 2015.
[2] Y. Koike, T. Ishigure, and E. Nihei, “High-bandwidth graded-index polymer optical fiber,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 1475–1489, Jul. 1995.
[3] K. Motohashi, “Media, culture and industry in the 4K/8K smart TV era,” New Breeze, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 5–7, Apr. 2014.
[4] International Telecommunication Union, Recommendation ITU-R BT.2077-2, 2017.
[5] K. Szczerba, P. Westbergh, J. Karout, J. S. Gustavsson, Å. Haglund, M. Karlsson, P. A. Andrekson, E. Agrell, and A. Larsson, “4-PAM for high-speed short-range optical communications,” J. Opt. Commun. Netw., vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 885–894, Nov. 2012.
[6] D. Kuchta, “High-capacity VCSEL links,” presented at the Optical Fiber Communication Conf., Los Angeles, CA, USA, Mar. 2017, Paper Tu3C.4.
[7] K. Petermann, “External optical feedback phenomena in semiconductor lasers,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 480–489, Jun. 2002.
[8] A. M. J. Koonen, “Bit-error-rate degradation in a multimode fiber optic transmission link due to modal noise,” J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 1515–1522, Dec. 1986.
[9] D. Jalas, A. Petrov, M. Eich, W. Freude, S. Fan, Z. Yu, R. Baets, M. Popović, A. Melloni, J. D. Joannopoulos, M. Vanwolleghem, C. R. Doerr, and H. Renner, “What is—and what is not—an optical isolator,” Nat. Photon., vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 579–582, Jul. 2013.
[10] M. Takahashi, “Compatibility of conventional-ferrule with step-ferrule for angled convex optical connector,” in Proc. 45th Electronic Components and Technology Conf., Las Vegas, NV, USA, May 1995, pp. 406–412.
[11] K. Szczerba, P. Westbergh, J. Karout, J. Gustavsson, A. Haglund, M. Karlsson, P. Andrekson, E. Agrell, and A. Larsson, “30 Gbps 4-PAM transmission over 200 m of MMF using an 850 nm VCSEL,” Opt. Express, vol. 19, no. 26, pp. 203–208, Dec. 2011.
[12] G. Chen, J. Du, L. Sun, W. Zhang, K. Xu, X. Chen, G. T. Reed, and Z. He, “Nonlinear distortion mitigation by machine learning of SVM classification for PAM-4 and PAM-8 modulated optical interconnection,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 650–657, Feb. 2018.
[13] F. Hu, Opportunities in 5G Networks: A Research and Development Perspective. Boca Raton, FL, USA: CRC Press, 2016.
[14] J. Lee, E. Tejedor, K. Ranta-aho, H. Wang, K. Lee, E. Semaan, E. Mohyeldin, J. Song, C. Bergljung, and S. Jung, “Spectrum for 5G: Global status, challenges, and enabling technologies,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 12–18, Mar. 2018.
[15] M. Sauer, A. Kobyakov, and J. George, “Radio over fiber for picocellular network architectures,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 3301–3320, Nov. 2007.
[16] N. Gomes, A. Nkansah, and D. Wake, “Radio over MMF techniques, Part I: RF to microwave frequency systems,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 2388–2395, Aug. 2008.
[17] A. M. J. Koonen and M. Garcia Larrode, “Radio over MMF techniques—Part II: Microwave to mm-wave systems,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 26, no. 15, pp. 2396–2408, Aug. 2008.
[18] F. Forni, Y. Shi, H. van den Boom, E. Tangdiongga, and T. Koonen, “Multiband LTE–A and 4-PAM signals over large-core plastic fibers for in-home networks,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 28, no. 20, pp. 2281–2284, Oct. 2016.
[19] F. Forni, Y. Shi, N. C. Tran, H. P. A. van den Boom, E. Tangdiongga, and A. M. J. Koonen, “Multiformat wired and wireless signals over large-core plastic fibers for in-home network,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 36, no. 16, pp. 3444–3452, Aug. 2018.
[20] D. Wake, A. Nkansah, and N. J. Gomes, “Radio over fiber link design for next generation wireless systems,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 28, no. 16, pp. 2456–2464, Aug. 2010.
[21] L. Breyne, G. Torfs, X. Yin, P. Demeester, and J. Bauwelinck, “Comparison between analog radio-over-fiber and sigma delta modulated radio-over-fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 29, no. 21, pp. 1808–1811, Nov. 2017.
[22] M. U. Hadi, H. Jung, S. Ghaffar, P. A. Traverso, and G. Tartarini, “Optimized digital radio over fiber system for medium range communication,” Opt. Commun., vol. 443, pp. 177– 185, Jul. 2019.
[23] S. Ishimura, A. Bekkali, K. Tanaka, K. Nisimura, and M. Suzuki, “1.032-Tb/s CPRI- equivalent rate IF-over-fiber transmission using a parallel IM/PM transmitter for high- capacity mobile fronthaul links,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 1478–1484, Apr. 2018.
[24] X. N. Fernando, Radio over Fiber for Wireless Communications: From Fundamentals to Advanced Topics. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley-IEEE, 2014.
[25] A. Inoue, R. Furukawa, M. Matsuura, and Y. Koike, “Reflection noise reduction effect of graded-index plastic optical fiber in multimode fiber link,” Opt. Lett., vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 3662–3665, Jun. 2014.
[26] A. Inoue and Y. Koike, “Low-noise graded-index plastic optical fiber for significantly stable and robust data transmission,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 36, no. 24, pp. 5887–5892, Dec. 2018.
[27] A. Inoue, T. Sassa, K. Makino, A. Kondo, and Y. Koike, “Intrinsic transmission bandwidths of graded-index plastic optical fibers,” Opt. Lett., vol. 37, no. 13, pp. 2583–2585, Jul. 2012.
[28] A. Inoue, T. Sassa, R. Furukawa, K. Makino, A. Kondo, and Y. Koike, “Efficient group delay averaging in graded-index plastic optical fiber with microscopic heterogeneous core,” Opt. Express, vol. 21, no. 14, pp. 17379–17385, Jul. 2013.
[29] J. L. Gimlett and N. K. Cheung, “Effects of phase-to-intensity noise conversion by multiple reflections on gigabit-persecond DFB laser transmission systems,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 888–895, Jun. 1989.
[30] B. Hillerich and E. Weidel, “Polarization noise in single mode fibres and its reduction by depolarizers,” Opt. Quantum Electron., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 281–287, Jul. 1983.
[31] A. Inoue and Y. Koike, “Intrinsically stabilized plastic optical fiber link subject to external optical feedback,” IEEE Photon. J., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–7, Feb. 2019.
[32] G. Keiser, Optical Fiber Communications. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2003.
[33] S. D. Personick, “Baseband linearity and equalization in fiber optic digital communication systems,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 52, no. 7, pp. 1175–1194, Sept. 1973.
[34] D. Gloge and E. A. J. Marcatili, “Multimode theory of graded-core fibers,” Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 52, no. 9, pp. 1563–1578, Nov. 1973.
[35] R. Olshansky, “Propagation in glass optical waveguides,” Rev. Mod. Phys., vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 341–367, Apr. 1979.
[36] R. Olshansky and D. B. Keck, “Pulse broadening in graded-index optical fibers,” Appl. Opt., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 483–491, Feb. 1976.
[37] M. K. Soudagar and A. A.Wail, “Pulse broadening in graded-index optical fibers: Errata,” Appl. Opt., vol. 32, no. 33, p. 6678, Nov. 1993.
[38] L. G. Cohen, “Pulse transmission measurements for determining near optimal profile gradings in multimode borosilicate optical fibers,” Appl. Opt., vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1808–1814, Jul. 1976.
[39] J. W. Fleming, “Material and mode dispersion in GeO2-B2O3-SiO2 glasses,” Am. Ceram. Soc., vol. 59, no. 11–12, pp. 503–507, Nov. 1976.
[40] L. G. Cohen and C. Lin, “Pulse delay measurements in the zero material dispersion wavelength region for optical fibers,” Appl. Opt., vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 3136–3139, Dec. 1977.
[41] T. Ishigure, E. Nihei, and Y. Koike, “Optimization of the refractive-index distribution of high-bandwidth GI polymer optical fiber based on both modal and material dispersions,” Polym. J., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 272–275, Mar. 1996.
[42] T. Ishigure, Y. Koike, and J. W. Fleming, “Optimum index profile of the perfluorinated polymer-based GI polymer optical fiber and its dispersion properties,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 178–184, Feb. 2000.
[43] A. Polley and S. E. Ralph, “40 Gbps links using plastic optical fiber,” presented at the Optical Fiber Communication Conf., Montreal, QC, Canada, Mar. 2007, Paper OMR5.
[44] S. R. Nuccio, L. Christen, X. Wu, S. Khaleghi, O. Yilmaz, A. E. Willner, and Y. Koike, “Transmission of 40 Gb/s of DPSK and OOK at 1.55 μm through 100 m of plastic optical fiber,” presented at the European Conf. Optical Communication, Brussels, Belgium, Sept. 2008, Paper We.2.A.4.
[45] Y. Koike and A. Inoue, “High-speed graded-index plastic optical fibers and their simple interconnects for 4K/8K video transmission,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 1551– 1555, Mar. 2016.
[46] Y. Koike and K. Koike, “Progress in low-loss and high-bandwidth plastic optical fibers,” J. Polym. Sci. B, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 2–17, Jan. 2011.
[47] F. Urbach, “The long-wavelength edge of photographic sensitivity and of the electronic absorption of solids,” Phys. Rev., vol. 92, no. 5, p. 1324, Oct. 1953.
[48] T. Kaino, M. Fujiki, and K. Jinguji, “Preparation of plastic optical fibers,” Rev. Electr. Commun. Lab., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 478–488, May 1984.
[49] T. Yamashita and K. Kamada, “Intrinsic transmission loss of polycarbonate core optical fiber,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 32, no. 6A, pp. 2681–2686, Jun. 1993.
[50] W. Groh, “Overtone absorption in macromolecules for polymer optical fibers,” Macromol. Chem., vol. 189, no. 12, pp. 2861–2874, Dec. 1988.
[51] W. Groh and A. Zimmermann, “What is the lowest refractive index of an organic polymer?,” Macromolecules, vol. 24, no. 25, pp. 6600–6663, Dec. 1991.
[52] K. M. Gough and B. R. Henry, “Overtone spectral investigation of substituent-induced bond-length changes in gas-phase fluorinated benzenes and their correlation with ab initio STO-3G and 4-21G calculations,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., vol. 106, no. 10, pp. 2781–2787, May 1984.
[53] B. R. henry, “The local mode model and overtone spectra: A probe of molecular structure and conformation,” Acc. Chem. Res., vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 429–435, Dec. 1987.
[54] D. L. Snavely, F. R. Blackburn, Y. Ranasinghe, V. A. Walters, and M. Gonzalez del Riego, “Vibrational overtone spectroscopy of pyrrole and pyrrolidine,” J. Phys. Chem., vol. 96, no. 9, pp. 3599–3605, Apr. 1992.
[55] T. Ishigure, E. Nihei, Y. Koike, C. E. Forbes, L. LaNieve, R. Straff, and H.A. Deckers, “Large-core, high-bandwidth polymer optical fiber for near infrared use,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 403–405, Apr. 1995.
[56] K. Koike and Y. Koike, “Design of low-loss graded-index plastic optical fiber based on partially fluorinated methacrylate polymer,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 41–46, Jan. 2009.
[57] T. Ishigure, M. Sato, E. Nihei, and Y. Koike, “Graded-index polymer optical fiber with high thermal stability of bandwidth,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 37, no. 7, pp. 3986–3991, Jul. 1998.
[58] M. Kerker, The Scattering of Light and Other Electromagnetic Radiation. New York, New York, USA: Academic Press, 1969.
[59] Y. Koike, N. Tanio, and Y. Ohtsuka, “Light scattering and heterogeneities in low-loss poly (methyl methacrylate) glasses,” Macromolecules, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1367–1373, Mar. 1989.
[60] Y. Koike, S. Matsuoka, and H. E. Bair, “Origin of excess light scattering in poly (methyl methacrylate) glasses,” Macromolecules, vol. 25, no. 18, pp. 4807–4815, Aug. 1992.
[61] A. Einstein, “Theorie der Opaleszenz von homogenen Flüssigkeiten und Flüssigkeitsgemischen in der Nähe des kritischen Zustandes,” Ann. Phys., vol. 338, no. 16, pp. 1275–1298, Jan. 1910.
[62] M. Dettenmaier and E. W. fischer, “Untersuchungen zu den orientierungs‐ und dichtefluktuationen in amorphen polymeren mit hilfe der lichtstreuung,” Makromol. Chem., vol. 177, no. 4, pp. 1185–1197, Apr. 1976.
[63] P. Debye and A. M. Bueche, “Scattering by an inhomogeneous solid,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 518–525, Jun. 1949.
[64] P. Debye, H. R. Anderson, and H. Brumberger, “Scattering by an inhomogeneous solid. II. The correlation function and its application,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 679–683, Jun. 1957.
[65] D. Marcuse, Theory of Dielectric Optical Waveguides. New York, New York, USA: Academic Press, 1974.
[66] R. Olshansky, “Mode coupling effects in graded-index optical fibers,” Appl. Opt., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 935–945, Sept. 1975.
[67] L. Su, K. S. Chiang, and D. Lu, “Microbend-induced mode coupling in a graded-index multimode fiber,” Appl. Opt., vol. 44, no. 34, pp. 7394–7402, Dec. 2005.
[68] K. Kitayama, S. Seikai, and N. Uchida, “Impulse response prediction based on experimental mode coupling coefficient in a 10-km long graded index fiber,” J. Quantum Electron., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 356–362, Mar. 1980.
[69] K. Balemarthy, A. Polley, and S. E. Ralph, “Electronic equalization of multikilometer 10- Gb/s multimode fiber links: Mode-coupling effects,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 4885–4894, Dec. 2006.
[70] R. F. Shi, C. Koeppen, G. Jiang, J. Wang, and A. F. Garito, “Origin of high bandwidth performance of graded-index plastic optical fibers,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 71, no. 25, pp. 3625–3627, Dec. 1997.
[71] A. E. Golowich, W. White, W. A. Reed, and E. Knudsen, “Quantitative estimates of mode coupling and differential modal attenuation in perfluorinated graded-index plastic optical fiber,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 111–121, Jan. 2003.
[72] A. Polley and S. W. Ralph, “Mode coupling in plastic optical fiber enables 40-Gb/s performance,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 19, no. 16, pp. 1254–1256, Aug. 2007.
[73] D. Gloge, “Weakly guiding fibers,” Appl. Opt., vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 2252–2258, Oct. 1971.
[74] M. Matsuura, R. Furukawa, Y. Matsumoto, A. Inoue, and Y. Koike, “Evaluation of modal noise in graded-index silica and plastic optical fiber links for radio-over-multimode fiber systems,” Opt. Express, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 6562–6568, Mar. 2014.
[75] Y. C. Chung and Y. H. Lee, “Spectral characteristics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with external optical feedback,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 3, no. 7, pp. 597– 599, Jul. 1991.
[76] J. W. Bae, H. Temkin, S. E. Swirhun, W. E. Quinn, P. Brusenbach, C. Parsons, M. Kim, and T. Uchida, “Reflection noise in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 1480–1482, Sept. 1993.
[77] J. Ohtsubo, Semiconductor Lasers: Stability, Instability and Chaos. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2013.
[78] I. Ikushima and M. Maeda, “Self-coupled phenomena of semiconductor lasers caused by an optical fiber,” J. Quantum Electron., vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 331–332, May 1978.
[79] N. Schunk and K. Petermann, “Stability analysis for laser diodes with short external cavities,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 49–51, Mar. 1989.
[80] K. Koike, T. Kado, Z. Satoh, Y. Okamoto, and Y. Koike, “Optical and thermal properties of methyl methacrylate and pentafluorophenyl methacrylate copolymer: Design of copolymers for low-loss optical fibersfor gigabit in-home communications,” Polymer, vol. 51, no. 6, pp. 1377–1385, Mar. 2010.
[81] T. Ishigure, E. Nihei, and Y. Koike, “Graded-index polymer optical fiber for high-speed data communication,” Appl. Opt., vol. 33, no. 19, pp. 4261–4266, Jan. 1994.
[82] M. Asai, R. Hirose, A. Kondo, and Y. Koike, “High-bandwidth graded-index plastic optical fiber by the dopant diffusion coextrusion process,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 3062–3067, Oct. 2007.
[83] R. Hirose, M. Asai, A. Kondo, and Y. Koike, “Graded-index plastic optical fiber prepared by the coextrusion process,” Appl. Opt., vol. 47, no. 22, pp. 4177–4185, Aug. 2008.
[84] Information technology – Generic cabling for customer premises, ISO/IEC 11801-1, 2017.
[85] F. M. E. Sladen, D. N. Payne, and J. Adams, “Determination of optical fiber refractive index profiles by a near‐field scanning technique,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 255–258, Mar. 1976.
[86] D. Molin, M. Bigot-Astruc, K. de Jongh, and P. Sillard, “Trench-assisted bend-resistant OM4 multi-mode fibers,” presented at the European Conf. Optical Communication, Torino, Italy, Sept. 2010, Paper P1.12.
[87] Lasers and laser-related equipment – Test methods for laser beam widths, divergence angles and beam propagation ratios, ISO 11146-1, 2005.
[88] D. Yavick and B. Stoltz, “Effect of mode coupling on the total pulse response of perturbed optical fibers,” Appl. Opt., vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 1010–1015, Apr. 1983.
[89] P. Dubský, “Simple computer solution of coupled power equations,” Opt. Quantum Electron., vol. 21, pp. 511–515, Nov. 1989.
[90] T. Okoshi, Optical Fibers. New York, New York, USA: Academic Press, 1982.
[91] J. Redd, “Calculating statistical confidence levels for error-probability estimates,” Lightwave, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 110–114, Apr. 2000.
[92] C. Carlsson, H. Martinsson, R. Schatz, J. Halonen, and A. Larsson, “Analog modulation properties of oxide confined VCSELs at microwave frequencies,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1740–1749, Sept. 2002.
[93] J. R. Wesselmann, N. M. Margalit, and J. E. Bowers, “Analog measurements on long wavelength vertical cavity lasers,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 72, pp. 2084–2086, Jun. 1998.
[94] H. Lee, R. V. Dalai, R. J. Ram, and K. D. Choquette, “Resonant distortion in vertical cavity surface emitting lasers for RF communication,” presented at the Optical Fiber Communication Conf., San Diego, CA, USA, Feb. 1999, Paper FE1.
[95] C. Carlsson, H. Martinsson, J. Vukusic, J. Halonen, and A. Larsson, “Nonlinear distortion and dynamic range of red (670 nm) oxide confined VCSELs,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 358–360, Apr. 2001.
[96] J. Helms, “Intermodulation and harmonic distortions of laser diodes with optical feedback,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1567–1575, Nov. 1991.
[97] C. Lethien, C. Loyez, J. P. Vilcot, R. Kassi, N. Rolland, C. Sion, and P. A. Rolland, “Review of glass and polymer multimode fibers used in a wimedia ultrawideband MB-OFDM radio over fiber system,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 27, no. 10, pp. 1320–1331, May 2009.
[98] P. Polishuk, “Plastic optical fibers branch out,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 44, no. 9, pp. 140–148, Sept. 2006.
[99] T. Wipiejewski, T. Moriarty, V. Hung, P. Doyle, G. Duggan, D. Barrow, M. O'Gorman, T. Calvert, M. Maute, V. Gerhardt, and J. D. Lambkin, “Gigabits in the home with plugless plastic optical fiber (POF) interconnects,” presented at the 2nd Electronics System- Integration Technology Conf., Greenwich, UK, Sept. 2008, pp. 1263–1266.
論文の公開元へ
