1. Werdin F, Tenenhaus M, Rennekampff H-O. Chronic wound care. The Lancet. 2008;372:1860–2.
2. Dovi JV, Szpaderska AM, DiPietro LA. Neutrophil function in the healing wound: adding insult to injury? Thromb Haemost. 2004;92:275–80.
3. Delavary BM, van der Veer WM, van Egmond M, Niessen FB, Beelen RHJ. Macrophages in skin injury and repair. Immunobiology. 2011;216:753–62.
4. Pasparakis M, Haase I, Nestle FO. Mechanisms regulating skin immunity and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14:289–301.
5. Giandoni MB, Grabski WJ. Cutaneous candidiasis as a cause of delayed surgical wound healing. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;30:981–4.
6. Kalan L, Loesche M, Hodkinson BP, Heilmann K, Ruthel G, Gardner SE, et al. Redefining the chronic-wound microbiome: fungal communities are prevalent, dynamic, and associated with delayed healing. mBio. 2016;7:01058-16.
7. Ballard J, Edelman L, Saffle J, Sheridan R, Kagan R, Bracco D, et al. Positive fungal cultures in burn patients: a multicenter review. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2008;29:213–21.
8. Chellan G, Shivaprakash S, Karimassery Ramaiyar S, Varma AK, Varma N, Thekkeparambil Sukumaran M, et al. Spectrum and prevalence of fungi infecting deep tissues of lower-limb wounds in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:2097–102.
9. Horvath EE, Murray CK, Vaughan GM, Chung KK, Hospenthal DR, Wade CE, et al. Fungal wound infection (not colonization) is independently associated with mortality in burn patients. Ann Surg. 2007;245:978–85.
10. Moore EC, Padiglione AA, Wasiak J, Paul E, Cleland H. Candida in burns: risk factors and outcomes. J Burn Care Res Off Publ Am Burn Assoc. 2010;31:257–63.
11. Girardin SE, Sansonetti PJ, Philpott DJ. Intracellular vs extracellular recognition of pathogens – common concepts in mammals and flies. Trends Microbiol. 2002 ;10:193–9.
12. Yan Xiaoxiang, Zhang Hang, Fan Qin, Hu Jian, Tao Rong, Chen Qiujing, et al. Dectin-2 deficiency modulates Th1 differentiation and improves wound healing after myocardial infarction. Circ Res. 2017;120:1116–29.
13. Saijo S, Iwakura Y. Dectin-1 and Dectin-2 in innate immunity against fungi. Int Immunol. 2011;23:467–72.
14. Gow NA, Hube B. Importance of the Candida albicans cell wall during commensalism and infection. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2012;15:406–12.
15. Thiagarajan PS, Yakubenko VP, Elsori DH, Yadav SP, Willard B, Tan CD, et al. Vimentin is an endogenous ligand for the pattern recognition receptor Dectin-1. Cardiovasc Res. 2013;99:494–504.
16. Mori D, Shibata K, Yamasaki S. C-Type Lectin Receptor Dectin-2 Binds to an Endogenous Protein β-Glucuronidase on Dendritic Cells. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0169562.
17. Yuan K, Zhao G, Che C, Li C, Lin J, Zhu G, et al. Dectin-1 is essential for IL-1β production through JNK activation and apoptosis in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017;52:168–75.
18. Tang J, Lin G, Langdon WY, Tao L, Zhang J. Regulation of C-Type lectin receptor- mediated antifungal immunity. Front Immunol. 2018;9:123.
19. Majtan J, Jesenak M. β-Glucans: Multi-functional modulator of wound healing. Mol Basel Switz. 2018;23:806.
20. Yasuda K, Ogushi M, Nakashima A, Nakano Y, Suzuki K. Accelerated wound healing on the skin using a film dressing with β-Glucan paramylon. In Vivo. 2018;32:799–805.
21. Roy S, Dickerson R, Khanna S, Collard E, Gnyawali U, Gordillo GM, et al. Particulate β-glucan induces TNFα production in wound macrophages via a redox-sensitive NFκB- dependent pathway. Wound Repair Regen. 2011;19:411–9.
22. Abel G, Czop JK. Stimulation of human monocyte β-glucan receptors by glucan particles induces production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1992;14:1363–73.
23. Miura T, Kawakami K, Kanno E, Tanno H, Tada H, Sato N, et al. Dectin-2–mediated signaling leads to delayed skin wound healing through enhanced neutrophilic inflammatory response and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Invest Dermatol. 2019;139:702–11.
24. Kanno E, Kawakami K, Tanno H, Suzuki A, Sato N, Masaki A, et al. Contribution of CARD9-mediated signalling to wound healing in skin. Exp Dermatol. 2017;26:1097–104.
25. Nathan C. Neutrophils and immunity: challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6:173–82.
26. Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:159–75.
27. de Oliveira S, Rosowski EE, Huttenlocher A. Neutrophil migration in infection and wound repair: going forward in reverse. Nat Rev Immunol. 201627;16:378–91.
28. Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, Fauler B, Uhlemann Y, Weiss DS, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science. 20045;303:1532–5.
29. Papayannopoulos V, Metzler KD, Hakkim A, Zychlinsky A. Neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase regulate the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. J Cell Biol. 2010;191:677–91.
30. Wong SL, Demers M, Martinod K, Gallant M, Wang Y, Goldfine AB, et al. Diabetes primes neutrophils to undergo NETosis, which impairs wound healing. Nat Med. 2015 ;21:815–9.
31. Clark SR, Ma AC, Tavener SA, McDonald B, Goodarzi Z, Kelly MM, et al. Platelet TLR4 activates neutrophil extracellular traps to ensnare bacteria in septic blood. Nat Med. 2007;13:463–9.
32. Bianchi ME. DAMPs, PAMPs and alarmins: All we need to know about danger. J Leukoc Biol. 2007;81:1–5.
33. Krysko DV, Agostinis P, Krysko O, Garg AD, Bachert C, Lambrecht BN, et al. Emerging role of damage-associated molecular patterns derived from mitochondria in inflammation. Trends Immunol. 2011;32:157–64.
34. Gupta S, Kaplan MJ. The role of neutrophils and NETosis in autoimmune and renal diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12:402–13.
35. He Y, Yang F-Y, Sun E-W. Neutrophil extracellular traps in autoimmune diseases. Chin Med J (Engl). 2018;131:1513–9.
36. Kanno E, Kawakami K, Ritsu M, Ishii K, Tanno H, Toriyabe S, et al. Wound healing in skin promoted by inoculation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1: The critical role of tumor necrosis factor-α secreted from infiltrating neutrophils. Wound Repair Regen Off Publ Wound Heal Soc Eur Tissue Repair Soc. 2011;19:608–21.
37. Ohtsuka M, Arase H, Takeuchi A, Yamasaki S, Shiina R, Suenaga T, et al. NFAM1, an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-bearing molecule that regulates B cell development and signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2004;101:8126–31.
38. Wilgus TA, Roy S, McDaniel JC. Neutrophils and wound repair: positive actions and negative reactions. Adv Wound Care. 2013;2:379–88.
39. van den Berg LM, Zijlstra-Willems EM, Richters CD, Ulrich MMW, Geijtenbeek TBH. Dectin-1 activation induces proliferation and migration of human keratinocytes enhancing wound re-epithelialization. Cell Immunol. 2014;289:49–54.
40. Taylor PR, Reid DM, Heinsbroek SEM, Brown GD, Gordon S, Wong SYC. Dectin-2 is predominantly myeloid restricted and exhibits unique activation-dependent expression on maturing inflammatory monocytes elicited in vivo. Eur J Immunol. 2005;35:2163–74.
41. Taylor PR, Tsoni SV, Willment JA, Dennehy KM, Rosas M, Findon H, et al. Dectin-1 is required for beta-glucan recognition and control of fungal infection. Nat Immunol. 2007;8:31–8.
42. Brasch J, Mörig A, Neumann B, Proksch E. Expression of antimicrobial peptides and toll-like receptors is increased in tinea and pityriasis versicolor. Mycoses. 2014;57:147– 52.
43. Gantner BN, Simmons RM, Canavera SJ, Akira S, Underhill DM. Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2. J Exp Med. 2003;197:1107–17.
44. McGreal EP, Rosas M, Brown GD, Zamze S, Wong SYC, Gordon S, et al. The carbohydrate-recognition domain of Dectin-2 is a C-type lectin with specificity for high mannose. Glycobiology. 2006;16:422–30.
45. Depke M, Breitbach K, Dinh Hoang Dang K, Brinkmann L, Salazar MG, Dhople VM, et al. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice fundamentally differ in their respiratory chain complex proteins, lysosomal enzymes and components of antioxidant stress systems. J Proteomics. 2014;103:72–86.
46. Katia DF, Robert B, Melanie L, Nancy H. Neutrophil Chemokines KC and Macrophage- Inflammatory Protein-2 Are Newly Synthesized by Tissue Macrophages Using Distinct TLR Signaling Pathways.
47. Leal SM, Cowden S, Hsia Y-C, Ghannoum MA, Momany M, Pearlman E. Distinct roles for Dectin-1 and TLR4 in the pathogenesis of Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. PLoS Pathog. 2010;6:e1000976.
48. Fan Q, Tao R, Zhang H, Xie H, Lu L, Wang T, et al. Dectin-1 contributes to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating macrophage polarization and neutrophil infiltration. Circulation. 2019;139:663–78.
49. Zhu L-L, Zhao X-Q, Jiang C, You Y, Chen X-P, Jiang Y-Y, et al. C-type lectin receptors Dectin-3 and Dectin-2 form a heterodimeric pattern-recognition receptor for host defense against fungal infection. Immunity. 2013;39:324–34.
50. Degterev A, Yuan J. Expansion and evolution of cell death programmes. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008;9:378–90.
51. Maher BM, Mulcahy ME, Murphy AG, Wilk M, O’Keeffe KM, Geoghegan JA, et al. Nlrp-3-driven interleukin 17 production by γδT cells controls infection outcomes during Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Infect Immun. 2013;81:4478–89.
52. Khandpur R, Carmona-Rivera C, Vivekanandan-Giri A, Gizinski A, Yalavarthi S, Knight JS, et al. NETs are a source of citrullinated autoantigens and stimulate inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5:178ra40.
53. Gray RD, Hardisty G, Regan KH, Smith M, Robb CT, Duffin R, et al. Delayed neutrophil apoptosis enhances NET formation in cystic fibrosis. Thorax. 2018;73:134– 44.
54. Tanno H, Kawakami K, Kanno E, Suzuki A, Takagi N, Yamamoto H, et al. Invariant NKT cells promote skin wound healing by preventing a prolonged neutrophilic inflammatory response. Wound Repair Regen Off Publ Wound Heal Soc Eur Tissue Repair Soc. 2017;25:805–15.
55. McDonald JU, Rosas M, Brown GD, Jones SA, Taylor PR. Differential dependencies of monocytes and neutrophils on dectin-1, dectin-2 and complement for the recognition of fungal particles in inflammation. PLoS One. 2012;7:e45781.
56. Erwig LP, Gow NAR. Interactions of fungal pathogens with phagocytes. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2016;14:163–76.
57. Gantner BN, Simmons RM, Underhill DM. Dectin-1 mediates macrophage recognition of Candida albicans yeast but not filaments. EMBO J. 2005;24:1277–86.
58. Gow NAR, van de Veerdonk FL, Brown AJP, Netea MG. Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence: discriminating invasion from colonization. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011;10:112–22.
59. Gao Z, Perez-Perez GI, Chen Y, Blaser MJ. Quantitation of major human cutaneous bacterial and fungal populations. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48:3575–81.
60. Wevers BA, Kaptein TM, Zijlstra-Willems EM, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Geijtenbeek TBH, et al. Fungal engagement of the C-type lectin mincle suppresses dectin-1-induced antifungal immunity. Cell Host Microbe. 2014;15:494–505.
61. Dovi JV, He L-K, DiPietro LA. Accelerated wound closure in neutrophil-depleted mice. J Leukoc Biol. 2003;73:448–55.
62. Leal SM, Vareechon C, Cowden S, Cobb BA, Latgé J-P, Momany M, et al. Fungal antioxidant pathways promote survival against neutrophils during infection. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:2482–98.
63. Clark HL, Abbondante S, Minns MS, Greenberg EN, Sun Y, Pearlman E. Protein deiminase 4 and CR3 regulate aspergillus fumigatus and β-Glucan-induced neutrophil extracellular trap formation, but hyphal killing is dependent only on CR3. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1182.
64. Gauglitz GG, Korting HC, Pavicic T, Ruzicka T, Jeschke MG. Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies. Mol Med Camb Mass. 2011;17:113–25.
65. Ogawa R. Keloid and Hypertrophic scars are the result of chronic inflammation in the reticular dermis. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(3).
66. Ferguson MWJ, O’Kane S. Scar-free healing: from embryonic mechanisms to adult therapeutic intervention. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004;359:839–50.
67. Kim KK, Sheppard D, Chapman HA. TGF-β1 signaling and tissue fibrosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2018;10:a022293.
68. Chiba S, Ikushima H, Ueki H, Yanai H, Kimura Y, Hangai S, et al. Recognition of tumor cells by Dectin-1 orchestrates innate immune cells for anti-tumor responses. eLife. 2014 ;3:e04177.
69. Kimura Y, Inoue A, Hangai S, Saijo S, Negishi H, Nishio J, et al. The innate immune receptor Dectin-2 mediates the phagocytosis of cancer cells by Kupffer cells for the suppression of liver metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113:14097–102.
70. Lande R, Ganguly D, Facchinetti V, Frasca L, Conrad C, Gregorio J, et al. Neutrophils activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells by releasing self-DNA-peptide complexes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3:73ra19.
71. Magna M, Pisetsky DS. The Alarmin Properties of DNA and DNA-associated nuclear proteins. Clin Ther. 2016;38:1029–41.
72. Xu J, Zhang X, Pelayo R, Monestier M, Ammollo CT, Semeraro F, et al. Extracellular histones are major mediators of death in sepsis. Nat Med. 2009;15:1318–21.
73. Hakkim A, Fürnrohr BG, Amann K, Laube B, Abed UA, Brinkmann V, et al. Impairment of neutrophil extracellular trap degradation is associated with lupus nephritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:9813–8.
74. Kaplan MJ. Neutrophils in the pathogenesis and manifestations of SLE. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2011;7:691–9.
75. Thomas GM, Carbo C, Curtis BR, Martinod K, Mazo IB, Schatzberg D, et al. Extracellular DNA traps are associated with the pathogenesis of TRALI in humans and mice. Blood. 2012;119:6335–43.
76. Romagnolo AG, de Quaglia E Silva JC, Della Coletta AM, Gardizani TP, Martins ATL, Romagnoli GG et al. Role of Dectin-1 receptor on cytokine production by human monocytes challenged with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Mycoses. 2018; 61:222-230.
77. Xu Q, Zhao G, Lin J, Wang Q, Hu L Jiang Z. Role of Dectin-1 in the innate immune response of rat corneal epithelial cells to Aspergillus fumigatus. BMC Ophthalmology. 2015; 15:126.
78. Miyabe C, Yoshishige M, Laura BM, Jeffrey L, Kawakami T, Andrew DL, et al. Dectin-2-induced CCL2 production in tissue-resident macrophages ignites cardiac arteritis. J Clin Invest. 2019;129:3610-24.
79. Wu SY, Weng CL, Jheng MJ, Kan HW, Hsieh ST, Liu FT et al. Candida albicans triggers NADPH oxidase-independent neutrophil extracellular traps through dectin-2. PLOS Pathogens. 2019;15:e1008096.
80. Michiko Tokunaga. Structure of Fungal Wall. Electronic microscope. 1990; 25:167-173.
81. Maruyama Kenta, Yasunori Takayama, Erika Sugisawa, et al. The ATP transporter VNUT mediates induction of Dectin-1-triggerd Candida nociception. IScience. 2018;6:306-18.
82. Chaffin, W.Lajean. Candida albicans cell wall proteins. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Review 2008;72: 495-544.