Abe, Y., & Matsui, T. 1988, JAtS, 45, 3081
Ahrens, T. J. 1993, AREPS, 21, 525
Asplund, M., Amarsi, A. M., & Grevesse, N. 2021, A&A, 653, A141
Atreya, S. K. 1986, Atmospheres and Ionospheres of the Outer Planets and
their Satellites (Berlin: Springer)
Chamberlain, J. W., & Hunten, D. M. 1987, in Theory of Planetary
Atmospheres: An Introduction to Their Physics and Chemistry, ed.
R. Dmowska & J. Holton (Orlando, FL: Academic Press Inc.)
Denman, T. R., Leinhardt, Z. M., & Carter, P. J. 2022, MNRAS, 513, 1680
Dressing, C. D., & Charbonneau, D. 2015, ApJ, 807, 45
Erkaev, N. V., Kulikov, Y. N., Lammer, H., et al. 2007, A&A, 472, 329
Freedman, R. S., Marley, M. S., & Lodders, K. 2008, ApJS, 174, 504
Fulton, B. J., & Petigura, E. A. 2018, AJ, 156, 264
Ge, J., Zhang, H., Zang, W., et al. 2022, arXiv:2206.06693
Genda, H., & Abe, Y. 2003, Icar, 164, 149
Gordon, I. E., Rothman, L. S., Hargreaves, R. J., et al. 2022, JQSRT, 277,
107949
Guillot, T. 2010, A&A, 520, A27
Hamano, K., Abe, Y., & Genda, H. 2013, Natur, 497, 607
Hirano, T., Dai, F., Gandolfi, D., et al. 2018, AJ, 155, 127
Hori, Y., & Ogihara, M. 2020, ApJ, 889, 77
Hunten, D. M., Pepin, R. O., & Walker, J. C. G. 1987, Icar, 69, 532
Ikoma, M., & Genda, H. 2006, ApJ, 648, 696
Ikoma, M., & Hori, Y. 2012, ApJ, 753, 66
Ingersoll, A. P. 1969, JAtS, 26, 1191
Itcovitz, J. P., Rae, A. S. P., Citron, R. I., et al. 2022, PSJ, 3, 115
Javoy, M., Kaminski, E., Guyot, F., et al. 2010, E&PSL, 293, 259
Johnstone, C. P. 2020, ApJ, 890, 79
Kegerreis, J. A., Eke, V. R., Catling, D. C., et al. 2020, ApJL, 901, L31
Kodama, T., Genda, H., O’ishi, R., Abe-Ouchi, A., & Abe, Y. 2019, JGRE,
124, 2306
Kokubo, E., & Genda, H. 2010, ApJL, 714, L21
Kopparapu, R. K., Ramirez, R. M., SchottelKotte, J., et al. 2014, ApJL,
787, L29
Kurosaki, K., & Ikoma, M. 2017, AJ, 153, 260
Kurosaki, K., Ikoma, M., & Hori, Y. 2014, A&A, 562, A80
Kurosaki, K., & Inutsuka, S. 2023, ApJ, 954, 196
Lammer, H., Chassefière, E., Karatekin, Ö., et al. 2013, SSRv, 174, 113
Lange, M. A., & Ahrens, T. J. 1982, Icar, 51, 96
Lee, E. J., Chiang, E., & Ferguson, J. W. 2018, MNRAS, 476, 2199
Lichtenberg, T., Schaefer, L. K., Nakajima, M., & Fischer, R. A. 2022, in ASP
Conf. Ser. 534, Protostars and Planets VII, ed. S. Inutsuka (San Francisco,
CA: ASP), 907
Lodders, K., & Palme, H. 2009, M&PSA, 72, 5154
Lopez, E. D., & Fortney, J. J. 2014, ApJ, 792, 1
Lupu, R. E., Zahnle, K., Marley, M. S., et al. 2014, ApJ, 784, 27
Lustig-Yaeger, J., Meadows, V. S., & Lincowski, A. P. 2019, AJ, 158, 27
Matsui, T., & Abe, Y. 1986, Natur, 319, 303
Maurice, M., Dasgupta, R., & Hassanzadeh, P. 2023, PSJ, 4, 31
Melosh, H. J. 2007, M&PS, 42, 2079
Nakajima, M., & Stevenson, D. J. 2015, E&PSL, 427, 286
Ogihara, M., Kunitomo, M., & Hori, Y. 2020, ApJ, 899, 91
Owen, J. E., & Wu, Y. 2013, ApJ, 775, 105
Penny, M. T., Gaudi, B. S., Kerins, E., et al. 2019, ApJS, 241, 3
Petigura, E. A., Howard, A. W., & Marcy, G. W. 2013, PNAS, 110, 19273
Pierazzo, E., Artemieva, N. A., & Ivanov, B. A. 2005, GSASP, 384, 443
Rauer, H., Catala, C., Aerts, C., et al. 2014, ExA, 38, 249
Ribas, I., Guinan, E. F., Güdel, M., & Audard, M. 2005, ApJ, 622, 680
Rogers, L. A. 2015, ApJ, 801, 41
Rothman, L. S., Rinsland, C. P., Goldman, A., et al. 1998, JQSRT, 60, 665
Saumon, D., Chabrier, G., & van Horn, H. M. 1995, ApJS, 99, 713
Schlichting, H. E., Sari, R., & Yalinewich, A. 2015, Icar, 247, 81
Thompson, S. L., & Lauson, H. S. 1972, Improvements in the Chart D
Radiation-Hydrodynamic Code. III: Revised Analytic Equations of State,
1. The composition of the impact-generated atmosphere is
dominated by H2, He, and H2O when it has cooled below
3000 K.
2. Earth-mass planets can avoid water loss through photoevaporation if the escape flux of hydrogen is too low to
drag oxygen via collisions.
3. The postimpact atmosphere of an Earth-mass planet
evolves into a water-dominated atmosphere if its atmospheric mass fraction is less than a few times 0.1%,
provided that the core is oxidizing material such as basalt
or CI chondrite.
4. If the rocky core is composed of a reducing material such
as EH chondrite, the postimpact atmosphere should not
be water-dominated, even if the impact-induced mixing
between H2–He gas and rocky vapor is efficient.
An Earth-mass planet in a habitable zone can retain the
final
10-3 after a
initial amount of H2O in its atmosphere if Xatm
giant impact, although part of the remaining water exists as
“oxygen” in the atmosphere due to photodissociation. Note that
the water-rich atmosphere of an Earth-mass planet can be found
on the core composed of basalt and CI chondrite in the giant
impact scenario, while the water-poor atmosphere forms on the
core composed of EH chondrite. The advanced capability of the
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) allows it to observe the
atmospheres of Earth-sized planets around nearby stars, e.g.,
TRAPPIST-1 planets (Lustig-Yaeger et al. 2019). In the late
2020s, PLATO (Rauer et al. 2014), Earth 2.0 (Ge et al. 2022),
and the Roman space telescope (Penny et al. 2019) are
expected to find hundreds of Earth-sized planets in a habitable
zone around Sun-like stars and M dwarfs. Terrestrial planets
with water-dominated atmospheres, as considered in this study,
should be interesting targets for JWST observations. As shown
in Figure 7, such terrestrial planets can exist in orbits of
semimajor axes ranging from a few 0.1 au to a few au,
depending on the photoevaporation efficiency (ε). This
constraint on the locations of terrestrial planets with waterdominated atmospheres helps elucidate the mass-loss
efficiency.
Acknowledgments
We thank the anonymous referee for improving our manuscript. K.K. is supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grants-in-Aid for
Scientific Research No. 20J01258, 21H00039, 23H01231. Y.
H. is supported in part by a JSPS KAKENHI grant No.
18H05439. M.O. is supported by JSPS KAKENHI grant Nos.
JP18K13608 and JP19H05087. Numerical computations of
SPH simulations were carried out on a Cray XC50 at the Center
for Computational Astrophysics, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.
Software: GGchem (Woitke et al. 2018).
10
The Astrophysical Journal, 957:67 (11pp), 2023 November 10
Kurosaki et al.
Albuquerque, New Mexico: Sandia National Laboratory. Technical Report
SC-RR-71-0714
Thompson, S. L., Lauson, H. S., Melosh, H. J., Collins, G. S., & Stewart, S. T.
2019, M-ANEOS, v1.0, Zenodo, doi:10.5281/zenodo.3525030
Weiss, L. M., & Marcy, G. W. 2014, ApJL, 783, L6
Woitke, P., Helling, C., Hunter, G. H., et al. 2018, A&A, 614, A1
Yelle, R., Lammer, H., & Ip, W.-H. 2008, SSRv, 139, 437
Yoshida, T., & Kuramoto, K. 2020, Icar, 345, 113740
Yoshida, T., & Kuramoto, K. 2021, MNRAS, 505, 2941
Yoshida, T., Terada, N., Ikoma, M., & Kuramoto, K. 2022, ApJ, 934, 137
Zahnle, K. J., Kasting, J. F., & Pollack, J. B. 1988, Icar, 74, 62
Zeng, L., Jacobsen, S. B., Sasselov, D. D., et al. 2019, PNAS, 116, 9723
11
...
論文の公開元へ
