1. Tandon, R.; Keshavan, M. S. M.; Nasrallah, H. H. a Schizophrenia,“just the facts”: What we know in 2008: Part 1: Overview. Schizophr. Res. 2008, 100, 4–19, doi:10.1016/j.schres.2008.01.022.
2. Owen, M. J.; Sawa, A.; Mortensen, P. B. Schizophrenia. Lancet 2016, 388, 86–97, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01121-6.
3. Caqueo-Urízar, A.; Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J.; Miranda-Castillo, C. Quality of life in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia: A literature review. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 2009.
4. Salomon, J. A.; Vos, T.; Hogan, D. R.; Gagnon, M.; Naghavi, M.; Mokdad, A.; Begum, N.; Shah, R.; Karyana, M.; Kosen, S.; Farje, M. R.; Moncada, G.; Dutta, A.; Sazawal, S.; Dyer, A.; Seiler, J.; Aboyans, V.; Baker, L.; Baxter, A.; Benjamin, E. J.; Bhalla, K.; Abdulhak, A. Bin; Blyth, F.; Bourne, R.; Braithwaite, T.; Brooks, P.; Brugha, T. S.; Bryan-Hancock, C.; Buchbinder, R.; Burney, P.; Calabria, B.; Chen, H.; Chugh, S. S.; Cooley, R.; Criqui, M. H.; Cross, M.; Dabhadkar, K. C.; Dahodwala, N.; Davis, A.; Degenhardt, L.; Díaz- Torné, C.; Dorsey, E. R.; Driscoll, T.; Edmond, K.; Elbaz, A.; Ezzati, M.; Feigin, V.; Ferri, C. P.; Flaxman, A. D.; Flood, L.; Fransen, M.; Fuse, K.; Gabbe, B. J.; Gillum, R. F.; Haagsma, J.; Harrison, J. E.; Havmoeller, R.; Hay, R. J.; Hel- Baqui, A.; Hoek, H. W.; Hoffman, H.; Hogeland, E.; Hoy, D.; Jarvis, D.; Karthikeyan, G.; Knowlton, L. M.; Lathlean, T.; Leasher, J. L.; Lim, S. S.; Lipshultz, S. E.; Lopez, A. D.; Lozano, R.; Lyons, R.; Malekzadeh, R.; Marcenes, W.; March, L.; Margolis, D. J.; McGill, N.; McGrath, J.; Mensah, G. A.; Meyer, A. C.; Michaud, C.; Moran, A.; Mori, R.; Murdoch, M. E.; Naldi, L.; Newton, C. R.; Norman, R.; Omer, S. B.; Osborne, R.; Pearce, N.; Perez-Ruiz, F.; Perico, N.; Pesudovs, K.; Phillips, D.; Pourmalek, F.; Prince, M.; Rehm, J. T.; Remuzzi, G.; Richardson, K.; Room, R.; Saha, S.; Sampson, U.; Sanchez-Riera, L.; Segui-Gomez, M.; Shahraz, S.; Shibuya, K.; Singh, D.; Sliwa, K.; Smith, E.; Soerjomataram, I.; Steiner, T.; Stolk, W. A.; Stovner, L. J.; Sudfeld, C.; Taylor, H. R.; Tleyjeh, I. M.; Van Der Werf, M. J.; Watson, W. L.; Weatherall, D. J.; Weintraub, R.; Weisskopf, M. G.; Whiteford, H.; Wilkinson, J. D.; Woolf, A. D.; Zheng, Z. J.; Murray, C. J. L. L. Common values in assessing health outcomes from disease and injury: Disability weights measurement study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380, 2129–2143, doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61680-8.
5. Charlson, F. J.; Ferrari, A. J.; Santomauro, D. F.; Diminic, S.; Stockings, E.; Scott, J. G.; McGrath, J. J.; Whiteford, H. A. Global Epidemiology and Burden of Schizophrenia: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Schizophr. Bull. 2018, 44, 1195–1203, doi:10.1093/schbul/sby058.
6. Chong, H. Y.; Teoh, S. L.; Wu, D. B. C.; Kotirum, S.; Chiou, C. F.; Chaiyakunapruk, N. Global economic burden of schizophrenia: A systematic review. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2016, 12, 357–373, doi:10.2147/NDT.S96649.
7. Sado, M.; Inagaki, A.; Koreki, A.; Knapp, M.; Kissane, L. A.; Mimura, M.; Yoshimura, K. The cost of schizophrenia in Japan. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 2013, 9, 787–798, doi:10.2147/NDT.S41632.
8. Millan, M. J.; Andrieux, A.; Bartzokis, G.; Cadenhead, K.; Dazzan, P.; Fusar-Poli, P.; Gallinat, J.; Giedd, J.; Grayson, D. R.; Heinrichs, M.; Kahn, R.; Krebs, M. O.; Leboyer, M.; Lewis, D.; Marin, O.; Marin, P.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A.; McGorry, P.; McGuire, P.; Owen, M. J.; Patterson, P.; Sawa, A.; Spedding, M.; Uhlhaas, P.; Vaccarino, F.; Wahlestedt, C.; Weinberger, D. Altering the course of schizophrenia: Progress and perspectives. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2016, 15, 485–515, doi:10.1038/nrd.2016.28.
9. Gaebel, W.; Zielasek, J. Schizophrenia in 2020: Trends in diagnosis and therapy. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2015, 69, 661–673, doi:10.1111/pcn.12322.
10. National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults. NICE Guidel. treament Manag. 2014, 1–684, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010823.pub2.Copyright.
11. Bhugra, D.; Tasman, A.; Pathare, S.; Priebe, S.; Smith, S.; Torous, J.; Arbuckle, M. R.; Langford, A.; Alarcón, R. D.; Chiu, H. F. K.; First, M. B.; Kay, J.; Sunkel, C.; Thapar, A.; Udomratn, P.; Baingana, F. K.; Kestel, D.; Ng, R. M. K.; Patel, A.; Picker, L. De; McKenzie, K. J.; Moussaoui, D.; Muijen, M.; Bartlett, P.; Davison, S.; Exworthy, T.; Loza, N.; Rose, D.; Torales, J.; Brown, M.; Christensen, H.; Firth, J.; Keshavan, M.; Li, A.; Onnela, J.-P.; Wykes, T.; Elkholy, H.; Kalra, G.; Lovett, K. F.; Travis, M. J.; Ventriglio, A. The WPA- Lancet Psychiatry Commission on the Future of Psychiatry. The Lancet Psychiatry 2017, 4, 775–818, doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(17)30333-4.
12. Galderisi, S.; Rucci, P.; Kirkpatrick, B.; Mucci, A.; Gibertoni, D.; Rocca, P.; Rossi, A.; Bertolino, A.; Strauss, G. P.; Aguglia, E.; Bellomo, A.; Murri, M. B.; Bucci, P.; Carpiniello, B.; Comparelli, A.; Cuomo, A.; De Berardis, D.; Dell’Osso, L.; Di Fabio, F.; Gelao, B.; Marchesi, C.; Monteleone, P.; Montemagni, C.; Orsenigo, G.; Pacitti, F.; Roncone, R.; Santonastaso, P.; Siracusano, A.; Vignapiano, A.; Vita, A.; Zeppegno, P.; Maj, M.; Dell’Osso, L.; Di Fabio, F.; Gelao, B.; Marchesi, C.; Monteleone, P.; Montemagni, C.; Orsenigo, G.; Pacitti, F.; Roncone, R.; Santonastaso, P.; Siracusano, A.; Vignapiano, A.; Vita, A.; Zeppegno, P.; Maj, M. Interplay among psychopathologic variables, personal resources, context-related factors, and real- life functioning in individuals with schizophrenia a network analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2018, 75, 396–404, doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.4607.
13. Ripke, S.; Neale, B. M.; Corvin, A.; Walters, J. T. R. R.; Farh, K.-H. H.; Holmans, P. a.; Lee, P.; Bulik-Sullivan, B.; Collier, D. a.; Huang, H.; Pers, T. H.; Agartz, I.; Agerbo, E.; Albus, M.; Alexander, M.; Amin, F.; Bacanu, S. A.; Begemann, M.; Belliveau, R. A.; Bene, J.; Bergen, S. E.; Bevilacqua, E.; Bigdeli,\ T. B.; Black, D. W.; Bruggeman, R.; Buccola, N. G.; Buckner, R. L.; Byerley, W.; Cahn, W.; Cai, G.; Campion, D.; Cantor, R. M.; Carr, V. J.; Carrera, N.; Catts, S. V.; Chambert, K. D.; Chan, R. C. K. K.; Chen, R. Y. L. L.; Chen, E. Y. H. H.; Cheng, W.; Cheung, E. F. C. C.; Chong, S. A.; Cloninger, C. R.; Cohen, D.; Cohen, N.; Cormican, P.; Craddock, N.; Crowley, J. J.; Curtis, D.; Davidson, M.; Davis, K. L.; Degenhardt, F.; Del Favero, J.; Demontis, D.; Dikeos, D.; Dinan, T.; Djurovic, S.; Donohoe, G.; Drapeau, E.; Duan, J.; Dudbridge, F.; Durmishi, N.; Eichhammer, P.; Eriksson, J.; Escott-Price, V.; Essioux, L.; Fanous, A. H.; Farrell, M. S.; Frank, J.; Franke, L.; Freedman, R.; Freimer, N. B.; Friedl, M.; Friedman, J. I.; Fromer, M.; Genovese, G.; Georgieva, L.; Giegling, I.; Giusti-Rodríguez, P.; Godard, S.; Goldstein, J. I.; Golimbet, V.; Gopal, S.; Gratten, J.; de Haan, L.; Hammer, C.; Hamshere, M. L.; Hansen, M.; Hansen, T.; Haroutunian, V.; Hartmann, A. M.; Henskens, F. a.; Herms, S.; Hirschhorn, J. N.; Hoffmann, P.; Hofman, A.; Hollegaard, M. V.; Hougaard, D. M.; Ikeda, M.; Joa, I.; Julià, A.; Kahn, R. S.; Kalaydjieva, L.; Karachanak-Yankova, S.; Karjalainen, J.; Kavanagh, D.; Keller, M. C.; Kennedy, J. L.; Khrunin, A.; Kim, Y.; K ovins, J.; Knowles, J. a.; Konte, B.; Kucinskas, V.; Kucinskiene, Z. A.; Kuzelova- Ptackova, H.; Kähler, A. K.; Laurent, C.; Keong, J. L. C.; Lee, S. H.; Legge, S. E.; Lerer, B.; Li, M.; Li, T.; Liang, K.-Y. Y.; Lieberman, J.; Limborska, S.; Loughland, C. M.; Lubinski, J.; Lönnqvist, J.; Macek, M.; Magnusson, P. K. E. E.; Maher, B. S.; Maier, W.; Mallet, J.; Marsal, S.; Mattheisen, M.; Mattingsdal, M.; McCarley, R. W.; McDonald, C.; McIntosh, A. M.; Meier, S.; Meijer, C. J.; Melegh, B.; Melle, I.; Mesholam-Gately, R. I.; Metspalu, A.; Michie, P. T.; Milani, L.; Milanova, V.; Mokrab, Y.; Morris, D. W.; Mors, O.; Murphy, K. C.; Murray, R. M.; Myin-Germeys, I.; Müller-Myhsok, B.; Nelis, M.; Nenadic, I.; Nertney, D. a.; Nestadt, G.; Nicodemus, K. K.; Nikitina-Zake, L.; Nisenbaum, L.; Nordin, A.; O’Callaghan, E.; O’Dushlaine, C.; O’Neill, F. A.; Oh, S.-Y. Y.; Olincy, A.; Olsen, L.; Van Os, J.; Pantelis, C.; Papadimitriou, G. N.; Papiol, S.; Parkhomenko, E.; Pato, M. T.; Paunio, T.; Pejovic-Milovancevic, M.; Perkins, D. O.; Pietiläinen, O.; Pimm, J.; Pocklington, A. J.; Powell, J.; Price, A.; Pulver, A. E.; Purcell, S. M.; Quested, D.; Rasmussen, H. B.; Reichenberg, A.; Reimers, M. A.; Richards, A. L.; Roffman, J. L.; Roussos, P.; Ruderfer, D. M.; Salomaa, V.; Sanders, A. R.; Schall, U.; Schubert, C. R.; Schulze, T. G.; Schwab, S. G.; Scolnick, E. M.; Scott, R. J.; Seidman, L. J.; Shi, J.; Sigurdsson, E.; Silagadze, T.; Silverman, J. M.; Sim, K.; Slominsky, P.; Smoller, J. W.; So, H.-C. C.; Spencer, C. a. C. A.; Stahl, E. a.; Stefansson, H.; Steinberg, S.; Stogmann, E.; Straub, R. E.; Strengman, E.; Strohmaier, J.; Stroup, T. S.; Subramaniam, M.; Suvisaari, J.; Svrakic, D. M.; Szatkiewicz, J. P.; Söderman, E.; Thirumalai, S.; Toncheva, D.; Tosato, S.; Veijola, J.; Waddington, J.; Walsh, D.; Wang, D.; Wang, Q.; Webb, B. T.; Weiser, M.; Wildenauer, D. B.; Williams, N. M.; Williams, S.; Witt, S. H.; Wolen, A. R.; Wong, E. H. M. M.; Wormley, B. K.; Xi, H. S.; Zai, C. C.; Zheng, X.; Zimprich, F.; Wray, N. R.; Stefansson, K.; Visscher, P. M.; Adolfsson, R.; Andreassen, O. A.; Blackwood, D. H. R. R.; Bramon, E.; Buxbaum, J. D.; Børglum, A. D.; Cichon, S.; Darvasi, A.; Domenici, E.; Ehrenreich, H.; Esko, T.; Gejman, P. V.; Gill, M.; Gurling, H.; Hultman, C. M.; Iwata, N.; Jablensky, A. V.; Jönsson, E. G.; Kendler, K. S.; Kirov, G.; Knight, J.; Lencz, T.; Levinson, D. F.; Li, Q. S.; Liu, J.; Malhotra, A. K.; McCarroll, S. A.; McQuillin, A.; Moran, J. L.; Mortensen, P. B.; Mowry, B. J.; Nöthen, M. M.; Ophoff, R. a.; Owen, M. J.; Palotie, A.; Pato, C. N.; Petryshen, T. L.; Posthuma, D.; Rietschel, M.; Riley, B. P.; Rujescu, D.; Sham, P. C.; Sklar, P.; St Clair, D.; Weinberger, D. R.; Wendland, J. R.; Werge, T.; Daly, M. J.; Sullivan, P. F.; O’Donovan, M. C.; Belliveau Jr, R. a.; Bene, J.; Bergen, S. E.; Bevilacqua, E.; Bigdeli, T. B.; Black, D. W.; Bruggeman, R.; Buccola, N. G.; Buckner, R. L.; Byerley, W.; Cahn, W.; Cai, G.; Campion, D.; Cantor, R. M.; Carr, V. J.; Carrera, N.; Catts, S. V.; Chambert, K. D.; Chan, R. C. K. K.; Chen, R. Y. L. L.; Chen, E. Y. H. H.; Cheng, W.; Cheung, E. F. C. C.; Ann Chong, S.; Robert Cloninger, C.; Cohen, D.; Cohen, N.; Cormican, P.; Craddock, N.; Crowley, J. J.; Curtis, D.; Davidson, M.; Davis, K. L.; Degenhardt, F.; Del Favero, J.; Demontis, D.; Dikeos, D.; Dinan, T.; Djurovic, S.; Donohoe, G.; Drapeau, E.; Duan, J.; Dudbridge, F.; Durmishi, N.; Eichhammer, P.; Eriksson, J.; Escott-Price, V.; Essioux, L.; Fanous, A. H.; Farrell, M. S.; Frank, J.; Franke, L.; Freedman, R.; Freimer, N. B.; Friedl, M.; Friedman, J. I.; Fromer, M.; Genovese, G.; Georgieva, L.; Giegling, I.; Giusti-Rodríguez, P.; Godard, S.; Goldstein, J. I.; Golimbet, V.; Gopal, S.; Gratten, J.; de Haan, L.; Hammer, C.; Hamshere, M. L.; Hansen, M.; Hansen, T.; Haroutunian, V.; Hartmann, A. M.; Henskens, F. a.; Herms, S.; Hirschhorn, J. N.; Hoffmann, P.; Hofman, A.; Hollegaard, M. V.; Hougaard, D. M.; Ikeda, M.; Joa, I.; Julià, A.; Kahn, R. S.; Kalaydjieva, L.; Karachanak- Yankova, S.; Karjalainen, J.; Kavanagh, D.; Keller, M. C.; Kennedy, J. L.; Khrunin, A.; Kim, Y.; Klovins, J.; Knowles, J. a.; Konte, B.; Kucinskas, V.; Ausrele Kucinskiene, Z.; Kuzelova-Ptackova, H.; Kähler, A. K.; Laurent, C.; Lee Chee Keong, J.; Hong Lee, S.; Legge, S. E.; Lerer, B.; Li, M.; Li, T.; Liang, K.- Y. Y.; Lieberman, J.; Limborska, S.; Loughland, C. M.; Lubinski, J.; Lönnqvist, J.; Macek Jr, M.; Magnusson, P. K. E. E.; Maher, B. S.; Maier, W.; Mallet, J.; Marsal, S.; Mattheisen, M.; Mattingsdal, M.; McCarley, R. W.; McDonald, C.; McIntosh, A. M.; Meier, S.; Meijer, C. J.; Melegh, B.; Melle, I.; Mesholam- Gately, R. I.; Metspalu, A.; Michie, P. T.; Milani, L.; Milanova, V.; Mokrab, Y.; Morris, D. W.; Mors, O.; Murphy, K. C.; Murray, R. M.; Myin-Germeys, I.; Müller-Myhsok, B.; Nelis, M.; Nenadic, I.; Nertney, D. a.; Nestadt, G.; Nicodemus, K. K.; Nikitina-Zake, L.; Nisenbaum, L.; Nordin, A.; O’Callaghan, E.; O’Dushlaine, C.; O’Neill, F. A.; Oh, S.-Y. Y.; Olincy, A.; Olsen, L.; Van Os, J.; Endophenotypes International Consortium, P.; Pantelis, C.; Papadimitriou, G. N.; Papiol, S.; Parkhomenko, E.; Pato, M. T.; Paunio, T.; Pejovic-Milovancevic, M.; Perkins, D. O.; Pietiläinen, O.; Pimm, J.; Pocklington, A. J.; Powell, J.; Price, A.; Pulver, A. E.; Purcell, S. M.; Quested, D.; Rasmussen, H. B.; Reichenberg, .; Reimers, M. A.; Richards, A. L.; Roffman, J. L.; Roussos, P.; Ruderfer, D. M.; Salomaa, V.; Sanders, A. R.; Schall, U.; Schubert, C. R.; Schulze, T. G.; Schwab, S. G.; Scolnick, E. M.; Scott, R. J.; Seidman, L. J.; Shi, J.; Sigurdsson, E.; Silagadze, T.; Silverman, J. M.; Sim, K.; Slominsky, P.; Smoller, J. W.; So, H.-C. C.; Spencer, C. a. C. A.; Stahl, E. a.; Stefansson, H.; Steinberg, S.; Stogmann, E.; Straub, R. E.; Strengman, E.; Strohmaier, J.; Scott Stroup, T.; Subramaniam, M.; Suvisaari, J.; Svrakic, D. M.; Szatkiewicz, J. P.; Söderman, E.; Thirumalai, S.; Toncheva, D.; Tosato, S.; Veijola, J.; Waddington, J.; Walsh, D.; Wang, D.; Wang, Q.; Webb, B. T.; Weiser, M.; Wildenauer, D. B.; Williams, N. M.; Williams, S.; Witt, S. H.; Wolen, A. R.; Wong, E. H. M. M.; Wormley, B. K.; Simon Xi, H.; Zai, C. C.; Zheng, X.; Zimprich, F.; Wray, N. R.; Stefansson, K.; Visscher, P. M.; Trust Case-Control Consortium, W.; Adolfsson, R.; Andreassen, O. A.; Blackwood, D. H. R. R.; Bramon, E.; Buxbaum, J. D.; Børglum, A. D.; Cichon, S.; Darvasi, A.; Domenici, E.; Ehrenreich, H.; Esko, T.; Gejman, P. V.; Gill, M.; Gurling, H.; Hultman, C. M.; Iwata, N.; Jablensky, A. V.; Jönsson, E. G.; Kendler, K. S.; Kirov, G.; Knight, J.; Lencz, T.; Levinson, D. F.; Li, Q. S.; Liu, J.; Malhotra, A. K.; McCarroll, S. A.; McQuillin, A.; Moran, J. L.; Mortensen, P. B.; Mowry, B. J.; Nöthen, M. M.; Ophoff, R. a.; Owen, M. J.; Palotie, A.; Pato, C. N.; Petryshen, T. L.; Posthuma, D.; Rietschel, M.; Riley, B. P.; Rujescu, D.; Sham, P. C.; Sklar, P.; St Clair, D.; Weinberger, D. R.; Wendland, J. R.; Werge, T.; Daly, M. J.; Sullivan, P. F.; O’Donovan, M. C. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature 2014, 511, 421–427, doi:10.1038/nature13595.
14. Fusar-Poli, P. Predicting Psychosis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2012, 69, 220, doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.1472.
15. Radua, J.; Ramella-Cravaro, V.; Ioannidis, J. P. A.; Reichenberg, A.; Phiphopthatsanee, N.; Amir, T.; Yenn Thoo, H.; Oliver, D.; Davies, C.; Morgan, C.; McGuire, P.; Murray, R. M.; Fusar-Poli, P. What causes psychosis? An umbrella review of risk and protective factors. World Psychiatry 2018, 17, 49– 66, doi:10.1002/wps.20490.
16. van Erp, T. G.; Walton, E.; Hibar, D. P.; Schmaal, L.; Jiang, W.; Glahn, D. C.; Pearlson, G. D.; Yao, N.; Fukunaga, M.; Hashimoto, R.; Okada, N.; Yamamori, H.; Bustillo, J. R.; Clark, V. P.; Agartz, I.; Mueller, B. A.; Cahn, W.; de Zwarte, S. M.; Hulshoff Pol, H. E.; Kahn, R. S.; Ophoff, R. A.; van Haren, N. E.; Andreassen, O. A.; Dale, A. M.; Doan, N. T.; Gurholt, T. P.; Hartberg, C. B.; Haukvik, U. K.; Jørgensen, K. N.; Lagerberg, T. V.; Melle, I.; Westlye, L. T.; Gruber, O.; Kraemer, B.; Richter, A.; Zilles, D.; Calhoun, V. D.; Crespo-Facorro, B.; Roiz-Santiañez, R.; Tordesillas-Gutiérrez, D.; Loughland, C.; Carr, V. J.; Catts, S.; Cropley, V. L.; Fullerton, J. M.; Green, M. J.; Henskens, F. A.; Jablensky, A.; Lenroot, R. K.; Mowry, B. J.; Michie, P. T.; Pantelis, C.; Quidé, Y.; Schall, U.; Scott, R. J.; Cairns, M. J.; Seal, M.; Tooney, P. A.; Rasser, P. E.; Cooper, G.; Shannon Weickert, C.; Weickert, T. W.; Morris, D. W.; Hong, E.; Kochunov, P.; Beard, L. M.; Gur, R. E.; Gur, R. C.; Satterthwaite, T. D.; Wolf, D. H.; Belger, A.; Brown, G. G.; Ford, J. M.; Macciardi, F.; Mathalon, D. H.; O’Leary, D. S.; Potkin, S. G.; Preda, A.; Voyvodic, J.; Lim, K. O.; McEwen, S.; Yang, F.; Tan, Y.; Tan, S.; Wang, Z.; Fan, F.; Chen, J.; Xiang, H.; Tang, S.; Guo, H.; Wan, P.; Wei, D.; Bockholt, H. J.; Ehrlich, S.; Wolthusen, R. P.; King, M. D.; Shoemaker, J. M.; Sponheim, S. R.; De Haan, L.; Koenders, L.; Machielsen, M. W.; van Amelsvoort, T.; Veltman, D. J.; Assogna, F.; Banaj, N.; de Rossi, P.; Iorio, M.; Piras, F.; Spalletta, G.; McKenna, P. J.; Pomarol-Clotet, E.; Salvador, R.; Corvin, A.; Donohoe, G.; Kelly, S.; Whelan, C. D.; Dickie, E. W.; Rotenberg, D.; Voineskos, A. N.; Ciufolini, S.; Radua, J.; Dazzan, P.; Murray, R.; Reis Marques, T.; Simmons, A.; Borgwardt, S.; Egloff, L.; Harrisberger, F.; Riecher-Rössler, A.; Smieskova, R.; Alpert, K. I.; Wang, L.; Jönsson, E. G.; Koops, S.; Sommer, I. E.; Bertolino, A.; Bonvino, A.; Di Giorgio, A.; Neilson, E.; Mayer, A. R.; Stephen, J. M.; Kwon, J. S.; Yun, J.-Y.; Cannon, D. M.; McDonald, C.; Lebedeva, I.; Tomyshev, A. S.; Akhadov, T.; Kaleda, V.; Fatouros-Bergman, H.; Flyckt, L.; Busatto, G. F.; Rosa, P. G.; Serpa, M. H.; Zanetti, M. V.; Hoschl, C.; Skoch, A.; Spaniel, F.; Tomecek, D.; Hagenaars, S. P.; McIntosh, A. .; Whalley, H. C.; Lawrie, S. M.; Knöchel, C.; Oertel-Knöchel, V.; Stäblein, M.; Howells, F. M.; Stein, D. J.; Temmingh, H. S.; Uhlmann, A.; Lopez-Jaramillo, C.; Dima, D.; McMahon, A.; Faskowitz, J. I.; Gutman, B. A.; Jahanshad, N.; Thompson, P. M.; Turner, J. A.; Farde, L.; Flyckt, L.; Engberg, G.; Erhardt, S.; Fatouros-Bergman, H.; Cervenka, S.; Schwieler, L.; Piehl, F.; Agartz, I.; Collste, K.; Victorsson, P.; Malmqvist, A.; Hedberg, M.; Orhan, F. Cortical Brain Abnormalities in 4474 Individuals With Schizophrenia and 5098 Control Subjects via the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics Through Meta Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium. Biol. Psychiatry 2018, 84, 644–654, doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.04.023.
17. Okada, N.; Fukunaga, M.; Yamashita, F.; Koshiyama, D.; Yamamori, H.; Ohi, K.; Yasuda, Y.; Fujimoto, M.; Watanabe, Y.; Yahata, N.; Nemoto, K.; Hibar, D. P.; van Erp, T. G. M.; Fujino, H.; Isobe, M.; Isomura, S.; Natsubori, T.; Narita, H.; Hashimoto, N.; Miyata, J.; Koike, S.; Takahashi, T.; Yamasue, H.; Matsuo, K.; Onitsuka, T.; Iidaka, T.; Kawasaki, Y.; Yoshimura, R.; Watanabe, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Turner, J. A.; Takeda, M.; Thompson, P. M.; Ozaki, N.; Kasai, K.; Hashimoto, R. Abnormal asymmetries in subcortical brain volume in schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 2016, 21, 1460–1466, doi:10.1038/mp.2015.209.
18. Greenwood, T. A.; Swerdlow, N. R.; Gur, R. C. R. E. R. C. R. E.; Cadenhead, K. S.; Calkins, M. E.; Dobie, D. J.; Freedman, R.; Green, M. F.; Gur, R. C. R. E. R. C. R. E.; Lazzeroni, L. C.; Nuechterlein, K. H.; Olincy, A.; Radant, A. D.; Ray, A.; Schork, N. J.; Seidman, L. J.; Siever, L. J.; Silverman, J. M.; Stone, W. S.; Sugar, C. A.; Tsuang, D. W.; Tsuang, M. T.; Turetsky, B. I.; Light, G. a; Braff, D. L. Genome-Wide Linkage Analyses of 12 Endophenotypes for Schizophrenia From the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 2013, 170, 521–532, doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020186.
19. Tamminga, C. A.; Ivleva, E. I.; Keshavan, M. S.; Pearlson, G. D.; Clementz, B. A.; Witte, B.; Morris, D. W.; Bishop, J.; Thaker, G. K.; Sweeney, J. A. Clinical Phenotypes of Psychosis in the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Network on Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP). Am. J. Psychiatry 2013, 170, 1263–1274, doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12101339.
20. Light, G. A.; Swerdlow, N. R.; Rissling, A. J.; Radant, A.; Sugar, C. A.; Sprock, J.; Pela, M.; Geyer, M. A.; Braff, D. L. Characterization of neurophysiologic and neurocognitive biomarkers for use in genomic and clinical outcome studies of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2012, 7, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039434.
21. Fujino, J.; Takahashi, H.; Miyata, J.; Sugihara, G.; Kubota, M.; Sasamoto, A.; Fujiwara, H.; Aso, T.; Fukuyama, H.; Murai, T. Impaired empathic abilities and reduced white matter integrity in schizophrenia. Prog. Neuro- Psychopharmacology Biol. Psychiatry 2014, 48, 117–123, doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.09.018.
22. Heinrichs, R. W.; Zakzanis, K. K. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology 1998, 12, 426–445, doi:10.1037/0894-4105.12.3.426.
23. Dickinson, D.; Ramsey, M. E.; Gold, J. M. Overlooking the Obvious. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2007, 64, 532–542, doi:10.1109/TEWS.1966.4322609.
24. Nuechterlein, K. H.; Barch, D. M.; Gold, J. M.; Goldberg, T. E.; Green, M. F.; Heaton, R. K. Identification of separable cognitive factors in schizophrenia. In Schizophrenia Research; 2004.
25. Uhlhaas, P. J.; Silverstein, S. M. Perceptual Organization in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: Empirical Research and Theoretical Implications. Psychol. Bull. 2005, 131, 618–632, doi:10.1037/0033- 2909.131.4.618.
26. Green, M. F.; Kern, R. S.; Heaton, R. K. Longitudinal studies of cognition and functional outcome in schizophrenia: Implications for MATRICS. Schizophr. Res. 2004, 72, 41–51, doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.009.
27. Green, M. F.; Nuechterlein, K. H. Should Schizophrenia Be Treated as a Neurocognitive Disorder? Schizophr. Bull. 1999, 25, 309–319, doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a033380.
28. Keefe, R. S. E.; Bilder, R. M.; Davis, S. M.; Harvey, P. D.; Palmer, B. W.; Gold, J. M.; Meltzer, H. Y.; Green, M. F.; Capuano, G.; Stroup, T. S.; McEvoy, J. P.; Swartz, M. S.; Rosenheck, R. A.; Perkins, D. O.; Davis, C. E.; Hsiao, J. K.; Lieberman, J. A.; Investigators, C.; Neurocognitive Working, G. Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE Trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007, 64, 633–647, doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.6.633.
29. Insel, T. R. Rethinking schizophrenia. Nature 2010, 468, 187–193, doi:10.1038/nature09552.
30. Wykes, T.; Huddy, V.; Cellard, C.; McGurk, S. R.; Czobor, P. A Meta-Analysis of Cognitive Remediation for Schizophrenia: Methodology and Effect Sizes. Am. J. Psychiatry 2011, 168, 472–485, doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10060855.
31. Revell, E. R.; Neill, J. C.; Harte, M.; Khan, Z.; Drake, R. J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive remediation in early schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2015, 168, 213–222, doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.08.017.
32. Morin, L.; Franck, N. Rehabilitation interventions to promote recovery from schizophrenia: A systematic review. Front. Psychiatry 2017, 8, doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00100.
33. Umbricht, D.; Krljes, S. Mismatch negativity in schizophrenia: a meta- analysis. Schizophr. Res. 2005, 76, 1–23, doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.12.002.
34. Kawakubo, Y.; Kasai, K. Support for an association between mismatch negativity and social functioning in schizophrenia. Prog. Neuro- Psychopharmacology Biol. Psychiatry 2006, 30, 1367–1368, doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.03.003.
35. Light, G. A.; Braff, D. L. Stability of mismatch negativity deficits and their relationship to functional impairments in chronic schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 2005, 162, 1741–1743, doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.9.1741.
36. Thomas, M. L.; Green, M. F.; Hellemann, G.; Sugar, C. A.; Tarasenko, M.; Calkins, M. E.; Greenwood, T. A.; Gur, R. E.; Gur, R. C.; Lazzeroni, L. C.; Nuechterlein, K. H.; Radant, A. D.; Seidman, L. J.; Shiluk, A. L.; Siever, L. J.; Silverman, J. M.; Sprock, J.; Stone, W. S.; Swerdlow, N. R.; Tsuang, D. W.; Tsuang, M. T.; Turetsky, B. I.; Braff, D. L.; Light, G. A.; DL, B.; BI, T.; RM, B.; S, K.; RW, H.; KT, M.; MF, G.; MF, G.; M, B.; S, M.; AJ, R.; M, F.; M, F.; S, V.; M, T.; MS, B.; KE, H.; DI, L.; Y, K.; GA, L.; GA, L.; GA, L.; AJ, R.; GA, L.; BI, T.; S, L.; R, N.; D, U.; A, B.; GA, L.; AJ, R.; R, N.; AJ, R.; H, T.; MI, G.; T, B.; C, K.; DF, H.; JK, W.; DH, M.; NR, S.; M, T.; PM, G.; RE, G.; GP, S.; CH, L.; SJ, S.; R, V.; Y, R.; MJ, S.; MB, F.; NR, S.; DC, D.; WS, S.; JM, G.; J, L.; RC, G.; TM, M.; RC, G.; RC, G.; JJ, B.; SL, S.; SH, G.; EC, M.; LT, H.; HC, K.; NV, M.; GA, L.; VB, P.; DA, S.; E, G.; WD, S. Modeling Deficits From Early Auditory Information Processing to Psychosocial Functioning in Schizophrenia. JAMA Psychiatry 2016, 165, 27–37, doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2980.
37. Perez, V. B.; Tarasenko, M.; Miyakoshi, M.; Pianka, S. T.; Makeig, S. D.; Braff, D. L.; Swerdlow, N. R.; Light, G. A. Mismatch Negativity is a Sensitive and Predictive Biomarker of Perceptual Learning During Auditory Cognitive Training in Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017, 42, 2206–2213, doi:10.1038/npp.2017.25.
38. Hochberger, W. C.; Joshi, Y. B.; Thomas, M. L.; Zhang, W.; Bismark, A. W.; Treichler, E. B. H.; Tarasenko, M.; Nungaray, J.; Sprock, J.; Cardoso, L.; Swerdlow, N.; Light, G. A. Neurophysiologic measures of target engagement predict response to auditory-based cognitive training in treatment refractory schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019, 44, 606–612, doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0256-9.
39. Silverstein, S.; Keane, B. P.; Blake, R.; Giersch, A.; Green, M.; Kéri, S. Frontiers in Psychology. 2015,.
40. Silverstein, S. M.; Keane, B. P. Vision science and schizophrenia research: Toward a re-view of the disorder editors’ introduction to special section. Schizophr. Bull. 2011, 37, 681–689, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr053.
41. Silverstein, S. M.; Keane, B. P. Perceptual organization impairment in schizophrenia and associated brain mechanisms: Review of research from 2005 to 2010. Schizophr. Bull. 2011, 37, 690–699, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr052.
42. Green, M. F.; Hellemann, G.; Horan, W. P.; Lee, J.; Wynn, J. K. From Perception to Functional Outcome in Schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2012, 69, 1216, doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.652.
43. Rassovsky, Y.; Horan, W. P.; Lee, J.; Sergi, M. J.; Green, M. F. Pathways between early visual processing and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Psychol. Med. 2011, 41, 487–497, doi:10.1017/S0033291710001054.
44. Dima, D.; Roiser, J. P.; Dietrich, D. E.; Bonnemann, C.; Lanfermann, H.; Emrich, H. M.; Dillo, W. Understanding why patients with schizophrenia do not perceive the hollow-mask illusion using dynamic causal modelling. Neuroimage 2009, 46, 1180–1186, doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.033.
45. SILVERSTEIN, S. M.; BERTEN, S.; ESSEX, B.; KOVÁCS, I.; SUSMARAS, T.; LITTLE, D. M. AN fMRI EXAMINATION OF VISUAL INTEGRATION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA. J. Integr. Neurosci. 2009, 08, 175–202, doi:10.1142/S0219635209002113.
46. Silverstein, S. M.; Berten, S.; Essex, B.; All, S. D.; Kasi, R.; Little, D. M. Perceptual organization and visual search processes during target detection task performance in schizophrenia, as revealed by fMRI. Neuropsychologia 2010, 48, 2886–2893, doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.030.
47. Green, M. F.; Lee, J.; Cohen, M. S.; Engel, S. A. S. A.; Korb, A. S.; Nuechterlein, K. H.; Wynn, J. K.; Glahn, D. C. Functional neuroanatomy of visual masking deficits in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2009, 66, 1295– 1303, doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.132¥r66/12/1295 [pii].
48. Butler, P. D.; Abeles, I. Y.; Silverstein, S. M.; Dias, E. C.; Weiskopf, N. G.; Calderone, D. J.; Sehatpour, P. An event-related potential examination of contour integration deficits in schizophrenia. Front. Psychol. 2013, 4, 1–12, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00132.
49. Martinez, A.; Hillyard, S. A.; Dias, E. C.; Hagler, D. J.; Butler, P. D.; Guilfoyle, D. N.; Jalbrzikowski, M.; Silipo, G.; Javitt, D. C. Magnocellular Pathway Impairment in Schizophrenia: Evidence from Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J. Neurosci. 2008, 28, 7492–7500, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1852-08.2008.
50. Sehatpour, P.; Dias, E. C.; Butler, P. D.; Revheim, N.; Guilfoyle, D. N.; Foxe, J. J.; Javitt, D. C. Impaired visual object processing across an occipital- frontal-hippocampal brain network in schizophrenia: An integrated neuroimaging study. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2010, 67, 772–782, doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.85.
51. Lencer, R.; Yao, L.; Reilly, J. L.; Keedy, S. K.; McDowell, J. E.; Keshavan, M. S.; Pearlson, G. D.; Tamminga, C. A.; Gershon, E. S.; Clementz,
B. A.; Lui, S.; Sweeney, J. A. Alterations in intrinsic fronto-thalamo-parietal connectivity are associated with cognitive control deficits in psychotic disorders. Hum. Brain Mapp. 2018, 163–174, doi:10.1002/hbm.24362.
52. Samani, N. N.; Proudlock, F. A.; Siram, V.; Suraweera, C.; Hutchinson, C.; Nelson, C. P.; Al-Uzri, M.; Gottlob, I. Retinal Layer Abnormalities as Biomarkers of Schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2018, 44, 876– 885, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx130.
53. Silverstein, S. M.; Rosen, R. Schizophrenia and the eye. Schizophr. Res. Cogn. 2015, 2, 46–55, doi:10.1016/j.scog.2015.03.004.
54. Gegenfurtner, K. R. The Interaction Between Vision and Eye Movements. Perception 2016, 1–25, doi:10.1177/0301006616657097.
55. Yarbus, A. L.; Haigh, B. Eye movements and vision; Riggs, L. A., Ed.; Plenum Press: New York, 1967;
56. Goldberg, M. E.; Walker, M. F. The Control of Gaze. In Principles of Neural Science, 5th ed; 2012; pp. 894–916 ISBN 0838577016.
57. Lencer, R.; Trillenberg, P. Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of smooth pursuit in humans. Brain Cogn. 2008, 68, 219–228, doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.013.
58. McDowell, J. E.; Dyckman, K. A.; Austin, B. P.; Clementz, B. A. Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of reflexive and volitional saccades: Evidence from studies of humans. Brain Cogn. 2008, 68, 255–270, doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.016.
59. Munoz, D. P.; Everling, S. Look away: the anti-saccade task and the voluntary control of eye movement. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2004, 5, 218–228, doi:10.1038/nrn1345.
60. Pierrot-Deseilligny, C.; Milea, D.; Müri, R. M. Eye movement control by the cerebral cortex. Curr Opin Neurol 2004, 17, 17–25, doi:10.1097/01.wco.0000113942.12823.e0.
61. Mirpour, K.; Bolandnazar, Z.; Bisley, J. W. Neurons in FEF keep track of items that have been previously fixated in free viewing visual search. J. Neurosci. 2019, 1767–18, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1767-18.2018.
62. Jarvstad, A.; Gilchrist, I. D. Cognitive control of saccadic selection and inhibition from within the core cortical saccadic network. J. Neurosci. 2019, 1419–18, doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1419-18.2018.
63. Schutz, A. C.; Braun, D. I.; Gegenfurtner, K. R.; Schütz, A. C.; Braun, D. I.; Gegenfurtner, K. R. Eye movements and perception: A selective review. J. Vis. 2011, 11, 1–30, doi:10.1167/11.5.9.
64. O’Connell, T. P.; Chun, M. M. Predicting eye movement patterns from fMRI responses to natural scenes. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 5159, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07471-9.
65. Adams, R. A.; Perrinet, L. U.; Friston, K. Smooth Pursuit and Visual Occlusion: Active Inference and Oculomotor Control in Schizophrenia. PLoS One 2012, 7, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047502.
66. Zhang, M.; Feng, J.; Ma, K. T.; Lim, J. H.; Zhao, Q.; Kreiman, G. Finding any Waldo with zero-shot invariant and efficient visual search. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06217-x.
67. Ito, J.; Yamane, Y.; Suzuki, M.; Maldonado, P.; Fujita, I.; Tamura, H.; Grn, S. Switch from ambient to focal processing mode explains the dynamics of free viewing eye movements. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 1–14, doi:10.1038/s41598-017- 01076-w.
68. Le Meur, O.; Liu, Z. Saccadic model of eye movements for free- viewing condition. Vision Res. 2015, 116, 152–164, doi:10.1016/j.visres.2014.12.026.
69. Hoppe, D.; Rothkopf, C. A. Multi-step planning of eye movements in visual search. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 144, doi:10.1038/s41598-018-37536-0.
70. Holzman, P. S.; Proctor, L. R.; Hughes, D. W. Eye-tracking patterns in schizophrenia. Science 1973, 181, 179–81.
71. Levin, S.; Luebke, A.; Zee, D. S.; Hain, T. C.; Robinson, D. A.; Holzman, P. S. Smooth pursuit eye movements in schizophrenics: Quantitative measurements with the search-coil technique. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1988, 22, 195– 206, doi:10.1016/0022-3956(88)90005-2.
72. O’Driscoll, G. A.; Callahan, B. L. Smooth pursuit in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review of research since 1993. Brain Cogn. 2008, 68, 359–370, doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.023.
73. Lencer, R.; Sprenger, A.; Reilly, J. L.; McDowell, J. E.; Rubin, L. H.; Badner, J. A.; Keshavan, M. S.; Pearlson, G. D.; Tamminga, C. A.; Gershon, E. S.; Clementz, B. A.; Sweeney, J. A. Pursuit eye movements as an intermediate phenotype across psychotic disorders: Evidence from the B-SNIP study. Schizophr. Res. 2015, 169, 326–333, doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.09.032.
74. Beedie, S. A.; St.Clair, D. M.; Benson, P. J. Atypical scanpaths in schizophrenia: Evidence of a trait- or state-dependent phenomenon? J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2011, 36, 150–164, doi:10.1503/jpn.090169.
75. Sprenger, A.; Friedrich, M.; Nagel, M.; Schmidt, C. S.; Moritz, S.; Lencer, R. Advanced analysis of free visual exploration patterns in schizophrenia. Front. Psychol. 2013, 4, 737, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00737.
76. Kojima, T.; Matsushima, E.; Nakajima, K.; Shiraishi, H.; Ando, K.; Ando, H.; Shimazono, Y. Eye movements in acute, chronic, and remitted schizophrenics. Biol. Psychiatry 1990, 27, 975–989, doi:10.1016/0006- 3223(90)90035-Z.
77. Matsushima, E.; Kojima, T.; Ohta, K.; Obayashi, S.; Nakajima, K.; Kakuma, T.; Ando, H.; Ando, K.; Toru, M. Exploratory eye movement dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia: Possibility as a discriminator for schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1998, 32, 289–295, doi:10.1016/S0022-3956(98)00019-3.
78. Qiu, L.; Tian, L.; Pan, C.; Zhu, R.; Liu, Q.; Yan, J.; Zhao, Q.; Yuan, H.; Han, Y.; Yue, W.; Yan, H.; Zhang, D. Neuroanatomical circuitry associated with exploratory eye movement in schizophrenia: A voxel-based morphometric study. PLoS One 2011, 6, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025805.
79. Suzuki, M.; Takahashi, S.; Matsushima, E.; Tsunoda, M.; Kurachi, M.; Okada, T.; Hayashi, T.; Ishii, Y.; Morita, K.; Maeda, H.; Katayama, S.; Otsuka, T.; Hirayasu, Y.; Sekine, M.; Okubo, Y.; Motoshita, M.; Ohta, K.; Uchiyama, M.; Kojima, T. Relationships between exploratory eye movement dysfunction and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2012, 66, 187–194, doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02314.x.
80. Takahashi, S.; Tanabe, E.; Yara, K.; Matsuura, M.; Matsushima, E.; Kojima, T. Impairment of exploratory eye movement in schizophrenia patients and their siblings. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2008, 62, 487–493, doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01840.x.
81. Fukushima, J.; Fukushima, K.; Chiba, T.; Tanaka, S.; Yamashita, I.; Kato, M. Disturbances of voluntary control of saccadic eye movements in schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry 1988, 23, 670–677, doi:10.1016/0006-3223(88)90050-9.
82. Radant, A. D.; Dobie, D. J.; Calkins, M. E.; Olincy, A.; Braff, D. L.; Cadenhead, K. S.; Freedman, R.; Green, M. F.; Greenwood, T. A.; Gur, R. E.; Gur, R. C.; Light, G. A.; Meichle, S. P.; Millard, S. P.; Mintz, J.; Nuechterlein, K. H.; Schork, N. J.; Seidman, L. J.; Siever, L. J.; Silverman, J. M.; Stone, W. S.; Swerdlow, N. R.; Tsuang, M. T.; Turetsky, B. I.; Tsuang, D. W. Antisaccade performance in schizophrenia patients, their first-degree biological relatives, and community comparison subjects: Data from the COGS study. Psychophysiology 2010, 19, 389–399, doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01004.x.
83. Greenwood, T. A.; Braff, D. L.; Light, G. A.; Cadenhead, K. S.; Calkins, M. E.; Dobie, D. J.; Freedman, R.; Green, M. F.; Gur, R. E.; Gur, R. C.; Mintz, J.; Nuechterlein, K. H.; Olincy, A.; Radant, A. D.; Seidman, L. J.; Siever, L. J.; Silverman, J. M.; Stone, W. S.; Swerdlow, N. R.; Tsuang, D. W.; Tsuang, M. T.; Turetsky, B. I.; Schork, N. J. Initial heritability analyses of endophenotypic measures for schizophrenia: the consortium on the genetics of schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 2007, 64, 1242–1250, doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.11.1242.
84. Greenwood, T. A.; Lazzeroni, L. C.; Murray, S. S.; Cadenhead, K. S.; Calkins, M. E.; Dobie, D. J.; Green, M. F.; Gur, R. E.; Gur, R. C.; Hardiman, G.; Kelsoe, J. R.; Leonard, S.; Light, G. A.; Nuechterlein, K. H.; Olincy, A.; Radant, A. D.; Schork, N. J.; Seidman, L. J.; Siever, L. J.; Silverman, J. M.; Stone, W. S.; Swerdlow, N. R.; Tsuang, D. W.; Tsuang, M. T.; Turetsky, B. I.; Freedman, R.; Braff, D. L. Analysis of 94 Candidate Genes and 12 Endophenotypes for Schizophrenia From the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 2011, 168, 930–946, doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10050723.
85. Benson, P. J.; Beedie, S. A.; Shephard, E.; Giegling, I.; Rujescu, D.; St. Clair, D. Simple viewing tests can detect eye movement abnormalities that distinguish schizophrenia cases from controls with exceptional accuracy. Biol. Psychiatry 2012, 72, 716–724, doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.04.019.
86. Kojima, T.; Matsushima, E.; Ohta, K.; Toru, M.; Han, Y. H.; Shen, Y. C.; Moussaoui, D.; David, I.; Sato, K.; Yamashita, I.; Kathmann, N.; Hippius, H.; Thavundayil, J. X.; Lal, S.; Vasavan Nair, N. P.; Potkin, S. G.; Prilipko, L. Stability of exploratory eye movements as a marker of schizophrenia--a WHO multi-center study. World Health Organization. Schizophr. Res. 2001, 52, 203– 213, doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(00)00181-X.
87. Suzuki, M.; Takahashi, S.; Matsushima, E.; Tsunoda, M.; Kurachi, M.; Okada, T.; Hayashi, T.; Ishii, Y.; Morita, K.; Maeda, H.; Katayama, S.; Kawahara, R.; Otsuka, T.; Hirayasu, Y.; Sekine, M.; Okubo, Y.; Motoshita, M.; Ohta, K.; Uchiyama, M.; Kojima, T. Exploratory eye movement dysfunction as a discriminator for schizophrenia: A large sample study using a newly developed digital computerized system. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2009, 259, 186–194, doi:10.1007/s00406-008-0850-7.
88. Arolt, V.; Teichert, H. M.; Steege, D.; Lencer, R.; Heide, W. Distinguishing schizophrenic patients from healthy controls by quantitative measurement of eye movement parameters. Biol Psychiatry 1998, 44, 448–58 ST–Distinguishing schizophrenic patients, doi:S0006-3223(97)00479-4 [pii] ET - 1998/10/20.
89. Miura, K.; Hashimoto, R.; Fujimoto, M.; Yamamori, H.; Yasuda, Y.; Ohi, K.; Umeda-Yano, S.; Fukunaga, M.; Iwase, M.; Takeda, M. An integrated eye movement score as a neurophysiological marker of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2014, 160, 228–229, doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.023.
90. Morita, K.; Miura, K.; Fujimoto, M.; Yamamori, H.; Yasuda, Y.; Iwase, M.; Kasai, K.; Hashimoto, R. Eye movement as a biomarker of schizophrenia: Using an integrated eye movement score. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2017, 71, 104–114, doi:10.1111/pcn.12460.
91. Carvalho, N.; Laurent, E.; Noiret, N.; Chopard, G.; Haffen, E.; Bennabi, D.; Vandel, P. Eye movement in unipolar and bipolar depression: A systematic review of the literature. Front. Psychol. 2015, 6, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01809.
92. Bestelmeyer, P. E. G.; Tatler, B. W.; Phillips, L. H.; Fraser, G.; Benson, P. J.; St.Clair, D. Global visual scanning abnormalities in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr. Res. 2006, 87, 212–222, doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.015.
93. Lencer, R.; Mills, L. J.; Alliey-Rodriguez, N.; Shafee, R.; Lee, A. M.; Reilly, J. L.; Sprenger, A.; McDowell, J. E.; McCarroll, S. A.; Keshavan, M. S.; Pearlson, G. D.; Tamminga, C. A.; Clementz, B. A.; Gershon, E. S.; Sweeney, J. A.; Bishop, J. R. Genome-wide association studies of smooth pursuit and antisaccade eye movements in psychotic disorders: findings from the B-SNIP study. Transl. Psychiatry 2017, 7, e1249, doi:10.1038/tp.2017.210.
94. Kawagoe, R.; Takikawa, Y.; Hikosaka, O. Reward-predicting activity of dopamine and caudate neurons--a possible mechanism of motivational control of saccadic eye movement. J. Neurophysiol. 2004, 91, 1013–1024, doi:10.1152/jn.00721.2003.
95. Sawaguchi, T.; Goldman-Rakic, P. S. The role of D1-dopamine receptor in working memory: local injections of dopamine antagonists into the prefrontal cortex of rhesus monkeys performing an oculomotor delayed-response task. J. Neurophysiol. 1994, 71, 515–528, doi:10.1152/jn.1994.71.2.515.
96. Kobayashi, Y.; Saito, Y.; Isa, T. Facilitation of saccade initiation by brainstem cholinergic system. Brain Dev. 2001, 23, 24–27, doi:10.1016/S0387-7604(01)00330-8.
97. Reilly, J. L.; Lencer, R.; Bishop, J. R.; Keedy, S.; Sweeney, J. A. Pharmacological treatment effects on eye movement control. Brain Cogn. 2008, 68, 415–435, doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.026.
98. Hori, Y.; Fukuzako, H.; Sugimoto, Y.; Takigawa, M. Eye movements during the Rorschach test in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2002, 56, 409–418, doi:10.1046/j.1440-1819.2002.01030.x.
99. Zanelli, J.; Simon, H.; Rabe-Hesketh, S.; Walshe, M.; McDonald, C.; Murray, R. M.; MacCabe, J. H. Eye tracking in schizophrenia: Does the antisaccade task measure anything that the smooth pursuit task does not? Psychiatry Res. 2005, 136, 181–188, doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2004.12.008.
100. Elahipanah, A.; Christensen, B. K.; Reingold, E. M. What can eye movements tell us about Symbol Digit substitution by patients with schizophrenia? Schizophr. Res. 2011, 127, 137–143, doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.018.
101. Kurachi, M.; Matsui, M. M.; Kiba, K.; Suzuki, M.; Tsunoda, M.; Yamaguchi, N. Limited visual search on the WAIS picture completion test in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 1994, 12, 75–80, doi:10.1016/0920-9964(94)90086-8.
102. Landgraf, S.; Amado, I.; Purkhart, R.; Ries, J.; Olié, J. P.; van der Meer, E. Visuo-spatial cognition in schizophrenia: Confirmation of a preference for local information processing. Schizophr. Res. 2011, 127, 163–170, doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.11.027.
103. Matsumoto, Y.; Takahashi, H.; Murai, T.; Takahashi, H. Visual processing and social cognition in schizophrenia: Relationships among eye movements, biological motion perception, and empathy. Neurosci. Res. 2015, 90, 95–100, doi:10.1016/j.neures.2014.10.011.
104. Ohi, K.; Hashimoto, R.; Ikeda, M.; Yamamori, H.; Yasuda, Y.; Fujimoto, M.; Umeda-Yano, S.; Fukunaga, M.; Fujino, H.; Watanabe, Y.; Iwase, M.; Kazui, H.; Iwata, N.; Weinberger, D. R.; Takeda, M. Glutamate Networks Implicate Cognitive Impairments in Schizophrenia: Genome-Wide Association Studies of 52 Cognitive Phenotypes. Schizophr. Bull. 2015, 41, 909–918, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbu171.
105. Sumiyoshi, C.; Fujino, H.; Sumiyoshi, T.; Yasuda, Y.; Yamamori, H.; Ohi, K.; Fujimoto, M.; Takeda, M.; Hashimoto, R. Usefulness of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale short form for assessing functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2016, 245, 371–378, doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.018.
106. Koshiyama, D.; Fukunaga, M.; Okada, N.; Yamashita, F.; Yamamori, H.; Yasuda, Y.; Fujimoto, M.; Ohi, K.; Fujino, H.; Watanabe, Y.; Kasai, K.; Hashimoto, R. Subcortical association with memory performance in schizophrenia: a structural magnetic resonance imaging study. Transl. Psychiatry 2018, 8, 20, doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0069-3.
107. 松岡 恵子, 金 吉晴, 廣 尚典香月 菜々子 日本版 National Adult Reading Test(JART)の作成. 精神医学 2002, 44, 503–511.
108. Matsuoka, K.; Uno, M.; Kasai, K.; Koyama, K.; Kim, Y. Estimation of premorbid IQ in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease using Japanese ideographic script (Kanji) compound words: Japanese version of National Adult Reading Test. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2006, 60, 332–339, doi:10.1111/j.1440- 1819.2006.01510.x.
109. Inada, T.; Inagaki, A. Psychotropic dose equivalence in Japan. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2015, 69, 440–447, doi:10.1111/pcn.12275.
110. Kay, S. R.; Fiszbein, A.; Opler, L. A. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987, 13, 261–276, doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261.
111. Brainard, D. H. The Psychophysics Toolbox. Spat. Vis. 1997, 10, 433–436, doi:10.1163/156856897X00357.
112. Sumiyoshi, C.; Sumiyoshi, T. Functional Outcome in Patients With Schizophrenia: The Concept and Measurement. Act. Nerv. Super. (Praha). 2015, 57, 1–11, doi:10.1007/BF03379619.
113. Sumiyoshi, C.; Harvey, P. D.; Takaki, M.; Okahisa, Y.; Sato, T.; Sora, I.; Nuechterlein, K. H.; Subotnik, K. L.; Sumiyoshi, T. Factors predicting work outcome in Japanese patients with schizophrenia: role of multiple functioning levels. Schizophr. Res. Cogn. 2015, 2, 105–112, doi:10.1016/j.scog.2015.07.003.
114. Sumiyoshi, C.; Fujino, H.; Yamamori, H.; Kudo, N.; Azechi, H.; Fujimoto, M.; Yasuda, Y.; Ohi, K.; Sumiyoshi, T.; Hashimoto, R. Predicting work outcome in patients with schizophrenia: Influence of IQ decline. Schizophr. Res. 2018, 201, 172–179, doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.05.042.
115. Hayes, A. F. Introduction to meditaion, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach Second Edition; 2017; ISBN 9781462534654.
116. Preacher, K. J.; Hayes, A. F. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav. Res. Methods 2008, 40, 879–891, doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
117. Knowles, E. E. M.; Weiser, M.; David, A. S.; Glahn, D. C.; Davidson, M.; Reichenberg, A. The Puzzle of Processing Speed, Memory, and Executive Function Impairments in Schizophrenia: Fitting the Pieces Together. Biol. Psychiatry 2015, 78, 786–793, doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.018.
118. Raven, J. C.; Raven, J. C.; Court, J. Manual for Raven’s progressive matrices and vocabulary scales; 1998; ISBN 9781856390460.
119. Kojima, T.; Matsushima, E.; Ando, K.; Ando, H.; Sakurada, M.; Ohta, K.; Moriya, H.; Shimazono, Y. Exploratory eye movements and neuropsychological tests in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr. Bull. 1992, 18, 85– 94, doi:10.1093/schbul/18.1.85.
120. Panton, K. R.; Badcock, D. R.; Badcock, J. C. A Metaanalysis of Perceptual Organization in Schizophrenia, Schizotypy, and Other High-Risk Groups Based on Variants of the Embedded Figures Task. Front. Psychol. 2016, 7, 1–11, doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00237.
121. Schenkel, L. S.; Spaulding, W. D.; Silverstein, S. M. Poor premorbid social functioning and theory of mind deficit in schizophrenia: Evidence of reduced context processing? J. Psychiatr. Res. 2005, 39, 499–508, doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.01.001.
122. Uhlhaas, P. J.; Phillips, W. A.; Schenkel, L. S.; Silverstein, S. M. Theory of mind and perceptual context-processing in schizophrenia. Cogn. Neuropsychiatry 2006, 11, 416–436, doi:10.1080/13546800444000272.
123. Loughland, C. M.; Williams, L. M.; Gordon, E. Visual scanpaths to positive and negative facial emotions in an outpatient schizophrenia sample. Schizophr. Res. 2002, 55, 159–170, doi:10.1016/S0920-9964(01)00186-4.
124. Loughland, C. M.; Williams, L. M.; Gordon, E. Schizophrenia and affective disorder show different visual scanning behavior for faces: A trait versus state-based distinction? Biol. Psychiatry 2002, 52, 338–348, doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01356-2.
125. Roux, P.; Brunet-Gouet, E.; Passerieux, C.; Ramus, F. Eye-tracking reveals a slowdown of social context processing during intention attribution in patients with schizophrenia. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 2016, 41, E13–E21, doi:10.1503/jpn.150045.
126. Gold, J. M.; Fuller, R. L.; Robinson, B. M.; Braun, E. L.; Luck, S. J. Impaired top-down control of visual search in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 2007, 94, 148–155, doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.04.023.
127. Carr, V. J.; Dewis, S. a; Lewin, T. J. Preattentive visual search and perceptual grouping in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1998, 79, 151–62, doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(98)00035-3.
128. Van Assche, M.; Giersch, A. Visual organization processes in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 2011, 37, 394–404, doi:10.1093/schbul/sbp084.
129. Velichkovsky, B. M.; Rothert, A.; Kopf, M.; Dornhöfer, S. M.; Joos, M. Towards an express-diagnostics for level of processing and hazard perception. Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 2002, 5, 145–156, doi:10.1016/S1369-8478(02)00013-X.
130. Unema, P. J. A.; Pannasch, S.; Joos, M.; Velichkovsky, B. M. Time course of information processing during scene perception: The relationship between saccade amplitude and fixation duration. Vis. cogn. 2005, 12, 473–494, doi:10.1080/13506280444000409.
131. Landgraf, S.; Amado, I.; Brucks, M.; Krueger, F.; Krebs, M. O.; Van Der Meer, E. Inflexible information acquisition strategies mediate visuo-spatial reasoning in stabilized schizophrenia patients. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2011, 12, 608–619, doi:10.3109/15622975.2010.544329.
132. Ólafsdóttir, I. M.; Gestsdóttir, S.; Kristjánsson, Á. Visual foraging and executive functions: A developmental perspective. Acta Psychol. (Amst). 2019, 193, 203–213, doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.01.005.
133. Paeye, C.; Schütz, A. C.; Gegenfurtner, K. R. Visual reinforcement shapes eye movements in visual search. J. Vis. 2016, 16, 15, doi:10.1167/16.10.15.
134. Miconi, T.; Groomes, L.; Kreiman, G. There’s waldo a normalization model of visual search predicts single-trial human fixations in an object search task. Cereb. Cortex 2016, 26, 3064–3082, doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv129.
135. Tulsky, D.; Saklofske, D.; Zhu, J. Revising a standard: An evaluation of the origin and development of the WAIS-III. Clin. Interpret. WAIS-III WMS- III 2003, 43–92.
136. Kaufman, A. S.; Lichtenberger, E. O. Essentials of WAIS-III Assessment; John Wiley & Sons Inc: New York, 1999;
137. Beedie, S. A.; Benson, P. J.; Giegling, I.; Rujescu, D.; St. Clair, D. M. Smooth pursuit and visual scanpaths: Independence of two candidate oculomotor risk markers for schizophrenia. World J. Biol. Psychiatry 2012, 13, 200–210, doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.566628.
138. Obayashi, S.; Matsushima, E.; Okubo, Y.; Ohkura, T.; Kojima, T.; Kakuma, T. Relationship between exploratory eye movements and clinical course in schizophrenic patients. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2001, 251, 211– 216, doi:10.1007/s004060170029.