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A Study of Neutrons Associated with Neutrino and Antineutrino Interactions on the Water Target at the T2K Far Detector

阿久津, 良介東京大学 DOI:10.15083/0002004665

2022.06.22

概要

Introduction
Neutrinos are accommodated by the Standard Model of particle physics. Although there have been remarkable efforts, their nature has not been fully understood yet since they interact extremely weakly with other particles. Understanding of one of the unknown nature, charge-parity violating phase in the lepton sector, would provide information that may explain the imbalance of matter and antimatter in the universe. Since neutrinos are the second most dominant particles, they may deliver unique information about the evolution of the universe. To address such information, further improvements to analysis methods are needed.
　In future experiments employing water Cherenkov detectors, it can be quite valuable to utilize neutrons associated with neutrino interactions in water. Utilization of such neutrons are expected to improve their physics analysis methods. These neutrons are produced via the three processes: primary ν-nucleon interaction in the target nucleus, hadronic final-state interaction inside the nu- cleus, and hadronic secondary interaction in detector medium. Figure 1 shows a schematic drawing of the neutron production by these processes. Although a precise prediction of the neutron pro- duction by a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is essential for these analyses, current MC simulations, however, produce different predictions due to all the three processes. In addition, no extensive study has been made for water. Therefore, it is quite worth studying those neutrons and evaluating the validity of the simulations by using well understood neutrino source. This thesis presents the first measurement of those neutrons for accelerator neutrinos and antineutrinos at the T2K far detector.

The T2K experiment
The Tokai-to-Kamioka (T2K) experiment is a long-baseline ν oscillation experiment in Japan. It uses a primarily νµ (ν¯µ) beam produced at J-PARC, with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV. The beam neu- trinos are detected by the Super-Kamiokande (SK) far detector, which is a 50 kton water Cherenkov detector located 295 km away from the beam source in order to study neutrino oscillations. Since the far detector is capable of tagging neutrons, the observed beam-neutrino events can also be used to study neutron production associated with neutrino interactions in water.
　T2K has completed the Run 1-9 data taking periods since the beginning of the data taking. In this thesis, all the Run 1-9 data corrected at the far detector, i.e. 14.938×1020 Protons On Target (POT) for the forward horn current (FHC) mode/ 16.346×1020 POT for the reverse horn current (RHC) mode are analyzed.

Development of neutron tagging algorithm
In the far detector, neutrons associated with neutrino interactions are quickly thermalized after they are produced, and are eventually captured by hydrogen nucleus with a typical timescale of 200 µs via the reaction:

n + H → d + γ (2.2MeV). (0.0.1)

Since the capture produces a single 2.2 MeV γ ray, neutrons can be tagged by detecting the γ rays.
　In this thesis, a neutron tagging algorithm is developed and is designed so that particular simulation dependence of neutron tagging efficiency is minimized as much as possible. The algorithm consists of two selection stages: the primary neutron candidate selection and the neural network classification. In the primary selection, neutron candidates are selected based on cluster of signals from photomultiplier tubes (PMT) in time. After the selection, there are numerous background events which are caused by accidental coincidences of random noise of PMTs. In order to remove efficiently these background events from the selected candidates, an artificial neural network with a set of 14 feature variables is used. The resultant neutron tagging efficiency and background event rate after the two selection stages are ∼20% and 0.018, respectively.

Analysis sample
In this thesis, neutrons associated with neutrino interactions on water target are studied. It is therefore important to use ν event sample which is well known, studied, and established in terms of neutrino interaction cross sections and neutrino fluxes. For this purpose, the FHC and RHC 1R νµ samples used for the T2K oscillation analyses are used with a different definition of fiducial volume. The samples mainly consist of Charged Current (CC) Quasi-Elastic interaction and contain a high purity of νµ and ν¯µ events for FHC mode and RHC mode, respectively.
　Since neutrons produced near the inner wall of the far detector can escape from it before they are captured, a smaller fiducial volume compared to the one used in the T2K ν oscillation analyses is adopted.

The first application of neutron tagging to the T2K data
The neutron tagging algorithm is applied to the FHC and RHC 1Rνµ samples. This is the first time to apply the neutron tagging technique to the T2K data. For each ν event in the 1Rνµ samples, the algorithm is applied on an even-by-event basis.
　Table 1 summarizes the number of observed neutrino events and number of tagged neutrons with the corresponding MC expectations. The observed neutrino events agree well with the expectations. On the one hand, for the tagged neutrons, the observation shows less tagged neutrons than that of expectations.
　Table 1: Summary of the number of neutrino events and tagged neutrons for the Runs 1-9 POT with the following oscillation parameter values: ∆m221 =7.53 ×10−5 eV2, ∆m232 =2.452 ×10−3 eV2,
sin2 θ23=0.532, sin2 θ13=0.0212, δCP =-1.885, Mass Hierarchy = normal. All the expectations are normalized by the Run 1-9 POT.

Measurement of mean neutron multiplicity
Mean neutron multiplicity
Using the Run 1-9 FHC and RHC 1Rνµ samples and the neutron tagging algorithm, mean neutron multiplicity is measured. Neutron multiplicity is expected to become large as the four momentum transfer squared Q2 to the hadronic system at the primary ν-nucleus interaction increases. Since the direction of the beam neutrino is known, reconstructed muon transverse momentum Pt, which is a good indicator of Q2, can be calculated. This analysis therefore measures the mean neutron multiplicity as a function of Pt given as:

M¯ i = 1/εi × ( Ntag,i − b × N1µ,i) /N1µ,i ,

where i represents i-th Pt bin, Ntag,i = ∑N1µ,i j=1 mij , N1µ,iis number of observed 1Rνµ events, mij is number of tagged neutrons of j-th 1Rνµ event, b is accidental background event rate of the neutron tagging, and εi is neutron tagging efficiency.
　It should be noted that this mean neutron multiplicity includes all the contributions from hadronic FSI and hadronic SI as well as primary neutrino-nucleus interaction.

Estimation of systematic uncertainties
Since the accidental background event rate is derived from T2K dummy spill data, only systematic uncertainties on the neutron tagging efficiency is considered. The considered systematic uncertain-ties are divided into 12 categories. Impacts of most systematic uncertainties are estimated to be very small. Systematic sources which affect neutron simulation, notably due to nucleon secondary interactions, and detector response for 2.2 MeV γ ray are estimated to be large. Total systematic uncertainty on neutron tagging efficiency is ∼8 %. Total systematic uncertainty on the averaged neutron tagging efficiency is estimated to be ∼8%.

Result
Figure 2 shows the measurement results in comparison to the expectations for three neutrino-nucleus MC event generators: GENIE, NEUT, and NuWro. As shown in the figure, the measured averaged mean multiplicity shows a tendency that the RHC sample has higher mean multiplicity than that of the FHC sample. Since in general CC ν¯µ interactions produce more neutrons compared to CC νµ interactions, the observed tendency is consistent with the expectation.

The measured mean neutron multiplicity averaged over Pt is:

　Runs 1 − 9 FHC 1Rνµ sample : 1.00 ± 0.17 (stat.) +0.07 -0.08 (syst.) neutrons/ν event
　Runs 5 − 9 RHC 1Rνµ sample : 1.40 ± 0.26 (stat.) +0.10 -0.11 (syst.) neutrons/ν event,

whereas the corresponding expectations of the NEUT-based MC are:

FHC 1Rνµ sample : 1.50 ± 0.02 (stat.) neutrons/ν event
RHC 1Rνµ sample : 2.14 ± 0.02 (stat.) neutrons/ν event.

The deviation from the expectation is 2.75 σ (2.69 σ) for the FHC (RHC) sample based on the total error of the measured value. This is the first measurement of neutrons associated with neutrino interaction in water for accelerator neutrinos and antineutrinos.

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A Study of Neutrons Associated with Neutrino and Antineutrino Interactions on the Water Target at the T2K Far Detector

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Sterile neutrino oscillation studies with the T2K far detector Super-Kamiokande

Spectroscopy of deeply bound pionic states via 124Sn(p, 2He) reaction

Measurements of neutrino charged-current interactions on water and hydrocarbon targets using a sub-GeV anti-neutrino beam

Search for Proton Decay via p → e+π0 and p → μ+π0 with an Enlarged Fiducial Mass of the Super-Kamiokande Detector

Precise Neutron Lifetime Measurement Using Pulsed Neutron Beams

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A Study of Neutrons Associated with Neutrino and Antineutrino Interactions on the Water Target at the T2K Far Detector

概要

関連論文

Sterile neutrino oscillation studies with the T2K far detector Super-Kamiokande

Spectroscopy of deeply bound pionic states via 124Sn(p, 2He) reaction

Measurements of neutrino charged-current interactions on water and hydrocarbon targets using a sub-GeV anti-neutrino beam

Search for Proton Decay via p → e+π0 and p → μ+π0 with an Enlarged Fiducial Mass of the Super-Kamiokande Detector

Precise Neutron Lifetime Measurement Using Pulsed Neutron Beams

参考文献