1. Schachinger V, Britten MB, Zeiher AM. Prognostic impact of coronary vasodilator dysfunction on adverse long-term outcome of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2000; 101: 1899–1906. https://doi. org/10.1161/01.cir.101.16.1899 PMID: 10779454
2. Corretti MC, Anderson TJ, Benjamin EJ, Celermajer D, Charbonneau F, Creager MA, et al. Guidelines for the ultrasound assessment of endothelial-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of the brachial artery: a report of the International Brachial Artery Reactivity Task Force. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39: 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(01)01746-6 PMID: 11788217
3. Yeboah J, Folsom AR, Burke GL, Johnson C, Polak JF, Post W, et al. Predictive value of brachial flow- mediated dilation for incident cardiovascular events in a population-based study: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2009; 120: 502–509. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109. 864801 PMID: 19635967
4. Ter Avest E, Stalenhoef AF, de Graaf J. What is the role of non-invasive measurements of atherosclero- sis in individual cardiovascular risk prediction? Clin Sci. 2007; 112:507–516. PMID: 17419684
5. Deanfield JE, Halcox JP, Rabelink TJ. Endothelial function and dysfunction: testing and clinical rele- vance. Circulation. 2007; 115:1285–1295. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.652859 PMID: 17353456
6. Maruhashi T, Soga J, Fujimura N, Idei N, Mikami S, Iwamoto Y, et al. Relationship between flow-medi- ated vasodilation and cardiovascular risk factors in a large community-based study. Heart. 2013; 99:1837–1842. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304739 PMID: 24153417
7. Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, Keyes MJ, Mitchell GF, Vasan RS, Keaney JF, et al. Clinical correlates and heritability of flow-mediated dilation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2004; 109:613–619. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000112565.60887.1E PMID: 14769683
8. Rittig K, Hieronimus A, Thamer C, Machann J, Peter A, Stock J, et al. Reducing visceral adipose tissue mass is essential for improving endothelial function in type 2 diabetes prone individuals. Atherosclero- sis. 2010; 212:575–579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.06.042 PMID: 20667538
9. Kadowaki T, Haneda M, Inagaki N, Terauchi Y, Taniguchi A, Koiwai K, et al. Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin monotherapy for 52 weeks in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, dou- ble-blind, parallel-group study. Advances in therapy. 2015; 32: 306–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12325-015-0198-0 PMID: 25845768
10. Roden M, Merker L, Christiansen AV, Roux F, Salsali A, Kim G, et al. Safety, tolerability and effects on cardiometabolic risk factors of empagliflozin monotherapy in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind extension of a Phase III randomized controlled trial. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2015; 14: 154. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-015-0314-0 PMID: 26701110
11. Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 2117–2128. https://doi.org/10. 1056/NEJMoa1504720 PMID: 26378978
12. Zelniker TA, Wiviott SD, Raz I, Im K, Goodrich EL, Bonaca MP, et al. SGLT2 inhibitors for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcome trials. Lancet. 2019; 393: 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(18)32590-X PMID: 30424892
13. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabe- tes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet. 1998; 352: 837–853.
14. Rao AD, Kuhadiya N, Reynolds K, Fonseca VA. Is the combination of sulfonylureas and metformin associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease or all-cause mortality?: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Diabetes Care. 2008; 31: 1672–1678. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-0167 PMID:18458139
15. Haring HU, Merker L, Seewaldt-Becker E, Weimer M, Meinicke T, Woerle HJ, et al. Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin plus sulfonylurea in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36: 3396–3404. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-2673 PMID: 23963895
16. Haring HU, Merker L, Seewaldt-Becker E, Weimer M, Meinicke T, Broedl UC, et al. Empagliflozin as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37: 1650–1659. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-2105 PMID: 24722494
17. Urakaze M, Yamazaki K, Usui I, Iwata M, Uno T, Murakami S, et al. Glimepiride (0.5 mg/day) Adminis- tration Improves Glycemic Control without Weight Gain in Japanese Type 2 Diabetic Patients. J. Japan DiabSoc. 2007; 50: 835–841.
18. Malavolti M, Mussi C, Poli M, Fantuzzi AL, Salvioli G, Battistini N, et al. Cross-calibration of eight-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of total and appendicular body composition in healthy subjects aged 21–82 years. Ann hum biol. 2003; 30: 380–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/0301446031000095211 PMID: 12881138
19. Papathanassiou K, Naka KK, Kazakos N, Kanioglou C, Makriyiannis D, Pappas K, et al. Pioglita- zone vs glimepiride: Differential effects on vascular endothelial function in patients with type 2 dia- betes. Atherosclerosis. 2009; 205: 221–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.11.027 PMID: 19135671
20. Charakida M, de Groot E, Loukogeorgakis SP, Khan T, Lu¨ scher T, Kastelein JJ, et al. Variability and reproducibility of flow-mediated dilatation in a multicentre clinical trial. Eur Heart J. 2013; 34: 3501– 3507. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/eht223 PMID: 23821401
21. Miyazaki S, Hiasa Y, Takahashi T, Tobetto Y, Chen H, Mahara K, et al. Waist circumference reduction is more strongly correlated with the improvement in endothelial function after acute coronary syndrome than body mass index reduction. J Cardiol. 2010; 55: 266–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2009.11. 006 PMID: 20206081
22. Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, von Eynatten M, Mattheus M, et al. Empagliflozin and Progression of Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375: 323–334. https://doi.org/ 10.1056/NEJMoa1515920 PMID: 27299675
23. Vallon V, Gerasimova M, Rose MA, Masuda T, Satriano J, Mayoux E, et al. SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflo- zin reduces renal growth and albuminuria in proportion to hyperglycemia and prevents glomerular hyperfiltration in diabetic Akita mice. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2014; 306: F194–204. https://doi.org/ 10.1152/ajprenal.00520.2013 PMID: 24226524
24. Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, et al. Canagliflozin and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380: 2295–2306. https:// doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1811744 PMID: 30990260
25. Holtkamp FA, de Zeeuw D, Thomas MC, Cooper ME, de Graeff PA, Hillege HJ, et al. An acute fall in estimated glomerular filtration rate during treatment with losartan predicts a slower decrease in long- term renal function. Kidney Int. 2011; 80: 282–287. https://doi.org/10.1038/ki.2011.79 PMID: 21451458
26. Levey AS, Coresh J. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2012; 379: 165–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60178-5 PMID: 21840587
27. Ferrannini E, DeFronzo RA. Impact of glucose-lowering drugs on cardiovascular disease in type 2 dia- betes. Eur Heart J. 2015; 36: 2288–2296. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv239 PMID: 26063450
28. Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, et al. Role of Glucose and Lipids in the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease of Patients with Diabetes. Endotext. 2000–2020. PMID: 25905182
29. Inagaki N, Goda M, Yokota S, Maruyama N, Iijima H. Effects of Baseline Blood Pressure and Low-Den- sity Lipoprotein Cholesterol on Safety and Efficacy of Canagliflozin in Japanese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Advances in therapy. 2015; 32: 1085–1103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-015-0255-8 PMID: 26530268
30. Fitchett D, Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Hantel S, Salsali A, et al. Heart failure outcomes with empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk: results of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Eur Heart J. 2016; 37: 1526–1534. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv728 PMID: 26819227
31. Hallow KM, Helmlinger G, Greasley PJ, McMurray JJV, Boulton DW. Why do SGLT2 inhibitors reduce heart failure hospitalization? A differential volume regulation hypothesis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018; 20: 479–487. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.13126 PMID: 29024278
32. Shigiyama F, Kumashiro N, Miyagi M, Iga R, Kobayashi Y, Kanda E, et al. Linagliptin improves endothe- lial function in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized study of linagliptin effectiveness on endothe- lial function. J Diabetes Investig. 2017; 8: 330–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.12587 PMID: 27868359
33. Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, Mosenzon O, Kato ET, Cahn A, et al. Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019; 380: 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1812389 PMID: 30415602
34. Tsuchiya K, Akaza I, Yoshimoto T, Hirata Y. Pioglitazone improves endothelial function with increased adiponectin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in type 2 diabetes. Endocr J. 2009; 56: 691– 698. https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.k08e-308 PMID: 19506330
35. Lambadiari V, Pavlidis G, Kousathana F, Varoudi M, Vlastos D, Maratou E, et al. Effects of 6-month treatment with the glucagon like peptide-1 analogue liraglutide on arterial stiffness, left ventricular myo- cardial deformation and oxidative stress in subjects with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018; 17: 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-017-0646-z PMID: 29310645
36. Nakamura K, Oe H, Kihara H, Shimada K, Fukuda S, Watanabe K, et al. DPP-4 inhibitor and alpha-glu- cosidase inhibitor equally improve endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes: EDGE study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014; 13: 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-014-0110-2 PMID: 25074318
37. Nomoto H, Miyoshi H, Furumoto T, Oba K, Tsutsui H, Inoue A, et al. A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Effects of Sitagliptin and Glimepiride on Endothelial Function and Metabolic Parameters: Sapporo Athero-Incretin Study 1 (SAIS1). PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0164255. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0164255 PMID: 27711199
38. Ayaori M, Iwakami N, Uto-Kondo H, Sato H, Sasaki M, Komatsu T, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibi- tors attenuate endothelial function as evaluated by flow-mediated vasodilatation in type 2 diabetic patients. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013; 2: e003277. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.112.003277 PMID: 23525426
39. Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, Buse JB, Engel SS, Garg J, et al. Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardio- vascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015; 373: 232–242. https://doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMoa1501352 PMID: 26052984
40. Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, Steg PG, Davidson J, Hirshberg B, et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovas- cular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2013; 369: 1317–1326. https:// doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1307684 PMID: 23992601
41. Ceriello A, Esposito K, Testa R, Bonfigli AR, Marra M, Giugliano D. The possible protective role of gluca- gon-like peptide 1 on endothelium during the meal and evidence for an "endothelial resistance" to gluca- gon-like peptide 1 in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34: 697–702. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1949 PMID: 21273492
42. Nomoto H, Miyoshi H, Furumoto T, Oba K, Tsutsui H, Miyoshi A, et al. A Comparison of the Effects of the GLP-1 Analogue Liraglutide and Insulin Glargine on Endothelial Function and Metabolic Parame- ters: A Randomized, Controlled Trial Sapporo Athero-Incretin Study 2 (SAIS2). PLoS One. 2015; 10: e0135854. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135854 PMID: 26284918
43. Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Kristensen P, Mann JF, Nauck MA, et al. Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016; 375: 311–322. https://doi.org/10. 1056/NEJMoa1603827 PMID: 27295427
44. Batzias K, Antonopoulos AS, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Bletsa E, Stampouloglou PK, et al. Effects of Newer Antidiabetic Drugs on Endothelial Function and Arterial Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Diabetes Res. 2018; 2018: 1232583. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1232583 PMID: 30622967