[1] M. Tsurumi, T. Enoto, Y. Ikkatai, T. Wu, D. Wang, T. Shinoda et al., Citizen science
observation of a gamma-ray glow associated with the initiation of a lightning flash,
Geophysical Research Letters 50 (2023) e2023GL103612
[https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2023GL103612].
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Gamma-Ray Flashes and Related Phenomena, 173 (2012) 133.
PoS(ICRC2023)1607
Figure 1: Schematic view of the assumed mechanism of gamma-ray glows in a life cycle of thunderstorms.
Teruaki Enoto
Citizen science "Thundercloud Project"
10km
precipitation
降水量(mm/h)
(mm/h)
2021/12/19 14:24
…ID14
…ID56
2021/12/19 14:27
103
214Bi
100
40K
214Bi
102
Counts/MeV/sec
Counts/MeV/sec
1.12MeV 1.46MeV
1.76MeV
208Ti
214Bi
2.61MeV
0.609MeV
10
214Bi
2.20MeV
0.1
Rainfall time
0.1 降⾬時
晴天時
Fair weather
10
Energy (MeV)
0.1
Energy (MeV)
10
Figure 5: (Left) The energy spectrum of the environmental radiation background recorded by Cogamo ID 16
on 16 January 2021. Blue and red data indicate precipitation at around 10:20 JST and fair weather at around
5:20, respectively (modified from [26]). (Right) The energy spectrum of a gamma-ray glow detected on 19
December 2021 by Common ID 14. Background spectrum was subtracted [26].
[3] T. Torii, M. Takeishi and T. Hosono, Observation of gamma-ray dose increase associated
with winter thunderstorm and lightning activity, Journal of Geophysical Research
(Atmospheres) 107 (2002) 4324.
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High-Energy Gamma Rays from Winter Thunderclouds, 99 (2007) 165002 [0708.2947].
[5] H. Tsuchiya, T. Enoto, S. Yamada, T. Yuasa, K. Nakazawa, T. Kitaguchi et al., Long-duration
𝛾 ray emissions from 2007 and 2008 winter thunderstorms, Journal of Geophysical Research
(Atmospheres) 116 (2011) D09113 [1102.4024].
[6] H. Tsuchiya, T. Enoto, K. Iwata, S. Yamada, T. Yuasa, T. Kitaguchi et al., Hardening and
PoS(ICRC2023)1607
Figure 4: (Left) Example of a gamma-ray glow event detected by the Citizen Science Thunderclouds Project
in Kanazawa, Japan, at 14:20 (JST) on 19 December 2021. Time variation of radiation count rates above 3
MeV for Cogamos ID 14 (orange) and ID 56 (blue), shown in 8-sec binning [26]. XRAIN weather radar image
for this event. The crosses indicate the location of Cogamo ID 14 (red) and ID 56 (yellow), corresponding to
14:24 and 14:27, respectively (modified from [26]).
Teruaki Enoto
Citizen science "Thundercloud Project"
Termination of Long-Duration 𝛾 Rays Detected Prior to Lightning, 111 (2013) 015001
[1306.2388].
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detection of an electron-positron annihilation line from thunderclouds, 93 (2016) 021201.
[8] H. Tsuchiya, T. Enoto, T. Torii, K. Nakazawa, T. Yuasa, S. Torii et al., Observation of an
Energetic Radiation Burst from Mountain-Top Thunderclouds, 102 (2009) 255003
[0906.0781].
[9] Y. Wada, G.S. Bowers, T. Enoto, M. Kamogawa, Y. Nakamura, T. Morimoto et al.,
Termination of Electron Acceleration in Thundercloud by Intracloud/Intercloud Discharge,
45 (2018) 5700 [1805.04721].
[10] Y. Wada, T. Enoto, Y. Nakamura, Y. Furuta, T. Yuasa, K. Nakazawa et al., Gamma-ray glow
preceding downward terrestrial gamma-ray flash, Communications Physics 2 (2019) 67.
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Aspects of Gamma Ray Glows in Winter Thunderstorms, 48 (2021) e91910.
[12] Y. Wada, M. Tsurumi, S. Hayashi and K. Michimoto, Synoptic meteorological conditions of
gamma-ray glows in winter thunderstorms, Progress in Earth and Planetary Science 10
(2023) 6.
[13] G.S. Diniz, I.S. Ferreira, Y. Wada and T. Enoto, Generation Possibility of Gamma Ray Glows
Induced by Photonuclear Reactions, Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres) 126
(2021) e2020JD034101.
[14] G. Diniz, Y. Wada, Y. Ohira, K. Nakazawa and T. Enoto, Atmospheric Electron Spatial Range
Extended by Thundercloud Electric Field Below the Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche
Threshold, Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres) 127 (2022) e2021JD035958.
PoS(ICRC2023)1607
Figure 6: Citizen Science Workshop “creating culture from lightning", an exchange event between citizen
supporters and the Thundercloud Project, held in Kanazawa on 9 July 2022. On the left is a photo of the
lecture, and on the right is an illustration of the discussion recorded by graphic recording.
Teruaki Enoto
Citizen science "Thundercloud Project"
[15] G.S. Diniz, Y. Wada, Y. Ohira, K. Nakazawa, M. Tsurumi and T. Enoto, Ambient Conditions
of Winter Thunderstorms in Japan to Reproduce Observed Gamma-Ray Glow Energy
Spectra, Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres) 128 (2023) e2022JD038246.
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Camera Imaging of a Gamma-Ray Glow From a Thunderstorm, 49 (2022) e2022GL100139.
[17] T. Enoto, Y. Wada, Y. Furuta, K. Nakazawa, T. Yuasa, K. Okuda et al., Photonuclear
reactions triggered by lightning discharge, 551 (2017) 481.
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detection in lightning by gadolinium orthosilicate scintillators, 101 (2020) 102007
[2005.09278].
[20] Y. Wada, T. Enoto, K. Nakazawa, H. Odaka, Y. Furuta and H. Tsuchiya, Photonuclear
Reactions in Lightning: 1. Verification and Modeling of Reaction and Propagation
Processes, Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres) 125 (2020) e2020JD033193.
[21] Y. Wada, T. Enoto, Y. Nakamura, T. Morimoto, M. Sato, T. Ushio et al., High Peak-Current
Lightning Discharges Associated With Downward Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes, Journal
of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres) 125 (2020) e2019JD031730.
[22] Y. Wada, T. Morimoto, Y. Nakamura, T. Wu, T. Enoto, K. Nakazawa et al., Characteristics of
Low-Frequency Pulses Associated With Downward Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes, 49
(2022) e2021GL097348.
[23] T. Yuasa, Y. Wada, T. Enoto, Y. Furuta, H. Tsuchiya, S. Hisadomi et al., Thundercloud
Project: Exploring high-energy phenomena in thundercloud and lightning, Progress of
Theoretical and Experimental Physics 2020 (2020) 103H01 [2007.13618].
[24] S. Hisadomi, K. Nakazawa, Y. Wada, Y. Tsuji, T. Enoto, T. Shinoda et al., Multiple
Gamma-Ray Glows and a Downward TGF Observed From Nearby Thunderclouds, Journal
of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres) 126 (2021) e2021JD034543.
[25] Y. Wada, T. Matsumoto, T. Enoto, K. Nakazawa, T. Yuasa, Y. Furuta et al., Catalog of
gamma-ray glows during four winter seasons in Japan, Physical Review Research 3 (2021)
043117 [2108.01829].
[26] M.Tsurumi, Observation and data analysis of gamma-ray glows from thunderclouds using he
radiation monitor cogamos of the citizen science “thundercloud project" (japanese),
Bachelor Thesis of Aoyama Gakuin University (2021) .
[27] E. Gibney, Mystery gamma rays could help solve age-old lightning puzzle, 590 (2021) 378.
PoS(ICRC2023)1607
[18] Y. Wada, T. Enoto, K. Nakazawa, Y. Furuta, T. Yuasa, Y. Nakamura et al., Downward
Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flash Observed in a Winter Thunderstorm, 123 (2019) 061103
[1907.06239].
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