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AGRARIAN TRANSITIONS IN SWIDDEN CULTIVATION IN MYANMAR:CASE STUDIES IN BAGO MOUNTAINS AND SOUTHERN SHAN HIGHLANDS

Khin, Nilar Swe 京都大学 DOI:10.14989/doctor.k22897

2021.01.25

概要

焼畑農耕は、アジアでは主として山間地で少数民族によって営まれている古くからの農耕システムであるが、その態様はダイナミックかつ複雑なため、衛星データなどを用いても正確な面積を把握することは困難である。焼畑農耕は、いくつかの少数民族においてはいまだにセーフティネットでありつつも、特に東南アジア半島部では他の形態の農業へと移行する過渡期にある。しかしながらこのような過渡的状況下において、焼畑農耕の現状に関する情報を、山間地開発における持続的土地利用戦略策定に活かすような試みは未だ不十分である。本研究はミャンマーの2地域(バゴー山地とシャン高原南部)において、持続的な土地利用を確立するために、焼畑農耕の変遷とその地域の生計に対するインパクトを明らかにすることを目的として実施された。

 第1章は序論であり、この研究の背景について、これまでの研究や国の政策をレビューするとともに、本研究を実施したバゴー山地とシャン高原に関する情報をまとめている。

 第2章では、研究対象地域の土壌に関する解析結果をまとめている。バゴー山地の土壌は、第四紀に離水した比較的若い海成堆積物を母材とすること、当該地域がモンスーン・アジアの中では乾燥した気候条件(年降水量1,200mm程度)を持つことを反映して、pHが6~9程度のAlfisols類縁土壌である点、低標高帯では土壌中に炭酸カルシウムが残存するという点において、インドシナ半島北部山間地の土壌としてはかなり特異的な性質を示した。一方シャン高原南部の土壌は、主として中世代以前の堆積岩を母材とし、気候条件もかなり湿潤なこと(年降水量1,600~2,200mm程度)を反映して、石灰岩母材の土壌が弱酸性(pH5~6程度)、それ以外の堆積岩母材の土壌が酸性(pH4.5~5.2程度)のUltisols類縁土壌である点で、他のインドシナ半島北部山間地の土壌と類似した性質を示した。またバゴー山地の調査地67地点すべてにおいて土壌の基岩境界が1.1m以深と山間傾斜地としては極めて深い土壌が分布していたこと、一方シャン高原南部では土壌の基岩境界が80±38cmと比較的浅かったことは、特に土壌侵食による土壌劣化の可能性を検討する際に重要な知見である。

 第3章では、バゴー山地の調査地2村において、衛星画像を用いて焼畑農地を含む農耕地利用を地図化する手法を開発し、グランドトゥルスによって得られた詳細な情報によって検証した。衛星画像より、正規化差植生指数(NDVI)による境界値または最尤法を用いて焼畑農地およびそれ以外の土地利用を分画した後に、標高や農地の大きさといった複数の基準によって焼畑農地をより正確に抽出した。その上でこれらの手法の正確さを、2016年に収集したグランドトゥルスのデータによって検証した。その結果、焼畑農地を検出するためには最尤法の方がより正確であり、実際の焼畑農地の70%以上が正しく検出された一方、誤検出は主として不完全に火入れが行われた農地や小面積の焼畑農地、あるいは地形に起因するものであった。これらの結果より、ここで開発された手法は、起伏のある地域で焼畑農地を筆単位で検出するために適用可能であると結論づけた。

 第4章では、バゴー山地の調査地3村において、近年の焼畑農耕から常畑への移行状況について、時系列的な衛星データの解析を主体に、社会経済的観点からの聞き取り調査の結果も加えて検討した。調査の結果、比較的地形が急峻な高標高側の2村では、常畑化の進行に伴い焼畑農耕は徐々に減少しつつあること、最も標高の低い1村では、低地が利用できる利点もありすでに焼畑農耕は見られなくなっていることを明らかにした。このような村ごとに異なる変遷が見られた理由として、土地利用を巡る対立、低地からの移民の流入、労働投入力等が挙げられた。

 第5章では、シャン高原南部において、発電用ダムの建設に伴う農地利用の変容とその生計に対するインパクトについて、2011年と2018年乾季の衛星画像および世帯調査に基づいて解析した。その結果、焼畑農地を含む農地の面積は、ダム湖への水没を主たる原因として大きく減少するとともに、しばしば果樹園やプランテーションといった新しい形態の農業が導入されてきたことを示した。ダム建設後の各世帯の収入構造を解析した結果、特に農地を失った世帯では生計維持戦略が多様化していること、しかしながらその多様化が多くの世帯にとって必ずしも収入増に結びついていないことを明らかにした。この結果は、当該地域において長期的な持続性を確保できるような土地利用・生計維持戦略の策定が急務であることを示している。

 第6章では、バゴー山地の調査対象3村における低地水田農耕展開の現状と可能性について、デジタル標高地図と現地調査による土地利用適性評価に基づいて検討・解析をおこなった。作成したモデルに基づいて、各村の土地の水田利用に対する適性度を4段階で評価するとともに、水田利用可能地とそのうち実際に使用されている土地の面積を比較した結果、比較的地形が急峻な高標高側の2村では、今後水田利用が可能な土地が比較的多く残されているのに対し、最も標高の低い1村では水田利用可能地はすでにほぼ利用され尽くしているという現状を明らかにした。

 第7章では総合的な検討を行い、各地域における農業発展の可能性について論じた後、本研究の結論を述べている。

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