McGee, A. W., Yang, Y., Fischer, Q. S., Daw, N. W., and Strittmatter, S. M.
(2005). Experience-driven plasticity of visual cortex limited by myelin and
Nogo receptor. Science 309, 2222–2226. doi: 10.1126/science.1114362
Mitchell, D. E. (1988). The extent of visual recovery from early monocular
or binocular visual deprivation in kittens. J. Physiol. 395, 639–660.
doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp016939
Mitchell, D. E., Cynader, M., and Anthony Movshon, J. (1977). Recovery from
the effects of monocular deprivation in kittens. J. Comp. Neurol. 176, 53–63.
doi: 10.1002/cne.901760104
Mitchell, D. E., MacNeill, K., Crowder, N. A., Holman, K., and Duffy, K.
R. (2016). Recovery of visual functions in amblyopic animals following
brief exposure to total darkness. J. Physiol. 594, 149–167. doi: 10.1113/JP2
70981
Montey, K. L., and Quinlan, E. M. (2011). Recovery from chronic
monocular deprivation following reactivation of thalamocortical
plasticity by dark exposure. Nat. Commun. 2:317. doi: 10.1038/ncomms
1312
Morishima, Y., Toigawa, M., Ohmura, N., Yoneda, T., Tagane, Y., and Hata,
Y. (2013). Critical period of experience-driven axon retraction in the
pharmacologically inhibited visual cortex. Cereb. Cortex 23, 2423–2428.
doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs235
Morishita, H., Miwa, J. M., Heintz, N., and Hensch, T. K. (2010). Lynx1,
a cholinergic brake, limits plasticity in adult visual cortex. Science 330,
1238–1240. doi: 10.1126/science.1195320
Murphy, K. M., and Mitchell, D. E. (1986). Bilateral amblyopia after a short
period of reverse occlusion in kittens. Nature 323, 536–538. doi: 10.1038/323
536a0
Murphy, K. M., Roumeliotis, G., Williams, K., Beston, B. R., and Jones, D.
G. (2015). Binocular visual training to promote recovery from monocular
deprivation. J. Vis. 15, 2–2. doi: 10.1167/15.1.2
O’Leary, T. P., Kutcher, M. R., Mitchell, D. E., and Duffy, K. R. (2012). Recovery
of neurofilament following early monocular deprivation. Front. Syst. Neurosci.
6:22. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2012.00022
Olson, C. R., and Freeman, R. D. (1978). Monocular deprivation and
recovery during sensitive period in kittens. J. Neurophysiol. 41, 65–74.
doi: 10.1152/jn.1978.41.1.65
Olson, C. R., and Freeman, R. D. (1980). Profile of the sensitive period
for monocular deprivation in kittens. Exp. Brain Res. 39, 17–21.
doi: 10.1007/BF00237065
Pizzorusso, T., Medini, P., Berardi, N., Chierzi, S., Fawcett, J. W., and Maffei, L.
(2002). Reactivation of ocular dominance plasticity in the adult visual cortex.
Science 298, 1248–1251. doi: 10.1126/science.1072699
Sale, A., Maya-Vetencourt, J. F., Medini, P., Cenni, M. C., Baroncelli, L., De
Pasquale, R., et al. (2007). Environmental enrichment in adulthood promotes
amblyopia recovery through a reduction of intracortical inhibition. Nat.
Neurosci. 10, 679–681. doi: 10.1038/nn1899
Sanderson, K. J. (1971). The projection of the visual field to the lateral geniculate
and medial interlaminar nuclei in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 143, 101–117.
doi: 10.1002/cne.901430107
Sawtell, N. B., Frenkel, M. Y., Philpot, B. D., Nakazawa, K., Tonegawa, S., and Bear,
M. F. (2003). NMDA receptor-dependent ocular dominance plasticity in adult
visual cortex. Neuron 38, 977–985. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00323-4
Schindelin, J., Arganda-Carreras, I., Frise, E., Kaynig, V., Longair, M., Pietzsch, T.,
et al. (2012). Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat.
Methods 9, 676–682. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2019
Shatz, C. J., and Stryker, M. P. (1978). Ocular dominance in layer IV of the cat’s
visual cortex and the effects of monocular deprivation. J. Physiol. 281, 267–283.
doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012421
Snyder, A., and Shapley, R. (1979). Deficits in the visual evoked potentials
of cats as a result of visual deprivation. Exp. Brain Res. 37, 73–86.
doi: 10.1007/BF01474255
Wiesel, T. N., and Hubel, D. H. (1963a). Effects of visual deprivation on
morphology and physiology of cells in the cat’s lateral geniculate body. J.
Neurophysiol. 26, 978–993. doi: 10.1152/jn.1963.26.6.978
Wiesel, T. N., and Hubel, D. H. (1963b). Single-cell responses in striate cortex
of kittens deprived of vision in one eye. J. Neurophysiol. 26, 1003–1017.
doi: 10.1152/jn.1963.26.6.1003
Antonini, A., Gillespie, D. C., Crair, M. C., and Stryker, M. P. (1998). Morphology
of single geniculocortical afferents and functional recovery of the visual cortex
after reverse monocular deprivation in the kitten. J. Neurosci. 18, 9896–9909.
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-23-09896.1998
Antonini,
A.,
and
Stryker,
M.
P.
(1996).
Plasticity
of
geniculocortical
afferents
following
brief
or
prolonged
monocular occlusion in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 369, 64–82.
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960520)369:1<64::AID-CNE5>3.0.CO;2-I
Bear, M. F., and Colman, H. (1990). Binocular competition in the control
of geniculate cell size depends upon visual cortical N-methyl-D-aspartate
receptor activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 87, 9246–9249.
doi: 10.1073/pnas.87.23.9246
Blakemore, C., and Van Sluyters, R. C. (1974). Reversal of the physiological effects
of monocular deprivation in kittens: further evidence for a sensitive period. J.
Physiol. 237, 195–216. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010478
Buzsáki, G., Anastassiou, C. A., and Koch, C. (2012). The origin of extracellular
fields and currents - EEG, ECoG, LFP and spikes. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13,
407–420. doi: 10.1038/nrn3241
Duffy, K. R., Bukhamseen, D. H., Smithen, M. J., and Mitchell, D.
E. (2015). Binocular eyelid closure promotes anatomical but not
behavioral recovery from monocular deprivation. Vis. Res. 114, 151–160.
doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.12.012
Duffy, K. R., Holman, K. D., and Mitchell, D. E. (2014). Shrinkage of X
cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus after monocular deprivation revealed
by FoxP2 labeling. Vis. Neurosci. 31, 253–261. doi: 10.1017/S09525238130
00643
Duffy, K. R., and Mitchell, D. E. (2013). Darkness alters maturation of visual
cortex and promotes fast recovery from monocular deprivation. Curr. Biol. 23,
382–386. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.01.017
Erchova, I., Vasalauskaite, A., Longo, V., and Sengpiel, F. (2017). Enhancement of
visual cortex plasticity by dark exposure. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.
372:20160159. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0159
Giffin, F., and Mitchell, D. E. (1978). The rate of recovery of vision
after early monocular deprivation in kittens. J. Physiol. 274, 511–537.
doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012164
Grieco, S. F., Qiao, X., Zheng, X., Liu, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, H., et al.
(2020). Subanesthetic ketamine reactivates adult cortical plasticity to restore
vision from amblyopia. Curr. Biol. 30, 3591–3603.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.
07.008
He, H.-Y., Hodos, W., and Quinlan, E. M. (2006). Visual deprivation reactivates
rapid ocular dominance plasticity in adult visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 26,
2951–2955. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5554-05.2006
Hickey, T. L., Spear, P. D., and Kratz, K. E. (1977). Quantitative studies of cell
size in the cat’s dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus following visual deprivation. J.
Comp. Neurol. 172, 265–281. doi: 10.1002/cne.901720206
Ho, J., Tumkaya, T., Aryal, S., Choi, H., and Claridge-Chang, A. (2019). Moving
beyond P values: data analysis with estimation graphics. Nat. Methods 16,
565–566. doi: 10.1038/s41592-019-0470-3
Hubel, D. H., and Wiesel, T. N. (1962). Receptive fields, binocular interaction
and functional architecture in the cat’s visual cortex. J. Physiol. 160, 106–154.
doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1962.sp006837
Hubel, D. H., and Wiesel, T. N. (1970). The period of susceptibility to the
physiological effects of unilateral eye closure in kittens. J. Physiol. 206, 419–436.
doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009022
Kanda, Y. (2013). Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software
‘EZR’ for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transplant. 48, 452–458.
doi: 10.1038/bmt.2012.244
Kuramoto, E., Furuta, T., Nakamura, K. C., Unzai, T., Hioki, H., and Kaneko,
T. (2009). Two types of thalamocortical projections from the motor thalamic
nuclei of the rat: a single neuron-tracing study using viral vectors. Cereb. Cortex
19, 2065–2077. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhn231
Maya-Vetencourt, J. F., Sale, A., Viegi, A., Baroncelli, L., De Pasquale, R.,
O’Leary, O. F., et al. (2008). The antidepressant fluoxetine restores plasticity
in the adult visual cortex. Science 320, 385–388. doi: 10.1126/science.11
50516
Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org
April 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 637638
Gotou et al.
Darkness and Recovery From Amblyopia
Wiesel, T. N., and Hubel, D. H. (1965). Extent of recovery from the
effects of visual deprivation in kittens. J. Neurophysiol. 28, 1060–1072.
doi: 10.1152/jn.1965.28.6.1060
Copyright © 2021 Gotou, Kameyama, Kobayashi, Okamura, Ando, Terata, Yamada,
Ohta, Morizane and Hata. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or
reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the
copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal
is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or
reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the
absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a
potential conflict of interest.
Frontiers in Neural Circuits | www.frontiersin.org
10
April 2021 | Volume 15 | Article 637638
Supplementary data
Dark Rearing Promotes the Recovery of Visual Cortical Responses
but not the Morphology of Geniculocortical Axons in Amblyopic
Cat
Takahiro Gotou, Katsuro Kameyama, Ayane Kobayashi, Kayoko Okamura, Takahiko
Ando, Keiko Terata, Chihiro Yamada, Hiroyuki Ohta, Ayaka Morizane and Yoshio
Hata
Supplementary figures 1 and 2
Supplementary Figure 1.
Comparison of ocular dominance in Reopen and Dark groups with Normal group. The data is
a breakdown of Figure 1B. The proportion of cells with each ocular dominance score in
individual animals is plotted as a filled circle on the left axes. The open circles with thin
vertical bars indicate the mean and SD of each group. The right axes indicate the mean
difference. The thick vertical bars represent the 95% confidence interval of mean difference
with a bootstrap sampling distribution. In Reopen and Dark groups, OD1 and 7 represent
cells which respond to the open- and closed eyes, respectively.
Supplementary Figure 2.
Soma area of LGN neurons in individual animals. The mean soma area of layer A and A1 of
the same animal is connected by a line. The open and closed symbols represent the open-eye
and closed-eye recipient layer, respectively.
...