Anderson DE, Losada A, Erickson HP, Hirano T. 2002. Condensin and
cohesin display different arm conformations with characteristic hinge
angles. J Cell Biol. 156(3):419–424.
Andrews EA, et al. 2005. Nse2, a component of the Smc5-6 complex, Is a
SUMO ligase required for the response to DNA damage. Mol Cell Biol.
25(1):185–196.
n L. 2018. The Smc5/6 complex: new and old functions
Arago
of the enigmatic long-distance relative. Annu Rev Genet.
52(1):89–107.
Bergsten J. 2005. A review of long-branch attraction. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley
Online Library.
Birkenbihl RP, Subramani S. 1995. The rad21 gene product of
Schizosaccharomyces pombe is a nuclear, cell cycle-regulated phosphoprotein. J Biol Chem. 270(13):7703–7711.
Britton RA, Lin DC, Grossman AD. 1998. Characterization of a prokaryotic
SMC protein involved in chromosome partitioning. Genes Dev.
12(9):1254–1259.
Camacho C, et al. 2009. BLASTþ: architecture and applications. BMC
Bioinform. 10(1):421.
Capella-Gutierrez S, Silla-Martinez JM, Gabaldon T. 2009. trimAl: a tool for
automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses.
Bioinformatics 25(15):1972–1973.
Carramolino L, et al. 1997. SA-1, a nuclear protein encoded by one member of a novel gene family: molecular cloning and detection in hemopoietic organs. Gene 195(2):151–159.
Chen S, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Gu J. 2018. fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ
preprocessor. Bioinformatics 34(17):i884–i890.
16
Cobbe N, Heck MM. 2000. Review: SMCs in the world of chromosome
biology— from prokaryotes to higher eukaryotes. J Struct Biol. 129(2–
3):123–143.
Cobbe N, Heck MM. 2004. The evolution of SMC proteins: phylogenetic
analysis and structural implications. Mol Biol Evol. 21(2):332–347.
Diaz M, Pecinka A. 2018. Scaffolding for repair: understanding molecular
functions of the SMC5/6 complex. Genes 9(1):36.
Fousteri MI, Lehmann AR. 2000. A novel SMC protein complex in
Schizosaccharomyces pombe contains the Rad18 DNA repair protein.
EMBO J. 19(7):1691–1702.
Fu L, Niu B, Zhu Z, Wu S, Li W. 2012. CD-HIT: accelerated for clustering the
next-generation sequencing data. Bioinformatics 28(23):3150–3152.
Fujioka Y, Kimata Y, Nomaguchi K, Watanabe K, Kohno K. 2002.
Identification of a novel non-structural maintenance of chromosomes
(SMC) component of the SMC5-SMC6 complex involved in DNA repair. J Biol Chem. 277(24):21585–21591.
Funayama T, et al. 1999. Identification and disruption analysis of the recN
gene in the extremely radioresistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans. Mutat Res. 435(2):151–161.
Gao F, et al. 2016. The All-data-based evolutionary hypothesis of ciliated
protists with a revised classification of the phylum Ciliophora
(Eukaryota, Alveolata). Sci Rep. 6(1):24874.
Gluenz E, Sharma R, Carrington M, Gull K. 2008. Functional characterization of cohesin subunit SCC1 in Trypanosoma brucei and dissection
of mutant phenotypes in two life cycle stages. Mol Microbiol.
69(3):666–680.
Grabherr MG, et al. 2011. Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNASeq data without a reference genome. Nat Biotechnol.
29(7):644–652.
Haering CH, Farcas A, Arumugam P, Metson J, Nasmyth K. 2008. The
cohesin ring concatenates sister DNA molecules. Nature
454(7202):297–301.
Hirano T, Mitchison TJ. 1994. A heterodimeric coiled-coil protein required
for mitotic chromosome condensation in vitro. Cell 79(3):449–458.
Hirano T, Kobayashi R, Hirano M. 1997. Condensins, chromosome condensation protein complexes containing XCAP-C, XCAP-E and a
Xenopus homolog of the Drosophila barren protein. Cell
89(4):511–521.
Hu B, et al. 2005. Qri2/Nse4, a component of the essential Smc5/6 DNA
repair complex. Mol Microbiol. 55(6):1735–1750.
Ishiguro K. 2019. The cohesin complex in mammalian meiosis. Genes Cells
24(1):6–30.
Janouskovec J, et al. 2019. Apicomplexan-like parasites are polyphyletic
and widely but selectively dependent on cryptic plastid organelles.
eLife 8:e49662.
Katoh K, Standley DM. 2013. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol Biol
Evol. 30(4):772–780.
Lartillot N, Lepage T, Blanquart S. 2009. PhyloBayes 3: a Bayesian software
package for phylogenetic reconstruction and molecular dating.
Bioinformatics 25(17):2286–2288.
Lax G, et al. 2018. Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes. Nature 564(7736):410–414.
Lehmann AR, et al. 1995. The rad18 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe
defines a new subgroup of the SMC superfamily involved in DNA
repair. Mol Cell Biol. 15(12):7067–7080.
Losada A, Hirano M, Hirano T. 1998. Identification of Xenopus SMC protein complexes required for sister chromatid cohesion. Genes Dev.
12(13):1986–1997.
Lo¨we J, Cordell SC, van den Ent F. 2001. Crystal structure of the SMC head
domain: an ABC ATPase with 900 residues antiparallel coiled-coil. J
Mol Biol. 306(1):25–35.
Melby TE, Ciampaglio CN, Briscoe G, Erickson HP. 1998. The symmetrical
structure of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and MukB
Genome Biol. Evol. 13(12) https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab256 Advance Access publication 19 November 2021
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/12/evab256/6432042 by UNIV OF TSUKUBA user on 13 December 2021
We aligned 126 amino acid sequences belonging to the
kleisin superfamily (i.e., 39 Rad21/Scc1, 33 CAP-H, 26 Nse4,
12 archaeal ScpA, and 16 bacterial ScpA sequences) as described above. After the exclusion of ambiguously aligned
positions (see above), the alignment was subjected to the
ML analysis with the LG þ C þ I model. UFBP support values
were calculated from 1,000 replicates.
GBE
Evolutoin of SMC Proteins in Eukaryotes
Shimodaira H. 2002. An approximately unbiased test of phylogenetic tree
selection. Syst Biol. 51(3):492–508.
Soppa J. 2001. Prokaryotic structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC)
proteins: distribution, phylogeny, and comparison with MukBs and
additional prokaryotic and eukaryotic coiled-coil proteins. Gene
278(1–2):253–264.
Susko E, Roger AJ. 2007. On reduced amino acid alphabets for phylogenetic inference. Mol Biol Evol. 24(9):2139–2150.
Sutani T, Yanagida M. 1997. DNA renaturation activity of the SMC complex
implicated
in
chromosome
condensation.
Nature
388(6644):798–801.
Takemata N, Samson RY, Bell SD. 2019. Physical and functional compartmentalization of archaeal chromosomes. Cell 179(1):165–179.
th A, et al. 1999. Yeast cohesin complex requires a conserved protein,
To
Eco1p(Ctf7), to establish cohesion between sister chromatids during
DNA replication. Genes Dev. 13(3):320–333.
}si GJ, Embley TM. 2020.
Williams TA, Cox CJ, Foster PG, Szo¨llo
Phylogenomics provides robust support for a two-domains tree of
life. Nat Ecol Evol. 4(1):138–147.
Yazaki E, et al. 2017. Global Kinetoplastea phylogeny inferred from a
large-scale multigene alignment including parasitic species for better
understanding transitions from a free-living to a parasitic lifestyle.
Genes Genet Syst. 92(1):35–42.
Zaremba-Niedzwiedzka K, et al. 2017. Asgard archaea illuminate the origin of eukaryotic cellular complexity. Nature 541(7637):353–358.
Associate editor: Sandra Baldauf
Genome Biol. Evol. 13(12) https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evab256 Advance Access publication 19 November 2021
17
Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/12/evab256/6432042 by UNIV OF TSUKUBA user on 13 December 2021
proteins: long, antiparallel coiled coils, folded at a flexible hinge. J Cell
Biol. 142(6):1595–1604.
Nguyen L, Schmidt HA, von Haeseler A, Minh BQ. 2015. IQ-TREE: a fast
and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood
phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol. 32(1):268–274.
Niki H, Jaffe A, Imamura R, Ogura T, Hiraga S. 1991. The new gene mukB
codes for a 177 kd protein with coiled-coil domains involved in chromosome partitioning of E. coli. EMBO J. 10(1):183–193.
Palecek JJ, Gruber S. 2015. Kite proteins: a superfamily of SMC/Kleisin
partners conserved across Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes.
Structure 23(12):2183–2190.
Palou R, et al. 2018. Condensin ATPase motifs contribute differentially to
the maintenance of chromosome morphology and genome stability.
PLoS Biol. 16(6):e2003980.
Pebernard S, McDonald WH, Pavlova Y, Yates JR, Boddy MN. 2004. Nse1,
Nse2, and a novel subunit of the Smc5-Smc6 complex, Nse3, play a
crucial role in meiosis. MBoC 15(11):4866–4876.
Pebernard S, Wohlschlegel J, McDonald WH, Yates JR, Boddy MN. 2006.
The Nse5-Nse6 dimer mediates DNA repair roles of the Smc5-Smc6
complex. Mol Cell Biol. 26(5):1617–1630.
Sarai C, et al. 2020. Dinoflagellates with relic endosymbiont nuclei as
models for elucidating organellogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
117(10):5364–5375.
Sayers EW, et al. 2020. Database resources of the national center for
biotechnology information. Nucleic Acids Res. 48(D1):D9–D16.
Schleiffer A, et al. 2003. Kleisins: a superfamily of bacterial and eukaryotic
SMC protein partners. Mol Cell. 11(3):571–575.
...