1. Fleming, A. (1944) The discovery of penicillin. British Medical Bulletin 2, 4-5
2. Zhu, Y.-G., Zhao, Y., Li, B., Huang, C.-L., Zhang, S.-Y., Yu, S., Chen, Y.-S., Zhang, T., Gillings, M. R., and Su, J.-Q. (2017) Continental-scale pollution of estuaries with antibiotic resistance genes. Nature Microbiology 2, 16270
3. McCaig, L. F., McDonald, L. C., Mandal, S., and Jernigan, D., B. (2006) Staphylococcus aureus–associated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Ambulatory Care. Emerging Infectious Disease journal 12, 1715
4. DeLeo, F. R., Otto, M., Kreiswirth, B. N., and Chambers, H. F. (2010) Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The Lancet 375, 1557-1568
5. Hookman, P., and Barkin, J. S. (2009) Clostridium difficile associated infection, diarrhea and colitis. World journal of gastroenterology 15, 1554-1580
6. Gubler, D. J. (1998) Epidemic Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: a Global Public Health Problem in the 21st Century. in Emerging Infections 1, American Society of Microbiology. pp
7. Lucey, D. R., and Gostin, L. O. (2016) The emerging zika pandemic: Enhancing preparedness. JAMA 315, 865-866
8. Team, W. E. R. (2014) Ebola Virus Disease in West Africa — The First 9 Months of the Epidemic and Forward Projections. New England Journal of Medicine 371, 1481-1495
9. Steinman, R. M., and Cohn, Z. A. (1973) Identification of a novel cell type in peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. . The Journal of Experimental Medicine 137, 1142-1162
10. Hart, D. N., and Fabre, J. W. (1981) Demonstration and characterization of Ia-positive dendritic cells in the interstitial connective tissues of rat heart and other tissues, but not brain. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 154, 347-361
11. Villadangos, J. A., and Schnorrer, P. (2007) Intrinsic and cooperative antigen-presenting functions of dendritic-cell subsets in vivo. Nature Reviews Immunology 7, 543-555
12. Banchereau, J., and Steinman, R. M. (1998) Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 392, 245-252
13. Belz, G. T., and Nutt, S. L. (2012) Transcriptional programming of the dendritic cell network. Nature Reviews Immunology 12, 101-113
14. Hashimoto, D., Miller, J., and Merad, M. (2011) Dendritic Cell and Macrophage Heterogeneity In Vivo. Immunity 35, 323-335
15. Steinman, R. M., and Banchereau, J. (2007) Taking dendritic cells into medicine. Nature 449, 419-426
16. Cella, M., Jarrossay, D., Facchetti, F., Alebardi, O., Nakajima, H., Lanzavecchia, A., and Colonna, M. (1999) Plasmacytoid monocytes migrate to inflamed lymph nodes and produce large amounts of type I interferon. Nature Medicine 5, 919-923
17. Facchetti, F., and Vergoni, F. (2000) The plasmacytoid monocyte: from morphology to function. Advances in Clinical Pathology 4, 187-190
18. Colonna, M., Trinchieri, G., and Liu, Y.-J. (2004) Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in immunity. Nature immunology 5, 1219-1226
19. Lemaitre, B., Nicolas, E., Michaut, L., Reichhart, J.-M., and Hoffmann, J. A. (1996) The Dorsoventral Regulatory Gene Cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus Controls the Potent Antifungal Response in Drosophila Adults. Cell 86, 973-983
20. Medzhitov, R., Preston-Hurlburt, P., and Janeway Jr, C. A. (1997) A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 388, 394-397
21. Takeuchi, O., and Akira, S. (2010) Pattern Recognition Receptors and Inflammation. Cell 140, 805-820
22. Kawai, T., and Akira, S. (2010) The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nature immunology 11, 373-384
23. O'Neill, L. A. J., Golenbock, D., and Bowie, A. G. (2013) The history of Toll-like receptors — redefining innate immunity. Nature Reviews Immunology 13, 453-460
24. Akira, S., Uematsu, S., and Takeuchi, O. (2006) Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity. Cell 124, 783-801
25. Zarember, K. A., and Godowski, P. J. (2002) Tissue Expression of Human Toll-Like Receptors and Differential Regulation of Toll-Like Receptor mRNAs in Leukocytes in Response to Microbes, Their Products, and Cytokines. The Journal of Immunology 168, 554-561
26. Schreibelt, G., Tel, J., Sliepen, K. H. E. W. J., Benitez-Ribas, D., Figdor, C. G., Adema, G. J., and de Vries, I. J. M. (2010) Toll-like receptor expression and function in human dendritic cell subsets: implications for dendritic cell-based anti-cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy 59, 1573-1582
27. Kawasaki, T., and Kawai, T. (2014) Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways. Frontiers in Immunology 5, 461
28. Gay, N. J., Symmons, M. F., Gangloff, M., and Bryant, C. E. (2014) Assembly and localization of Toll-like receptor signalling complexes. Nature Reviews Immunology 14, 546-558
29. Nizard, M., Diniz, M. O., Roussel, H., Tran, T., Ferreira, L. C. S., Badoual, C., and Tartour, E. (2014) Mucosal vaccines. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 10, 2175-2187
30. Boyaka, P. N. (2017) Inducing Mucosal IgA: A Challenge for Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems. The Journal of Immunology 199, 9
31. Levine, M. M., and Dougan, G. (1998) Optimism over vaccines administered via mucosal surfaces. The Lancet 351, 1375-1376
32. Holmgren, J., Czerkinsky, C., Eriksson, K., and Mharandi, A. (2003) Mucosal immunisation and adjuvants: a brief overview of recent advances and challenges. Vaccine 21, S89-S95
33. Walker, R. I. (2005) Considerations for development of whole cell bacterial vaccines to prevent diarrheal diseases in children in developing countries. Vaccine 23, 3369-3385
34. Levine, M. M. (2010) Immunogenicity and efficacy of oral vaccines in developing countries: lessons from a live cholera vaccine. BMC Biology 8, 129
35. Reed, S. G., Orr Mt Fau - Fox, C. B., and Fox, C. B. (2013) Key roles of adjuvants in modern vaccines. Nature Medicine 19, 1597-1608
36. Duthie, M. S., Windish, H. P., Fox, C. B., and Reed, S. G. (2011) Use of defined TLR ligands as adjuvants within human vaccines. Immunological Review 239, 178-196
37. Gutjahr, A., Tiraby, G., Perouzel, E., Verrier, B., and Paul, S. (2016) Triggering Intracellular Receptors for Vaccine Adjuvantation. Trends in Immunology 37, 573-587
38. Garçon, N., Chomez, P., and Van Mechelen, M. (2007) GlaxoSmithKline Adjuvant Systems in vaccines: concepts, achievements and perspectives. Expert Review of Vaccines 6, 723-739
39. Weiskopf, D., Weinberger, B., and Grubeck-Loebenstein, B. (2009) The aging of the immune system. Transplant International 22, 1041-1050
40. Gavazzi, G., and Krause, K.-H. (2002) Ageing and infection. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 2, 659-666
41. Finkel, T., Serrano, M., and Blasco, M. A. (2007) The common biology of cancer and ageing. Nature 448, 767-774
42. Walker, J. M., and Slifka, M. K. (2010) Longevity of T-Cell Memory following Acute Viral Infection. in Memory T Cells (Zanetti, M., and Schoenberger, S. P. eds.), Springer New York, New York, NY. pp 96-107
43. Goronzy, J. J., Fang, F., Cavanagh, M. M., Qi, Q., and Weyand, C. M. (2015) Naive T Cell Maintenance and Function in Human Aging. The Journal of Immunology 194, 4073-4080
44. Maue, A. C., Yager, E. J., Swain, S. L., Woodland, D. L., Blackman, M. A., and Haynes, L. (2009) T-cell immunosenescence: lessons learned from mouse models of aging. Trends in Immunology 30, 301-305
45. Shimatani, K., Nakashima, Y., Hattori, M., Hamazaki, Y., and Minato, N. (2009) PD-1+ memory phenotype CD4+ T cells expressing C/EBPα underlie T cell immunodepression in senescence and leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, 15807
46. Miller, J. P., and Allman, D. (2003) The Decline in B Lymphopoiesis in Aged Mice Reflects Loss of Very Early B-Lineage Precursors. The Journal of Immunology 171, 2326-2330
47. Frasca, D., and Blomberg, B. B. (2011) Aging Affects Human B Cell Responses. Journal of Clinical Immunology 31, 430-435
48. Frasca, D., Riley, R. L., and Blomberg, B. B. (2004) Effect of Age on the Immunoglobulin Class Switch. Critical Reviews in immunology 24, 297-320
49. Jamieson, B. D., Douek, D. C., Killian, S., Hultin, L. E., Scripture-Adams, D. D., Giorgi, J. V., Marelli, D., Koup, R. A., and Zack, J. A. (1999) Generation of Functional Thymocytes in the Human Adult. Immunity 10, 569-575
50. Dorshkind, K., Montecino-Rodriguez, E., and Signer, R. A. (2009) The ageing immune system: is it ever too old to become young again? Nature Review Immunology 9, 57-62
51. Simon, A. K., Hollander, G. A., and McMichael, A. (2015) Evolution of the immune system in humans from infancy to old age. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, 20143085
52. Kovacs, E. J., Palmer, J. L., Fortin, C. F., Fülöp, T., Goldstein, D. R., and Linton, P.-J. (2009) Aging and innate immunity in the mouse: impact of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Trends in Immunology 30, 319-324
53. Shodell, M., and Siegal, F. P. (2002) Circulating, Interferon-Producing Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Decline During Human Ageing. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 56, 518-521
54. Sridharan, A., Esposo, M., Kaushal, K., Tay, J., Osann, K., Agrawal, S., Gupta, S., and Agrawal, A. (2011) Age-associated impaired plasmacytoid dendritic cell functions lead to decreased CD4 and CD8 T cell immunity. Age 33, 363-376
55. 高野俊幸. (2010) リグニンの利用に向けて. ネットワークポリマー 31, 213-223
56. Davin, L. B., Wang, H.-B., Crowell, A. L., Bedgar, D. L., Martin, D. M., Sarkanen, S., and Lewis, N. G. (1997) Stereoselective Bimolecular Phenoxy Radical Coupling by an Auxiliary (Dirigent) Protein Without an Active Center. Science 275, 362-366
57. Reale, S., Di Tullio, A., Spreti, N., and De Angelis, F. (2004) Mass spectrometry in the biosynthetic and structural investigation of lignins. Mass spectrometry reviews 23, 87-126
58. Campbell, M. M., and Sederoff, R. R. (1996) Variation in Lignin Content and Composition (Mechanisms of Control and Implications for the Genetic Improvement of Plants). Plant physiology 110, 3
59. Baucher, M., Monties, B., Montagu, M. V., and Boerjan, W. (1998) Biosynthesis and genetic engineering of lignin. Critical reviews in plant sciences 17, 125-197
60. Iiyama, K., Lam, T. B. T., and Stone, B. A. (1990) Phenolic acid bridges between polysaccharides and lignin in wheat internodes. Phytochemistry 29, 733-737
61. Hernanz, D., Nuñez, V., Sancho, A. I., Faulds, C. B., Williamson, G., Bartolomé, B., and Gómez-Cordovés, C. (2001) Hydroxycinnamic Acids and Ferulic Acid Dehydrodimers in Barley and Processed Barley. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, 4884-4888
62. Sun, R., Sun, X. F., Wang, S. Q., Zhu, W., and Wang, X. Y. (2002) Ester and ether linkages between hydroxycinnamic acids and lignins from wheat, rice, rye, and barley straws, maize stems, and fast-growing poplar wood. Industrial Crops and Products 15, 179-188
63. Ugartondo, V., Mitjans, M., and Vinardell, M. P. (2008) Comparative antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of lignins from different sources. Bioresource Technology 99, 6683-6687
64. 飯山賢治. (2012) リグニンの生理活性:免疫賦活・抗腫瘍・抗ウイルス活性. 月刊ファインケミカル 41, 34-37
65. Sakagami, H., Kushida T Fau - Oizumi, T., Oizumi T Fau - Nakashima, H., Nakashima H Fau - Makino, T., and Makino, T. (2010) Distribution of lignin-carbohydrate complex in plant kingdom and its functionality as alternative medicine. Pharmacology and Therapeutics 128, 91-105
66. Sakagami, H., Hashimoto, K., Suzuki, F., Ogiwara, T., Satoh, K., Ito, H., Hatano, T., Takashi, Y., and Fujisawa, S.-i. (2005) Molecular requirements of lignin–carbohydrate complexes for expression of unique biological activities. Phytochemistry 66, 2108-2120
67. Suzuki, H., Iiyama, K., Yoshida, O., Yamazaki, S., Yamamoto, N., and Toda, S. (1990) Structural Characterization of the Immunoactive and Antiviral Water-solubilized Lignin in an Extract of the Culture Medium of Lentinus edodes Mycelia(LEM)(Biological Chemistry). Agricultural and biological chemistry 54, 479-487
68. Olkku, J., Kotaviita, E., Salmenkallio-Marttila, M., Sweins, H., and Home, S. (2005) Connection between Structure and Quality of Barley Husk. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 63, 17-22
69. Sun, R., Mott, L., and Bolton, J. (1998) Isolation and Fractional Characterization of Ball-Milled and Enzyme Lignins from Oil Palm Trunk. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46, 718-723
70. Fujiwara, D., Wei, B., Presley, L. L., Brewer, S., McPherson, M., Lewinski, M. A., Borneman, J., and Braun, J. (2008) Systemic control of plasmacytoid dendritic cells by CD8+ T cells and commensal microbiota. The Journal of Immunology 180, 5843-5852
71. Kishimoto, T., Chiba, W., Saito, K., Fukushima, K., Uraki, Y., and Ubukata, M. (2010) Influence of Syringyl to Guaiacyl Ratio on the Structure of Natural and Synthetic Lignins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 58, 895-901
72. Saito, K., Watanabe, Y., Shirakawa, M., Matsushita, Y., Imai, T., Koike, T., Sano, Y., Funada, R., Fukazawa, K., and Fukushima, K. (2011) Direct mapping of morphological distribution of syringyl and guaiacyl lignin in the xylem of maple by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The Plant Journal 69, 542-552
73. Rolando, C., Monties, B., and Lapierre, C. (1992) Thioacidolysis. in Methods in Lignin Chemistry (Lin, S. Y., and Dence, C. W. eds.), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp 334-349
74. Yue, F., Lu, F., Sun, R.-C., and Ralph, J. (2012) Syntheses of Lignin-Derived Thioacidolysis Monomers and Their Uses as Quantitation Standards. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60, 922-928
75. Raetz, C. R. H., and Whitfield, C. (2002) Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxins. Annual Review of Biochemistry 71, 635-700
76. Srimal, S., Surolia, N., Balasubramanian, S., and Surolia, A. (1996) Titration calorimetric studies to elucidate the specificity of the interactions of polymyxin B with lipopolysaccharides and lipid A. Biochemical Journal 315, 679-686
77. Geijtenbeek, T. B. H., and Gringhuis, S. I. (2009) Signalling through C-type lectin receptors: shaping immune responses. Nature Reviews Immunology 9, 465-479
78. Zhong, B., Tien, P., and Shu, H.-B. (2006) Innate immune responses: Crosstalk of signaling and regulation of gene transcription. Virology 352, 14-21
79. 日本国税庁. 酒税法.
80. Johar, N., Ahmad, I., and Dufresne, A. (2012) Extraction, preparation and characterization of cellulose fibres and nanocrystals from rice husk. Industrial Crops and Products 37, 93-99
81. Maes, C., and Delcour, J. A. (2002) Structural Characterisation of Water-extractable and Water-unextractable Arabinoxylans in Wheat Bran. Journal of Cereal Science 35, 315-326
82. Jin, Z., Akiyama, T., Chung, B. Y., Matsumoto, Y., Iiyama, K., and Watanabe, S. (2003) Changes in lignin content of leaf litters during mulching. Phytochemistry 64, 1023-1031
83. Pitkänen, L., Tuomainen, P., Virkki, L., Aseyev, V., and Tenkanen, M. (2008) Structural Comparison of Arabinoxylans from Two Barley Side-Stream Fractions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, 5069-5077
84. Oscarsson, M., Andersson, R., Salomonsson, A. C., and Åman, P. (1996) Chemical Composition of Barley Samples Focusing on Dietary Fibre Components. Journal of Cereal Science 24, 161-170
85. Bacic, A., and Stone, B. (1981) Chemistry and Organization of Aleurone Cell Wall Components From Wheat and Barley. Functional Plant Biology 8, 475-495
86. Fincher, G. B. (1975) Morphology and chemical composition of barley endosperm cell walls. Journal of the Institute of Brewing 81, 116-122
87. Choi, E. M., Kim, A. J., Kim, Y. O., and Hwang, J. K. (2005) Immunomodulating activity of arabinogalactan and fucoidan in vitro. J Med Food 8, 446-453
88. Kelly, G. S. (1999) Larch arabinogalactan: clinical relevance of a novel immune-enhancing polysaccharide. Alternative Medicine Review 4, 96-103
89. Leung, M. Y. K., Liu, C., Zhu, L. F., Hui, Y. Z., Yu, B., and Fung, K. P. (2004) Chemical and biological characterization of a polysaccharide biological response modifier from Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berg. Glycobiology 14, 501-510
90. Sun, R.-C., Sun, X.-F., and Zhang, S.-H. (2001) Quantitative Determination of Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Wheat, Rice, Rye, and Barley Straws, Maize Stems, Oil Palm Frond Fiber, and Fast-Growing Poplar Wood. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 49, 5122-5129
91. Trinchieri, G., and Sher, A. (2007) Cooperation of Toll-like receptor signals in innate immune defence. Nature Reviews Immunology 7, 179-190
92. Takeda, K., Kaisho, T., and Akira, S. (2003) Toll-Like Receptors. Annual Review of Immunology 21, 335-376
93. Miller, S. I., Ernst, R. K., and Bader, M. W. (2005) LPS, TLR4 and infectious disease diversity. Nature Reviews Microbiology 3, 36-46
94. Doyle, S. E., Vaidya, S. A., O'Connell, R., Dadgostar, H., Dempsey, P. W., Wu, T.-T., Rao, G., Sun, R., Haberland, M. E., Modlin, R. L., and Cheng, G. (2002) IRF3 Mediates a TLR3/TLR4-Specific Antiviral Gene Program. Immunity 17, 251-263
95. Sakaguchi, S., Negishi, H., Asagiri, M., Nakajima, C., Mizutani, T., Takaoka, A., Honda, K., and Taniguchi, T. (2003) Essential role of IRF-3 in lipopolysaccharide-induced interferon-β gene expression and endotoxin shock. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 306, 860-866
96. Honda, K., Yanai, H., Negishi, H., Asagiri, M., Sato, M., Mizutani, T., Shimada, N., Ohba, Y., Takaoka, A., Yoshida, N., and Taniguchi, T. (2005) IRF-7 is the master regulator of type-I interferon-dependent immune responses. Nature 434, 772-777
97. Honda, K., Yanai, H., Takaoka, A., and Taniguchi, T. (2005) Regulation of the type I IFN induction: a current view. International immunology 17, 1367-1378
98. Takeda, K., and Akira, S. (2005) Toll-like receptors in innate immunity. International immunology 17, 1-14
99. Tsuji, R., Koizumi, H., Aoki, D., Watanabe, Y., Sugihara, Y., Matsushita, Y., Fukushima, K., and Fujiwara, D. (2015) Lignin-rich enzyme lignin (LREL), a cellulase-treated lignin-carbohydrate derived from plants, activates myeloid dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The Journal of biological chemistry 290, 4410-4421
100. Vailhé, M. A., Provan, G. J., Scobbie, L., Chesson, A., Maillot, M. P., Cornu, A., and Besle, J. M. (2000) Effect of Phenolic Structures on the Degradability of Cell Walls Isolated from Newly Extended Apical Internode of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 48, 618-623
101. Gohda, M., Kunisawa, J., Miura, F., Kagiyama, Y., Kurashima, Y., Higuchi, M., Ishikawa, I., Ogahara, I., and Kiyono, H. (2008) Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulates the egress of IgA plasmablasts from Peyer's patches for intestinal IgA responses. The Journal of Immunology 180, 5335-5343
102. Alignani, D., Maletto, B., Liscovsky, M., Rópolo, A., Morón, G., and Pistoresi-Palencia, M. C. (2005) Orally administered OVA/CpG-ODN induces specific mucosal and systemic immune response in young and aged mice. Journal of leukocyte biology 77, 898-905
103. Neri, S., Mariani, E., Meneghetti, A., Cattini, L., and Facchini, A. (2001) Calcein-acetyoxymethyl cytotoxicity assay: standardization of a method allowing additional analyses on recovered effector cells and supernatants. Clinical and diagnostic laboratory immunology 8, 1131-1135
104. Mian, M. F., Lauzon, N. M., Andrews, D. W., Lichty, B. D., and Ashkar, A. A. (2010) FimH can directly activate human and murine natural killer cells via TLR4. Molecular Therapy 18, 1379-1388
105. Della Chiesa, M., Sivori, S., Castriconi, R., Marcenaro, E., and Moretta, A. (2005) Pathogen-induced private conversations between natural killer and dendritic cells. Trends in Microbiology 13, 128-136
106. Galandrini, R., De Maria, R., Piccoli, M., Frati, L., and Santoni, A. (1994) CD44 triggering enhances human NK cell cytotoxic functions. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) 153, 4399-4407
107. Sconocchia, G., Titus, J. A., and Segal, D. M. (1994) CD44 is a cytotoxic triggering molecule in human peripheral blood NK cells. The Journal of Immunology 153, 5473-5481
108. Fauriat, C., Long, E. O., Ljunggren, H. G., and Bryceson, Y. T. (2010) Regulation of human NK-cell cytokine and chemokine production by target cell recognition. Blood 115, 2167-2176
109. Caligiuri, M. A. (2008) Human natural killer cells. Blood 112, 461-469
110. Wright, S. C., and Bonavida, B. (1981) Selective lysis of NK-sensitive target cells by a soluble mediator released from murine spleen cells and human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The Journal of Immunology 126, 1516-1521
111. Lucas, M., Schachterle, W., Oberle, K., Aichele, P., and Diefenbach, A. (2007) Dendritic Cells Prime Natural Killer Cells by trans-Presenting Interleukin 15. Immunity 26, 503-517
112. Parihar, R., Dierksheide, J., Hu, Y., and Carson, W. E. (2002) IL-12 enhances the natural killer cell cytokine response to Ab-coated tumor cells. The Journal of Clinical Investigation 110, 983-992
113. Martín-Fontecha, A., Thomsen, L. L., Brett, S., Gerard, C., Lipp, M., Lanzavecchia, A., and Sallusto, F. (2004) Induced recruitment of NK cells to lymph nodes provides IFN-γ for T(H)1 priming. Nature immunology 5, 1260-1265
114. Fagarasan, S., Kawamoto S Fau - Kanagawa, O., Kanagawa O Fau - Suzuki, K., and Suzuki, K. (2010) Adaptive immune regulation in the gut: T cell-dependent and T cell-independent IgA synthesis. Annual Reviews of Immunology 28, 243-273
115. Casola, S., Otipoby Kl Fau - Alimzhanov, M., Alimzhanov M Fau - Humme, S., Humme S Fau - Uyttersprot, N., Uyttersprot N Fau - Kutok, J. L., Kutok Jl Fau - Carroll, M. C., Carroll Mc Fau - Rajewsky, K., and Rajewsky, K. (2004) B cell receptor signal strength determines B cell fate. Nature Immunology 5, 317-327
116. He, B., Xu, W., Santini, P. A., Polydorides, A. D., Chiu, A., Estrella, J., Shan, M., Chadburn, A., Villanacci, V., Plebani, A., Knowles, D. M., Rescigno, M., and Cerutti, A. (2007) Intestinal Bacteria Trigger T Cell-Independent Immunoglobulin A2 Class Switching by Inducing Epithelial-Cell Secretion of the Cytokine APRIL. Immunity 26, 812-826
117. Tsuji, M., Suzuki, K., Kitamura, H., Maruya, M., Kinoshita, K., Ivanov, I. I., Itoh, K., Littman, D. R., and Fagarasan, S. (2008) Requirement for Lymphoid Tissue-Inducer Cells in Isolated Follicle Formation and T Cell-Independent Immunoglobulin A Generation in the Gut. Immunity 29, 261-271
118. Bos, N. A., Bun, J. C., Popma, S. H., Cebra, E. R., Deenen, G. J., van der Cammen, M. J., Kroese, F. G., and Cebra, J. J. (1996) Monoclonal immunoglobulin A derived from peritoneal B cells is encoded by both germ line and somatically mutated VH genes and is reactive with commensal bacteria. Infection and Immunity 64, 616-623
119. Murakami, M., Tsubata, T., Shinkura, R., Nisitani, S., Okamoto, M., Yoshioka, H., Usui, T., Miyawaki, S., and Honjo, T. (1994) Oral administration of lipopolysaccharides activates B-1 cells in the peritoneal cavity and lamina propria of the gut and induces autoimmune symptoms in an autoantibody transgenic mouse. The Journal of Experimental Medicine 180, 111-121
120. Bunker, J. J., Erickson, S. A., Flynn, T. M., Henry, C., Koval, J. C., Meisel, M., Jabri, B., Antonopoulos, D. A., Wilson, P. C., and Bendelac, A. (2017) Natural polyreactive IgA antibodies coat the intestinal microbiota. Science 358, eaan6619
121. Holodick, N. E., Rodríguez-Zhurbenko, N., and Hernández, A. M. (2017) Defining Natural Antibodies. Frontiers in Immunology 8, 872
122. Neutra, M. R., Mantis, N. J., and Kraehenbuhl, J.-P. (2001) Collaboration of epithelial cells with organized mucosal lymphoid tissues. Nature immunology 2, 1004-1009
123. Niedergang, F., and Kweon, M.-N. (2005) New trends in antigen uptake in the gut mucosa. Trends in Microbiology 13, 485-490
124. Rescigno, M., Urbano, M., Valzasina, B., Francolini, M., Rotta, G., Bonasio, R., Granucci, F., Kraehenbuhl, J.-P., and Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P. (2001) Dendritic cells express tight junction proteins and penetrate gut epithelial monolayers to sample bacteria. Nature immunology 2, 361-367
125. MacPherson, G. G., and Liu, L. M. (1999) Dendritic Cells and Langerhans Cells in the Uptake of Mucosal Antigens. in Defense of Mucosal Surfaces: Pathogenesis, Immunity and Vaccines (Kraehenbuhl, J.-P., and Neutra, M. R. eds.), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp 33-53
126. Neutra, M. R., and Kozlowski, P. A. (2006) Mucosal vaccines: the promise and the challenge. Nat Rev Immunol 6, 148-158
127. Marciani, D. J. (2003) Vaccine adjuvants: role and mechanisms of action in vaccine immunogenicity. Drug Discovery Today 8, 934-943
128. Jounai, K., Ikado, K., Sugimura, T., Ano, Y., Braun, J., and Fujiwara, D. (2012) Spherical lactic acid bacteria activate plasmacytoid dendritic cells immunomodulatory function via TLR9-dependent crosstalk with myeloid dendritic cells. PloS one 7, e32588
129. Rose, M. R. (1991) Evolutionary Biology of Aging, Oxford University Press
130. Flatt, T. (2012) A new definition of aging? Frontiers in Genetics 3, 148
131. Bronikowski, A. M., and Flatt, T. (2010) Aging and its demographic measurement. Nat. Educ. Knowl. 3, 3
132. Siegal, F. P., Kadowaki, N., Shodell, M., Fitzgerald-Bocarsly, P. A., Shah, K., Ho, S., Antonenko, S., and Liu, Y.-J. (1999) The Nature of the Principal Type 1 Interferon-Producing Cells in Human Blood. Science 284, 1835-1837
133. McNab, F., Mayer-Barber, K., Sher, A., Wack, A., and O'Garra, A. (2015) Type I interferons in infectious disease. Nature Reviews Immunology 15, 87-103
134. Taniguchi, T., and Takaoka, A. (2001) A weak signal for strong responses: interferon-alpha/beta revisited. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 2, 378-386
135. Gerosa, F., Gobbi, A., Zorzi, P., Burg, S., Briere, F., Carra, G., and Trinchieri, G. (2005) The Reciprocal Interaction of NK Cells with Plasmacytoid or Myeloid Dendritic Cells Profoundly Affects Innate Resistance Functions. The Journal of Immunology 174, 727-734
136. Takagi, H., Fukaya, T., Eizumi, K., Sato, Y., Sato, K., Shibazaki, A., Otsuka, H., Hijikata, A., Watanabe, T., Ohara, O., Kaisho, T., Malissen, B., and Sato, K. (2011) Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Are Crucial for the Initiation of Inflammation and T Cell Immunity In Vivo. Immunity 35, 958-971
137. Le Bon, A., Etchart, N., Rossmann, C., Ashton, M., Hou, S., Gewert, D., Borrow, P., and Tough, D. F. (2003) Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells stimulated by virus-induced type I interferon. Nature immunology 4, 1009-1015
138. Le Bon, A., and Tough, D. F. (2002) Links between innate and adaptive immunity via type I interferon. Current Opinion in Immunology 14, 432-436
139. Poeck, H., Wagner, M., Battiany, J., Rothenfusser, S., Wellisch, D., Hornung, V., Jahrsdorfer, B., Giese, T., Endres, S., and Hartmann, G. (2004) Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, antigen, and CpG-C license human B cells for plasma cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production in the absence of T-cell help. Blood 103, 3058-3064
140. Jego, G., Palucka, A. K., Blanck, J.-P., Chalouni, C., Pascual, V., and Banchereau, J. (2003) Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Induce Plasma Cell Differentiation through Type I Interferon and Interleukin 6. Immunity 19, 225-234
141. Tsuji, R., Yamamoto, N., Yamada, S., Fujii, T., Yamamoto, N., and Kanauchi, O. (2018) Induction of anti-viral genes mediated by humoral factors upon stimulation with Lactococcus lactis strain plasma results in repression of dengue virus replication in vitro. Antiviral Research 160, 101-108
142. Jounai, K., Sugimura, T., Ohshio, K., and Fujiwara, D. (2015) Oral administration of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis JCM5805 enhances lung immune response resulting in protection from murine parainfluenza virus infection. PloS one 10, e0119055
143. Jounai, K., Sugimura, T., Morita, Y., Ohshio, K., and Fujiwara, D. (2018) Administration of Lactococcus lactis strain Plasma induces maturation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells and protection from rotavirus infection in suckling mice. International Immunopharmacology 56, 205-211
144. Suzuki, H., Tsuji, R., Sugamata, M., Yamamoto, N., Yamamoto, N., and Kanauchi, O. (2019) Administration of plasmacytoid dendritic cell-stimulative lactic acid bacteria is effective against dengue virus infection in mice. International Journal of Molecular Medicine 43, 426-434
145. Sugimura, T., Takahashi, H., Jounai, K., Ohshio, K., Kanayama, M., Tazumi, K., Tanihata, Y., Miura, Y., Fujiwara, D., and Yamamoto, N. (2015) Effects of oral intake of plasmacytoid dendritic cells-stimulative lactic acid bacterial strain on pathogenesis of influenza-like illness and immunological response to influenza virus. British Journal of Nutrition 114, 727-733
146. Sugimura, T., Jounai, K., Ohshio, K., Tanaka, T., Suwa, M., and Fujiwara, D. (2013) Immunomodulatory effect of Lactococcus lactis JCM5805 on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Clinical immunology 149, 509-518
147. Shibata, T., Kanayama, M., Haida, M., Fujimoto, S., Oroguchi, T., Sata, K., Mita, N., Kutsuzawa, T., Ikeuchi, M., Kondo, M., Naito, K., Tsuda, M., Nishizaki, Y., and Ishii, N. (2016) Lactococcus lactis JCM5805 activates anti-viral immunity and reduces symptoms of common cold and influenza in healthy adults in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Functional Foods 24, 492-500
148. Sakata, K., Sasaki, Y., Jounai, K., Fujii, T., and Fujiwara, D. (2017) Preventive Effect of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis JCM 5805 Yogurt Intake on Influenza Infection among Schoolchildren. Health 9, 756-762
149. Kanauchi, O., Andoh, A., AbuBakar, S., and Yamamoto, N. (2018) Probiotics and Paraprobiotics in Viral Infection: Clinical Application and Effects on the Innate and Acquired Immune Systems. Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, 1-8
150. Suzuki, H., Ohshio, K., and Fujiwara, D. (2016) Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis JCM 5805 activates natural killer cells via dendritic cells. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry 80, 798-800
151. Suzuki, H., Jounai, K., Ohshio, K., Fujii, T., and Fujiwara, D. (2018) Administration of plasmacytoid dendritic cell-stimulative lactic acid bacteria enhances antigen-specific immune responses. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 503, 1315-1321
152. Takeda, T., Hosokawa, M., Takeshita, S., Irino, M., Higuchi, K., Matsushita, T., Tomita, Y., Yasuhira, K., Hamamoto, H., Shimizu, K., Ishii, M., and Yamamuro, T. (1981) A new murine model of accelerated senescence. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development 17, 183-194
153. Hosokawa, M., Kasai, R., Higuchi, K., Takeshita, S., Shimizu, K., Hamamoto, H., Honma, A., Irino, M., Toda, K., Matsumura, A., and et al. (1984) Grading score system: a method for evaluation of the degree of senescence in senescence accelerated mouse (SAM). Mechanism of Aging and Develompen 26, 91-102
154. Takeda, T. (2009) Senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM) with special references to neurodegeneration models, SAMP8 and SAMP10 mice. Neurochemical Research 34, 639-659
155. 高橋良哉. (2010) 老化促進モデルマウス SAM を用いた抗老化研究. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 130, 11-18
156. Chiba, Y., Shimada, A., Kumagai, N., Yoshikawa, K., Ishii, S., Furukawa, A., Takei, S., Sakura, M., Kawamura, N., and Hosokawa, M. (2009) The Senescence-accelerated Mouse (SAM): A Higher Oxidative Stress and Age-dependent Degenerative Diseases Model. Neurochemical Research 34, 679-687
157. Sugimura, T., Jounai, K., Ohshio, K., Suzuki, H., Kirisako, T., Sugihara, Y., and Fujiwara, D. (2018) Long-term administration of pDC-Stimulative Lactococcus lactis strain decelerates senescence and prolongs the lifespan of mice. International Immunopharmacology 58, 166-172
158. Fujii, T., Jounai, K., Horie, A., Takahashi, H., Suzuki, H., Ohshio, K., Fujiwara, D., and Yamamoto, N. (2017) Effects of heat-killed Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis JCM 5805 on mucosal and systemic immune parameters, and antiviral reactions to influenza virus in healthy adults; a randomized controlled double-blind study. Journal of Functional Foods 35, 513-521
159. Komano, Y., Shimada, K., Naito, H., Fukao, K., Ishihara, Y., Fujii, T., Kokubo, T., and Daida, H. (2018) Efficacy of heat-killed Lactococcus lactis JCM 5805 on immunity and fatigue during consecutive high intensity exercise in male athletes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 15, 39
160. Leng, J., and Goldstein, D. R. (2010) Impact of aging on viral infections. Microbes and Infection 12, 1120-1124
161. Lande, R., and Gilliet, M. (2010) Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: key players in the initiation and regulation of immune responses. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1183, 89-103
162. Mäkelä, M. J., Puhakka, T., Ruuskanen, O., Leinonen, M., Saikku, P., Kimpimäki, M., Blomqvist, S., Hyypiä, T., and Arstila, P. (1998) Viruses and Bacteria in the Etiology of the Common Cold. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, 539-542
163. Fulop, T., Larbi, A., Dupuis, G., Le Page, A., Frost, E. H., Cohen, A. A., Witkowski, J. M., and Franceschi, C. (2018) Immunosenescence and Inflamm-Aging As Two Sides of the Same Coin: Friends or Foes? Frontiers in Immunology 8, 1960
164. Wherry, E. J., and Kurachi, M. (2015) Molecular and cellular insights into T cell exhaustion. Nature Review Immunology 15, 486-499
165. Bhattacharyya, T. K., and Thomas, J. R. (2004) Histomorphologic changes in aging skin: observations in the CBA mouse model. Archives of Facial Plastic Surgery 6, 21-25
166. Wulf, H. C., Sandby-Moller, J., Kobayasi, T., and Gniadecki, R. (2004) Skin aging and natural photoprotection. Micron 35, 185-191
167. Brandner, J. M., and Schulzke, J. D. (2015) Hereditary barrier-related diseases involving the tight junction: lessons from skin and intestine. Cell Tissue Research 360, 723-748
168. Furuse, M., Hata, M., Furuse, K., Yoshida, Y., Haratake, A., Sugitani, Y., Noda, T., Kubo, A., and Tsukita, S. (2002) Claudin-based tight junctions are crucial for the mammalian epidermal barrier: a lesson from claudin-1-deficient mice. The Journal of Cell Biology 156, 1099-1111
169. Bazzoni, G., and Dejana, E. (2002) Keratinocyte junctions and the epidermal barrier: how to make a skin-tight dress. Journal of Cell Biology 156, 947-949
170. Tokumasu, R., Yamaga, K., Yamazaki, Y., Murota, H., Suzuki, K., Tamura, A., Bando, K., Furuta, Y., Katayama, I., and Tsukita, S. (2016) Dose-dependent role of claudin-1 in vivo in orchestrating features of atopic dermatitis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, E4061-4068
171. Hung, C. F., Fang, C. L., Al-Suwayeh, S. A., Yang, S. Y., and Fang, J. Y. (2012) Evaluation of drug and sunscreen permeation via skin irradiated with UVA and UVB: comparisons of normal skin and chronologically aged skin. Journal of Dermatological Science 68, 135-148
172. Umeda, K., Ikenouchi, J., Katahira-Tayama, S., Furuse, K., Sasaki, H., Nakayama, M., Matsui, T., Tsukita, S., Furuse, M., and Tsukita, S. (2006) ZO-1 and ZO-2 Independently Determine Where Claudins Are Polymerized in Tight-Junction Strand Formation. Cell 126, 741-754
173. Capaldo, C. T., and Nusrat, A. (2009) Cytokine regulation of tight junctions. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1788, 864-871
174. Goodpaster, B. H., Park, S. W., Harris, T. B., Kritchevsky, S. B., Nevitt, M., Schwartz, A. V., Simonsick, E. M., Tylavsky, F. A., Visser, M., and Newman, A. B. (2006) The Loss of Skeletal Muscle Strength, Mass, and Quality in Older Adults: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 61, 1059-1064
175. Vinciguerra, M., Musaro, A., and Rosenthal, N. (2010) Regulation of Muscle Atrophy in Aging and Disease. in Protein Metabolism and Homeostasis in Aging (Tavernarakis, N. ed.), Springer US, Boston, MA. pp 211-233
176. Rubartelli, A., and Lotze, M. T. (2007) Inside, outside, upside down: damage-associated molecular-pattern molecules (DAMPs) and redox. Trends in Immunology 28, 429-436
177. 辻亮平, 福島和彦, and 藤原大介. (2016) 発泡酒製造の副産物に含まれている宝の山~免疫賦活作用のあるリグニン・多糖結合体の発見~. 化学と生物 54, 237-239
178. Park, B. S., and Lee, J.-O. (2013) Recognition of lipopolysaccharide pattern by TLR4 complexes. Experimental &Amp; Molecular Medicine 45, e66
179. Okamoto, M., Oh-e, G., Oshikawa, T., Furuichi, S., Tano, T., Ahmed, S. U., Akashi, S., Miyake, K., Takeuchi, O., Akira, S., Himeno, K., Sato, M., and Ohkubo, S. (2004) Toll-Like Receptor 4 Mediates the Antitumor Host Response Induced by a 55-Kilodalton Protein Isolated from Aeginetia indica L., a Parasitic Plant. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 11, 483
180. Fu, S.-L., Hsu, Y.-H., Lee, P.-Y., Hou, W.-C., Hung, L.-C., Lin, C.-H., Chen, C.-M., and Huang, Y.-J. (2006) Dioscorin isolated from Dioscorea alata activates TLR4-signaling pathways and induces cytokine expression in macrophages. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 339, 137-144
181. Tsuji, R., Ikado, K., and Fujiwara, D. (2018) Modulation of Innate Immunity by lignin-Carbohydrate, a Novel TLR4 Ligand, Results in Augmentation of Mucosal IgA and Systemic IgG Production. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, 64
182. Cerutti, A. (2008) The regulation of IgA class switching. Nature Reviews Immunology 8, 421
183. Sato, A., Hashiguchi, M., Toda, E., Iwasaki, A., Hachimura, S., and Kaminogawa, S. (2003) CD11b+ Peyer’s Patch Dendritic Cells Secrete IL-6 and Induce IgA Secretion from Naive B Cells. The Journal of Immunology 171, 3684
184. Brooks, D. G., Teyton, L., Oldstone, M. B. A., and McGavern, D. B. (2005) Intrinsic Functional Dysregulation of CD4 T Cells Occurs Rapidly following Persistent Viral Infection. Journal of Virology 79, 10514
185. Virgin, H. W., Wherry, E. J., and Ahmed, R. (2009) Redefining Chronic Viral Infection. Cell 138, 30-50
186. Tsuji, R., Komano, Y., Ohshio, K., Ishii, N., and Kanauchi, O. (2018) Long-term administration of pDC stimulative lactic acid bacteria, Lactococcus lactis strain Plasma, prevents immune-senescence and decelerates individual senescence. Experimental Gerontology 111, 10-16
187. Kinugasa, T., Sakaguchi, T., Gu, X., and Reinecker, H. C. (2000) Claudins regulate the intestinal barrier in response to immune mediators. Gastroenterology 118, 1001-1011
188. 平坂勝也. (2014) 廃用性筋萎縮予防に関する分子栄養学的研究. 日本栄養・食糧学会誌 67, 291-297
189. Lu, Y.-C., Yeh, W.-C., and Ohashi, P. S. (2008) LPS/TLR4 signal transduction pathway. Cytokine 42, 145-151
190. Miron, J., Ben-Ghedalia, D., and Morrison, M. (2001) Invited Review: Adhesion Mechanisms of Rumen Cellulolytic Bacteria. Journal of Dairy Science 84, 1294-1309
191. Russell, J. B., Muck, R. E., and Weimer, P. J. (2009) Quantitative analysis of cellulose degradation and growth of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 67, 183-197
192. Wilson, D. B. (2011) Microbial diversity of cellulose hydrolysis. Current Opinion in Microbiology 14, 259-263