Frequency-stabilized laser at telecom wavelength for astro-comb application

[1] T. Udem, R. Holzwarth and T. W. Hänsch, "Optical frequency metrology," Nature 416(6877), 233–237 (2002).

[2] F.-L. Hong, "Optical frequency standards for time and length applications," Meas. Sci. Technol. 28(1), 012002 (2017).

[3] V. Gerginov, N. Nemitz, S. Weyers, R. Schröder, D. Griebsch , R. Wynands, “ Uncertainty evaluation of the caesium fountain clock PTB-CSF2, ” Metrologia, 47(1), 65–79 (2009).

[4] K. Szymaniec, S. E. Park, G. Marra , W. Chałupczak, “First accuracy evaluation of the NPL-CsF2 primary frequency standard,” Metrologia, 47(4), 363–376 (2010).

[5] J. Guena, M. Abgrall, D. Rovera, P. Laurent, B. Chupin, M. Lours, G. Santarelli, P. Rosenbusch, M. E. Tobar, R. Li, K. Gibble, A. Clairon , S. Bize, “Progress in atomic fountains at LNE-SYRTE,” Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control, IEEE Transactions on 59(3), 391–409 (2012).

[6] 洪 鋒雷, “秒の再定義に向けての原子時計の新しい進展「秒の二次表現」,” 日本物理学会誌, 第 65 巻, pp. 80-88 (2010).

[7] S. Gerstenkorn , P. Luc, “Atlas Du Spectre D’ Absorption de la Molecule D’ Iode,” Editions de CNRS, Paris (1978).

[8] J. Ye, L. Robertsson, S. Picard, L.-S. Ma , J. L. Hall, “Absolute frequency atlas of molecular I/sub 2/ lines at 532 nm,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 48(2), 544-549 (1999).

[9] T. J. Quinn, “Practical realization of the definition of the metre, including recommended radiations of other optical frequency standards (2002), ” Metrologia 40,103-133 (2003).

[10] J. L. Hall, L.-S. Ma, M. Taubman, B. Tiemann, F.-L. Hong, O. Pfister , J. Ye, “Stabilization and frequency measurement of the I/sub 2/-stabilized Nd:YAG laser,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 48(2), 583-588 (1998).

[11] 尾藤洋一, 平井亜紀子, 吉森秀明, 洪鋒雷, 大苗敦, 岩崎茂雄 , 瀬田勝男, “3 本 の安定化レーザを用いた長尺ブロックゲージ干渉計の開発,” 精密工学会誌 Vol. 68, No. 4 (2002).

[12] T. Schuldt, S. Saraf, A. Stochino, K. Doringshoff, S. Buchman, G. D. Cutler, J. Lipa, S. Tan, J. Hanson, B. Jaroux, C. Braxmaier, N. Gurlebeck, S. Herrmann, C. Lammerzahl, A. Peters, A. Alfauwaz, A. Alhussien, B. Alsuwaidan, T. A. Saud, H. Dittus, U. Johann, S. P. Worden , R. L. Byer, “Testing Special Relativity in Space Using High Performance Optical Frequency References,” IFCS-EFTF (2015).

[13] K. Döringshoff, F. B. Gutsch, V. Schkolnik, C. Kürbis, M. Oswald, B. Pröbster, E. V. Kovalchuk, A. Bawamia, R. Smol, T. Schuldt, M. Lezius, R. Holzwarth, A. Wicht, C. Braxmaier, M. Krutzik , A. Peters, “Iodine Frequency Reference on a Sounding Rocket,” Phy. Rev. Appl. 11, 054068 (2019).

[14] S. Schiller, “Spectrometry with frequency combs,” Opt. Lett. 27, 766-768 (2002).

[15] F. Keilmann, C. Gohle , R. Holzwarth, “Time-domain mid-infrared frequencycomb spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 29, 1542-1544 (2004).

[16] I. Coddington, I. Coddington, W. C. Swann , N. R. Newbury, “Coherent Multiheterodyne Spectroscopy Using Stabilized Optical Frequency Combs,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 013902 (2008).

[17] T. Steinmetz, T. Wilken, C. Araujo-Hauck, R. Holzwarth, T. W. Hänsch, L. Pasquini, A. Manescau, S. D’Odorico, M. T. Murphy, T. Kentischer, W. Schmidt , T. Udem, “Laser frequency combs for astronomical observations,” Science 321(5894), 1335–1337 (2008).

[18] K. Numata, J. R. Chen, S. T. Wu, J. B. Abshire and M. A. Krainak, "Frequency stabilization of distributed-feedback laser diodes at 1572 nm for lidar measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide," Appl. Opt. 50(7), 1047–1056 (2011).

[19] S. Droste, G. Ycas, B. R. Washburn, I. Coddington , N. R. Newbury, “Optical Frequency Comb Generation based on Erbium Fiber Lasers,” Nanophotonics 5(2), 196–213 (2016).

[20] H. Inaba, Y. Daimon, F.-L. Hong, A. Onae, K. Minoshima, T. R. Schibli, H. Matsumoto, M. Hirano, T. Okuno, M. Onishi , M. Nakazawa, “Long-term measurement of optical frequencies using a simple, robust and low-noise fiber based frequency comb,” Opt. Express 14(12), 5223–5231 (2006).

[21] R. Felder, “Practical realization of the definition of the metre, including recommended radiations of other optical frequency standards (2003), ” Metrologia 42(4), 323–325 (2005).

[22] https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/mises-en-pratique/standardfrequencies.html.

[23] K. Nakagawa, M. d. Labachelerie, Y. Awaji , M. Kourogi, “Accurate optical frequency atlas of the 1.5-m bands of acetylene,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13(12), 2708–2714 (1996).

[24] A. Onae, K. Okumura, J. Yoda, K. Nakagawa, A. Yamaguchi, M. Kourogi, K. Imai , B. Widiyatomoko, “Toward an accurate frequency standard at 1.5 /spl mu/m based on the acetylene overtone band transition, ” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 48(2), 563-566 (1999).

[25] A. Pesatori, M. Norgia, V. Calabrese, G. Galzerano, E. Bava , C. Svelto, “Optical Frequency Standard by HI Doppler-Broadened Absorption and External-Cavity Laser Diode at 1.541 m,”IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 57(8) (2008).

[26] M. Yoshida, K. Yoshida, K. Kasai , M. Nakazawa, “1.55 m hydrogen cyanide optical frequency-stabilized and 10 GHz repetition-rate-stabilized modelocked fiber laser,” Opt. Express 24(21), 24287-24296 (2016).

[27] J. E. Bernard, A. A. Madej, K. J. Siemsen, L. Marmet, C. Latrasse, D. Touahri, M. Poulin, M. Allard , M. Têtu, “Absolute frequency measurement of a laser at 1556 nm locked to the 5S1/25D5/2 two-photon transition in 87Rb,” Opt. Commun. 173(1-6), 357–364 (2000).

[28] J. Ye, S. Swartz, P. Jungner , J. L. Hall, “Hyperfine structure and absolute frequency of the 87Rb 5P3/2 state,” Opt. Lett. 21(16), 1280–1282 (1996).

[29] S. Saraf, P. Berceau, A. Stochino, R. Byer , J. Lipa, “Molecular frequency reference at 1.56  m using a 12C16O overtone transition with the noiseimmune cavity-enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy method,” Opt. Lett. 41(10), 2189-2192 (2016).

[30] F.-L. Hong, A. Onae, J. Jiang, R. Guo, H. Inaba, K. Minoshima, T. R. Schibli , H. Matsumoto, “Absolute frequency measurement of an acetylene-stabilized laser at 1542 nm,” Opt. Lett. 28(23), 2324–2326 (2003).

[31] M. Takamoto, F.-L. Hong, R. Higashi , H. Katori, “An optical lattice clock,” Nature 435, 321 (2005).

[32] 武者満, “高精度光ファイバリンクを用いた Sr 光格子時計の計測,” レーザー研 究, 第 38 巻, 第 7, pp. 505-511 (2010).

[33] V. Leonhardt, J. H. Chow , J. B. Camp, “Laser frequency stabilization to molecular resonances for TPF-C, LISA and MAXIM,” Proc. SPIE 6265, 62652M (2006).

[34] J. F. Cliche, C. Latrasse, M. Têtu, A. Babin, S. Tremblay, S. Tranchart , D. Poulin, “Turnkey compact frequency standard at 1556 nm based on Rb twophoton transitions,”Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (CPEM), Digest, 674–675 (2004).

[35] K. P. Huber , G. Herzberg, Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, D. van Nostrand, 1979.

[36] B. Bodermann, M. Klug, H. Knöckel, E. Tiemann, T. Trebst , H. R. Telle, “Frequency measurement of I2 lines in the NIR using Ca and CH4 optical frequency standards,” Appl. Phys. B 67, (1998).

[37] W.-Y. Cheng, L. Chen, T. H. Yoon, J. L. Hall , J. Ye, “Sub-Doppler moleculariodine transitions near the dissociation limit (523-498 nm),” Opt. Lett. 27(8), 571-573 (2002).

[38] J. Vigué, M. Broyer , J. C. Lehmann, “Natural hyperfine and magnetic predissociation of the I2 B state I. - Theory,” J. Physique 42, 937-947 (1981).

[39] J. Vigué, M. Broyer , J. C. Lehmann, “Natural hyperfine and magnetic predissociation of the I2 B state II. - Experiments on natural and hyperfine predissociation,” J. Physique 42, 949-959 (1981).

[40] J. Wallerand, L. Robertsson, L.-S. Ma , M. Zucco, “Absolute frequency measurement of molecular iodine lines at 514.7 nm, interrogated by a frequency-doubled Yb-doped fibre laser,” Metrologoa 43, 294-298 (2006).

[41] C. J. Bordé, G. Camy , B. Decomps, “Measurement of the recoil shift of saturation resonances of 127I2 at 5145 Å: A test of accuracy for high-resolution saturation spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. A 20(1), 254–268 (1979).

[42] F. du Burck, C. Daussy, A. Amy-Klein, A. N. Goncharov, O. Lopez, C. Chardonnet , J.-P. Wallerand, “Frequency measurement of an Ar/sup +/ laser stabilized on narrow lines of molecular iodine at 501.7 nm,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 54, 754-8 (2005).

[43] J. J. Snyder, R. K. Raj, D. Bloch , M. Ducloy, “High-sensitivity nonlinear spectroscopy using a frequency-offset pump,” Opt. Lett. 5, 163-165 (1980).

[44] J. H. Shirley, “Modulation transfer processes in optical heterodyne saturation spectroscopy,” Opt. Lett. 7(11), 537–539 (1982).

[45] L. Hollberg, L.-S. Ma, M. Hohenstatt , J. L. Hall, “Precision measurements by optical heterodyne techniques,” SPIE 426, 91-98 (1983).

[46] G. Camy, C. J. Bordé , M. Ducloy, “Heterodyne saturation spectroscopy through frequency modulation of the saturating beam,” Opt. Commun. 41(5), 325–330 (1982).

[47] R. K. Raj, D. Bloch, J. J. Snyder, G. Camy , M. Ducloy, “High frequency optically heterodyned saturation spectroscopy via resonant degenerate fourwave mixing,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, 1251-1254 (1980).

[48] F.-L. Hong, J. Ishikawa, Y. Zhang, R. Guo, A. Onae , H. Matsumoto, “Frequency reproducibility of an iodine-stabilized Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm,” Opt. Commun. 235, 377-385 (2004).

[49] T. Preuschoff, M. Schlosser , G. Birkl, “ Optimization strategies for modulation transfer spectroscopy applied to laser stabilization,”Opt. Express 26(18), 24010-24019 (2018).

[50] L.-S. Ma , J.-L. Hall, “Optical heterodyne spectroscopy enhanced by an external optical cavity: Toward improved working standards, ” IEEE J. Quantum. Electron. 26, 2006-2012 (1990).

[51] M. Asobe, H. Miyazawa, O. Tadanaga, Y. Nishida , H. Suzuki, “A highly damage-resistant Zn:LiNbO3 ridge waveguide and its application to a polarization-independent wavelength converter, ” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39(10), 1327–1333 (2003).

[52] T. Nishikawa, A. Ozawa, Y. Nishida, M. Asobe, F.-L. Hong , T. W. Hänsch, “Efficient 494mW sum-frequency generation of sodium resonance radiation at 589 nm by using a periodically poled Zn:LiNbO3 ridge waveguide,” Opt. Express 17(20), 17792–17800 (2009).

[53] C. Wang, C. Langrock, A. Marandi, M. Jankowski, M. Zhang, B. Desiatov, M. M. Fejer , M. Loncar, “ Ultrahigh-efficiency wavelength conversion in nanophotonic periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides, ” Optica 5(11),1438-1441 (2018).

[54] L. Chang, Y. Li, N. Volet, L. Wang, J. Peters , J. E. Bowers, “Thin film wavelength converters for photonic integrated circuits,” Optica 3(5), 531–535 (2016).

[55] A. Rao, K. Abdelsalam, T. Sjaardema, A. Honardoost, G. F. CamachoGonzalez , S. Fathpour, “Actively-monitored periodic-poling in thin film lithium niobate photonic waveguides with ultrahigh nonlinear conversion efficiency of 4600%W-1cm-2 ,” Opt. Express 27(18), 25920–25930 (2019).

[56] T. Kobayashi, D. Akamatsu, Y. Nishida, T. Tanabe, M. Yasuda, F.-L. Hong , K. Hosaka, “Second harmonic generation at 399 nm resonant on the 1S0- 1P1 transition of ytterbium using a periodically poled LiNbO3 waveguide,” Opt. Express 24(11), 12142–12150 (2016).

[57] K. Iwakuni, S. Okubo, S. Tadanaga, H. Inaba, A. Onae, F.-L. Hong , H. Sasada, “Broadband frequency comb,” Opt. Lett. 41, 3980-3983 (2016).

[58] K. Hitachi, A. Ishizawa, T. Nishikawa, M. Asobe , T. Sogawa, “Carrierenvelope offset locking with a 2f -to-3f self-referencing interferometer using a dual-pitch PPLN ridge waveguide,” Opt. Express 22(2), 1629–1635 (2014).

[59] D. H. Jundt, “Temperature-dependent Sellmeier equation for the index of refraction, ne, in congruent lithium niobate,” Opt. Lett. 22(20), 1553–1555 (1997).

[60] C. Philippe, E. Chea, Y. Nishida, F. d. Burck , O. Acef, “Efficient third harmonic generation of a CW-fibered 1.5 m laser diode,” Appl. Phys. B 122(10), 265 (2016).

[61] K. Yoshii, J. Nomura, K. Taguchi, Y. Hisai , F.-L. Hong, “Optical frequency metrology study on nonlinear processes in a waveguide device for ultrabroadband comb generation,” Phys. Rev. Appl. 11(5), 054031 (2019).

[62] C. Lisdat, G. Grosche, N. Quintin, C. Shi, S. M. F. Raupach, C. Grebing, D. Nicolodi, F. Stefani, A. Al-Masoudi, S. Dörscher, S. Häfner, J.-L. Robyr, N. Chiodo, S. Bilicki, E. Bookjans, A. Koczwara, S. Koke, A. Kuhl, F. Wiotte, F. Meynadier, E. Camisard, M. Abgrall, M. Lours, T. Legero, H. Schnatz, U. Sterr, H. Denker, C. Chardonnet, Y. L. Coq, G. Santarelli, A. Amy-Klein, R. L. Targat, J. Lodewyck, O. Lopez , P.-E. Pottie, “A clock network for geodesy and fundamental science,” Nat. Commun. 7(1), 12443 (2016).

[63] Y. Bitou, K. Sasaki, H. Inaba, F.-L. Hong , A. Onae, “Rubidium-stabilized diode laser for high-precision interferometer,” Opt. Eng. 43(4), 900–903 (2004).

[64] C. Philippe, D. Holleville, R. L. Targat, P. Wolf, T. Leveque, R. L. Goff, E. Martaud , O. Acef, “A compact frequency stabilized telecom laser diode for space applications,” Proc. SPIE 10562, 1056253 (2016).

[65] J. Barbarat, J. Gillot, H. Alvarez-Martinez, M. Lours, D. Holleville, R. L. Targat, P.-E. Pottie, P. Wolf, P. Tuckey, O. Acef, F.-X. Esnault , T. Leveque, “Compact and Transportable Iodine Frequency-Stabilized Laser,” Proc. SPIE 11180, 111800T (2018).

[66] R. J. Jones, W.-Y. Cheng, K. W. Holman, L. Chen, J. L. Hall , J. Ye, “Absolutefrequency measurement of the iodine-based length standard at 514.67 nm,” Appl. Phys. B 74, 597-601 (2002).

[67] M. L. Eickhoff , J. L. Hall, “Optical frequency standard at 532 nm,” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 44(2), 155–158 (1995).

[68] S. Okubo, K. Nakamura, M. Schramm, H. Yamamoto, J. Ishikawa, F.-L. Hong, K. Kashiwagi, K. Minoshima, H. Tsutsui, E. Kambe, H. Izumiura , H. Inaba, “Erbium-Fiber-Based Visible Astro-Comb with 42-GHz Mode Spacing,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) (OSA, San Jose, CA, USA), paper STu3P.1 (2018).

[69] T. Kobayashi, D. Akamatsu, K. Hosaka, H. Inaba, S. Okubo, T. Tanabe, M. Yasuda, A. Onae , F.-L. Hong, “Compact iodine-stabilized laser operating at 531 nm with stability at the 10-12 level and using a coin-sized laser module,” Opt. Express 23(16), 20749–20759 (2015).

[70] J. Nomura, K. Yoshii, Y. Hisai , F.-L. Hong, “Precision spectroscopy and frequency stabilization using coin-sized laser modules,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 36(3), 631–637 (2019).

[71] J. E. Decker , J. R. Petelsky, “Uncertainty evaluation for the measurement of the gauge blocks by optical interferometry,” Metrologia 34(6), 479–493 (1997).

[72] “https://www.nao.ac.jp/research/project/epd.html”.

[73] G. Chang, C.-H. Li, D. F. Phillips, A. Szentgyorgyi, R. L. Walsworth , F. X. Kärtner, “Optimization of filtering schemes for broadband astro-combs,” Opt. Express 20(22), 24987-25013 (2012).

[74] G. Chang, C.-H. Li, D. F. Phillips, R. L. Walsworth , F. X. Kärtner, “Toward a broadband astro-comb: effects of nonlinear spectral broadening in optical fibers,” Opt. Express 18(12), 12736-12747 (2010).

[75] R. A. Probst, T. Steinmetz, T. Wilken, H. Hundertmark, S. P. Stark, G. K. L. Wong, P. S. J. Russell, T. W. Hänsch, R. Holzwarth , T. Udem, “Nonlinear amplification of side-modes in frequency combs,” Opt. Express 21(10), 11670- 11687 (2013).

[76] T. Wilken, C. Lovis, A. Manescau, T. Steinmetz, L. Pasquini, G. L. Curto, T. W. Hänsch, R. Holzwarth , T. Udem, “ High-precision calibration of spectrographs,” MNRAS, vol. 405, no. 1, pp. L16–L20 (2010).

[77] D. F. Phillips, A. G. Glenday, C.-H. Li, C. Cramer, G. Furesz, G. Chang, A. J. Benedick, L.-J. Chen, F. X. K ¨ artner, S. Korzennik, D. Sasselov, A. Szentgyorgyi , R. L. Walsworth, “Calibration of an astrophysical spectrograph below 1 m/s using a laser frequency comb,” Opt. Express 20(13), 13711-13726 (2012).

[78] H.-P. Doerr, T. Steinmetz, R. Holzwarth, T. Kentischer , W. Schmidt, “A Laser Frequency Comb System for Absolute Calibration of the VTT Echelle Spectrograph,” Sol. Physik 280(2), 663-670 (2012).

[79] G. G. Ycas, F. Quinlan, S. A. Diddams, S. Osterman, S. Mahadevan, S. Redman, R. Terrien, L. Ramsey, C. F. Bender, B. Botzer , S. Sigurdsson, “Demonstration of on-sky calibration of astronomical spectra using a 25 GHz near-IR laser frequency comb,” Opt. Express 20(6), 6631-6643 (2012).

[80] A. G. Glenday, C.-H. Li, N. Langellier, G. Chang, L.-J. Chen, G. Furesz, A. A. Zibrov, F. Kärtner, D. F. Phillips, D. Sasselov, A. Szentgyorgyi , R. L. Walsworth, “Operation of a broadband visible-wavelength astro-comb with a high-resolution astrophysical spectrograph,” Optica 2(3), 250-254 (2015).

[81] Y. Ma, L. Zuo, F. Meng, C. Li, T. Jiang, A. Wang, F. Zhao, G. Zhao , Z. Zhang, “A compact 30 GHz spaced astro-comb based on 1 GHz Yb:Fiber laser,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) (OSA, San Jose, CA, USA, 2016), paper JTh2A.137.

[82] X. Yi, K. Vahala, J. Li, S. Diddams, G. Ycas, P. Plavchan, S. Leifer, J. Sandhu, G. Vasisht, P. Chen, P. Gao, J. Gagne, E. Furlan, M. Bottom, E. C. Martin, M. P. Fitzgerald, G. Doppmann , C. Beichman, “Demonstration of a near-IR linereferenced electro-optical laser frequency comb for precision radial velocity measurements in astronomy,” Nat. Comm. 7(1), 10436 (2016).

[83] R. A. Probst, G. L. Curto, G. Ávila, A. Brucalassi, B. L. C. Martins, I. d. C. Leão, M. Esposito, J. I. G. Hernández, F. Grupp, T. W. Hänsch, R. Holzwarth, H. Kellermann, F. Kerber, O. Mandel, A. Manescau, L. Pasquini, E. Pozna, R. Rebolo, J. R. d. Medeiros, S. P. Stark, T. Steinmetz, A. S. Mascareño, T. Udem, J. Urrutia , Y. Wu, “Relative stability of two laser frequency combs for routine operation on HARPS and FOCES,” vol. 9908. SPIE, 2016, p. 990864 (2016).

[84] L. Wang, F. Grupp, H. Kellermann, U. Hopp , R. Bender, “Line profile analysis of the laser frequency comb in FOCES,” vol. 10400. SPIE, 2017, p. 66, (2017).

[85] A. Ravi, D. F. Phillips, M. Beck, L. L. Martin, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, A. Bartels, D. Sasselov, A. Szentgyorgyi , R. L. Walsworth, “Astrocomb calibrator and spectrograph characterization using a turn-key laser frequency comb,” JATIS, vol. 3, no. 04, p. 1 (2017).

[86] R. A. McCracken, É. Depagne, R. B. Kuhn, N. Erasmus, L. A. Crause , D. T. Reid, “Wavelength calibration of a high resolution spectrograph with a partially stabilized 15-GHz astrocomb from 550 to 890 nm,” Opt. Express 25(6), 6450-6460 (2017).

[87] J. Löhner-Böttcher, W. Schmidt, H.-P. Doerr, T. Kentischer, T. Steinmetz, R. A. Probst , R. Holzwarth, “LARS: An Absolute Reference Spectrograph for solar observations: Upgrade from a prototype to a turn-key system,” A&A, vol. 607, p. A12 (2017).

[88] Z. Hao, H. Ye, J. Han, Y. Wu, Y. Zhai , D. Xiao, “Calibration Tests of a 25-GHz Mode-spacing Broadband Astro-comb on the Fiber-fed High Resolution Spectrograph (HRS) of the Chinese 2.16-m Telescope,” Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 130(994), 125001 (2018).

[89] E. Obrzud, M. Rainer, A. Harutyunyan, B. Chazelas, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, S. Kundermann, S. Lecomte, F. Pepe, F. Wildi, F. Bouchy , T. Herr, “Broadband near-infrared astronomical spectrometer calibration and on-sky validation with an electro-optic laser frequency comb,” Opt. Express 26(26), 34830-34841 (2018).

[90] A. J. Metcalf, T. Anderson, C. F. Bender, S. Blakeslee, W. Brand, D. R. Carlson, W. D. Cochran, S. A. Diddams, M. Endl, C. Fredrick, S. Halverson, D. D. Hickstein, F. Hearty, J. Jennings, S. Kanodia, K. F. Kaplan, E. Levi, E. Lubar, S. Mahadevan, A. Monson, J. P. Ninan, C. Nitroy, S. Osterman, S. B. Papp, F. Quinlan, L. Ramsey, P. Robertson, A. Roy, C. Schwab, S. Sigurdsson, K. Srinivasan, G. Stefansson, D. A. Sterner, R. Terrien, A. Wolszczan, J. T. Wright , G. Ycas, “Stellar spectroscopy in the near-infrared with a laser frequency comb,” Optica 6(2), 233-239 (2019).

[91] E. Obrzud, M. Rainer, A. Harutyunyan, M. H. Anderson, J. Liu, M. Geiselmann, B. Chazelas, S. Kundermann, S. Lecomte, M. Cecconi, A. Ghedina, E. Molinari, F. Pepe, F. Wildi, F. Bouchy, T. J. Kippenberg , T. Herr, “A microphotonic astrocomb,” Nat. Photonics 13(1), 31–35 (2019).

[92] M.-G. Suh, X. Yi, Y.-H. Lai, S. Leifer, I. S. Grudinin, G. Vasisht, E. C. Martin, M. P. Fitzgerald, G. Doppmann, J. Wang, D. Mawet, S. B. Papp, S. A. Diddams, C. Beichman , K. Vahala, “Searching for exoplanets using a microresonator astrocomb,” Nat. Photonics 13(1), 25-30 (2019).

[93] T. Herr , R. A. McCracken, “Astrocomb: Recent Advances,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 31(23), 1890-1893 (2019).

[94] F.-L. Hong, J. Ye, L.-S. Ma, S. Picard, C. J. Bordé , J. L. Hall, “Rotation dependence of electric quadrupole hyperfine interaction in the ground state of molecular iodine by high-resolution laser spectroscopy,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18(3), 379–387 (2001).

[95] F.-L. Hong, J. Ishikawa, A. Onae , H. Matsumoto, “Rotation dependence of the excited-state electric quadrupole hyperfine interaction by high-resolution laser spectroscopy of 127I2,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 18(10), 1416–1422 (2001).

[96] L. Chen , J. Ye, “Extensive, high-resolution measurement of hyperfine interactions: precise investigations of molecular potentials and wave function,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 381(5-6), 777–783 (2003).

[97] F.-L. Hong, Y. Zhang, J. Ishikawa, A. Onae , H. Matsumoto, “Vibration dependence of the tensor spin-spin and scalar spin-spin hyperfine interactions by precision measurement of hyperfine structures of 127I2 near 532 nm,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19(5), 946–953 (2002).

[98] H.-J. Briegel, W. Dür, J. I. Cirac , P. Zoller, “Quantum repeaters: the role of imperfect local operations in quantum communication,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5932–5935 (1998).

[99] L.-M. Duan, M. D. Lukin, J. I. Cirac , P. Zoller, “Long-distance quantum communication with atomic ensembles and linear optics,” Nature 414, 413– 418 (2001).

[100] N. Sangouard, C. Simon, H. d. Riedmatten , N. Gisin, “Quantum repeaters based on atomic ensembles and linear optics,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 33–80 (2011).

[101] K. Kutluer, M. Mazzera , d. H. Riedmatten, “Solid-state source of nonclassical photon pairs with embedded multimode quantum memory,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 210502 (2017).

[102] B. Hensen, H. Bernien, A. E. Dréau, A. Reiserer, N. Kalb, M. S. Blok, J. Ruitenberg, R. F. L. Ruitenberg, R. N. Schouten, C. Abellán, W. Amaya, V. Pruneri, M. W. Pruneri, M. Markham, D. J. Twitchen, D. Elkouss, S. Wehner, T. H. Taminiau , R. Hanson, “Loophole-free Bell inequality violation using electron spins separated by 1.3 kilometres,” Nature 526, 682–686 (2015).

[103] E. Neu, D. Steinmetz, J. Riedrich-Möller, S. Gsell, M. Fischer, M. Schreck , C. Becher, “ Single photon emission from siliconvacancy colour centres in chemical vapour deposition nanodiamonds on iridium,” New J. Phys. 13, 025012 (2011).

[104] R. Ikuta, T. Kobayashi, S. Yasui, S. Miki, T. Yamashita, H. Terai, M. Fujiwara, T. Yamamoto, M. Koashi, M. Sasaki, Z. Wang , N. Imoto, “Frequency downconversion of 637 nm light to the telecommunication band for non-classical light emitted from NV centers,” Opt. Express 22, 11205–11214 (2014).

[105] J. S. Pelc, L. Yu, K. D. Greve, P. L. McMahon, C. M. Natarajan, V. Esfandyarpour, S. Maier, C. Schneider, M. Kamp, S. Höfling, R. H. Hadfield, A. Forchel, Y. Yamamoto , M. M. Fejer, “Downconversion quantum interface for a single quantum dot spin and 1550-nm single-photon channel,” Opt. Express 20, 27510–27519 (2012).

[106] S. Zaske, A. Lenhard , C. Becher, “Efficient frequency downconversion at the single photon level from the red spectral range to the telecommunications Cband,” Opt. Express 19, 12825–12836 (2011).

[107] N. Maring, K. Kutluer, J. Cohen, M. Cristiani, M. Mazzera, P. M. Ledingham , H. d. Riedmatten, “Storage of up-converted telecom photons in a doped crystal,” New J. Phys. 16, 113021 (2014).

[108] E. Togan, Y. Chu, A. S. Trifonov, L. Jiang, J. Maze, L. Childress, M. V. G. Dutt, A. S. Sørensen, P. R. Hemmer, A. S. Zibrov , M. D. Lukin, “Quantum entanglement between an optical photon and a solid-state spin qubit,” Nature 466, 730–734 (2010).

[109] S. Muralidharan, J. Kim, N. Lütkenhaus, M. D. Lukin , L. Jiang, “Ultrafast and fault-tolerant quantum communication across long distances,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 112, 250501 (2014).

[110] J. A. Keszenheimer, E. J. Balboni , J. J. Zayhowski, “Phase locking of 1.32- um microchip lasers through the use of pump-diode,” Opt. Lett. 17, 649–651 (1992).

[111] B. Willke, S. Brozek, K. Danzmann, V. Quetschke , S. Gossler, “Frequency stabilization of a monolithic Nd:YAG ring laser by controlling the power of the laser-diode pump source,” Opt. Lett. 25, 1019–1021 (2000).

[112] Y. Bitou, K. Sasaki, S. Iwasaki , F.-L. Hong, “Compact I2-stabilized frequency- doubled Nd:YAG laser for long gauge block interferometer,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 42, 2867–2871 (2003).

[113] A. Lassila, K. Riski, J. Hu, T. Ahola, S. Naicheng, L. Chengyang, P. Balling, J. Blabla, L. Abramova, Y. G. Zakharenko, V. L. Fedorin, A. Chartier , J.-M. Chartier, “International comparison of He-Ne lasers stabilized with 127I2 at   633 nm,” Metrologia 37, 701-707 (2000).

[114] E. A. Whittaker, M. Gehrtz , G. C. Bjorklund, “ Residual amplitude modulation in laser electro-optic phase modulation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2, 1320–1326 (1985).

[115] S. Tamura, K. Ikeda, K. Okamura, K. Yoshii, F.-L. Hong, T. Horikiri , H. Kosaka, “Two-step frequency conversion for connecting distant quantum memories by transmission through an optical fiber,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 57, 062801 (2018).

[116] J. I. Steinfeld, Molecules and Radiation, (MIT Press, New York, 1986).