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Molecular analysis of a necrotic cell death induced in cucumber mosaic virus-inoculated Arabidopsis thaliana

Tian Ainan 東北大学

2020.03.25

概要

In the field, continuous attacks from numerous pathogens, including viruses, are threatening plant life. For surviving, plants evolved highly efficient defenses to defend themselves. Different from vertebrate immune systems, plant immune systems trigger both preformed defenses at the infection sites and inducible defenses at distal parts of plants. Interactions between plants and pathogens can be represented as consisting of three phases, referred to as a “Zigzag” scheme (Figure 1-1) [1].

During the interactions between plant and pathogens, when pathogen- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are often conserved pathogen molecules essential for their reproduction, were recognized by plant cell surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the first layer of plant defense, pattern (or PRR)- triggered immunity (PTI) was activated. The pathogen failed in penetration of the host cell due to the activation of PTI. However, the arms race between plant and pathogen will not stop but keep evolving. The pathogen alters to produce proteins or other effector molecules under the selective pressures of PTI to suppress PTI, which is known as effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS). When PTI was defeated and pathogens kept releasing their effectors to carry on invasion, the plant was exposed to a selective pressure to produce proteins for the recognition of these effector molecules and the consequently activate defense reaction. Nucleotide binding leucine-rich repeat (NB- LRR) proteins coded by resistance (R) genes in plant recognized the pathogen effectors encoded by avirulence (Avr) genes in the cytoplasm and then triggered the second layer of plant defense, which is known as R gene-mediated defense or effector- triggered immunity (ETI). ETI is a defense system which is much stronger and faster than PTI, and ETI often develops a programmed cell death (PCD) referred to as the hypersensitive response (HR). Therefore, the PCD formed in ETI is also described as HR cell death. Such interactions that fail to result in disease occurrence are described as incompatible interactions. On the other hand, interactions between plants and pathogens that result in disease are described as compatible interactions.

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