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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by JSPS Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Kakenhi Grant Numbers, 24686098,
17K07024, 20H02674), Ichimura Foundation for New Technology and YESSA (Yanmar shigenjunkan zaidan).
We are deeply grateful to Dr. Leonard I. Wassenaar and Takuya Matsumoto, the IAEA and ATOMIKI staff for
their technical support and Prof. Tamotsu Kozaki, Hokkaido University, for the financial support for the collection of the sediment cores in Fukushima in 2016, and Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry for
financial support for drilling of observation well in 2019. The Heavy Ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) at ANU is
supported by the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS) of the Australian Government.
Author contributions
T.O. and Y.M. developed the original idea of the analyses presented in the manuscript and designed the field
study. Field data were collected by T.O. and Y.M. Laboratory analyses were performed by T.O., Y.M., L.P., and
K.F., S.T., S.P. The manuscript was written by T.O. and Y. M., with contributions from all coauthors.
Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/
10.1038/s41598-023-46853-y.
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to T.O.
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