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違法伐採が生じているミャンマー択伐林における森林利用と林分構造の5年間の変化

テイン, サウン SAUNG, THEIN 九州大学

2021.03.24

概要

熱帯林の約20%は択伐を主体とする生産林であり、木材生産の観点のみならず、地球規模の炭素循環および生物多様性の観点からも択伐林の保全価値が重要視されている。一方で、熱帯林では違法伐採などによる森林劣化が問題視されているが、劣化した択伐林における森林利用や林分構造の実態およびそれらの時間的変化はほとんど知られていない。そこで本研究では、違法伐採が生じているミャンマーの択伐林を対象に、2013年と2018年の2時期にフィールド調査を行い、住民による森林利用と林分構造の5年間の変化を明らかにすることを目的とした。研究対象地はミャンマーの伝統的な択伐林業地のバゴ山地であり、バゴ山地では2016年に10年間の禁伐令が制定されている。

 まず、住民による択伐林内での森林利用、なかでも現金収入の実態を明らかにするため、択伐林の近隣に居住する世帯(以下、近隣世帯)146戸、および択伐林内に違法に侵入して居住する世帯(以下、侵入世帯)48戸を対象にインタビュー調査を実施した。その結果、択伐林内では、炭や竹棹の生産活動などによって収入が得られていた。これら択伐林内の活動で得られる収入(以下、森林収入)と農業や他のビジネスなど択伐林外での活動から得られる収入(以下、非森林収入)を合わせた世帯収入は、近隣世帯と侵入世帯でそれぞれ、平均1,701USD/年と1,090USD/年であった。また、世帯収入に対する森林収入の割合、すなわち、世帯収入の森林依存度は近隣世帯と侵入世帯でそれぞれ32%と83%であり、主な森林収入源は前者では竹棹生産、後者では炭生産であった。住民による択伐林の商業利用は森林法で禁じられている一方で、世帯収入の森林依存度は他国で報告されている平均値(約20%)よりも大きいことがわかった。

 次に、住民による択伐林内での森林利用の時間的変化を明らかにするため、禁伐が制定された2年後の2018年に近隣世帯123戸においてインタビュー調査を実施し、禁伐前の2013年との比較を行った。その結果、世帯収入の森林依存度は5年間で32%から21%に減少した。一般化線形モデル(GLM)の結果、各世帯の農地面積が小さいほど、居住年数が少ないほど、択伐林へのアクセス時間が短いほど森林依存度は高くなり、一方、禁伐令の認知の有無は森林依存度に関係しないことが明らかとなった。そして、森林依存度の低下の原因として、禁伐令のもとに実行された林道閉鎖や監視強化によって択伐林へのアクセスが悪くなったことを指摘した。しかしながら、世帯収入の森林依存度は他国と比較しても低い値でなく、農業の集約化・多角化などにより非森林収入を増大させることや、あるいは、択伐林内での近隣住民による合法的な森林利用システムを構築することの必要性を指摘した。

 続いて、劣化した択伐林の林分構造を明らかにするため、2011年の合法伐採後に違法伐採が生じていた3つの林班において、2013年に面積0.64ha(80m×80m)の固定試験地を4か所設定し、胸高直径(DBH)10cm以上の樹木のDBH、伐根径、樹種を計測した。また、群生する竹の群毎に稈本数および稈の最大DBHと最小DBHを計測した。その結果、合法伐採後の2年間に生じた違法伐採の量(24.2本/ha、胸高断面積5.1m2/ha)は、合法伐採の量(4.3本/ha、2.3m2/ha)よりも著しく多いことがわかった。そして、GLMの結果から、違法伐採はDBHが大きく、炭利用に適した樹種に生じやすいことがわかり、用材に適した樹種が選択的に違法伐採される既往の事例とは異なる傾向を明らかにした。2013年調査時の立木密度は33~181本/ha、竹群密度は6~145群/haの範囲にあり、GLMの結果から立木密度が減少するほど竹群密度が増大することが明らかとなり、違法伐採によって劣化した択伐林では竹が優占する傾向にあることを指摘した。

 最後に、林分構造の時間的変化を明らかにするため、2013年に設定した固定試験地において2018年に樹木と竹の再測を実施した。また、20m×20mのサブプロット(n=64)の中心において、半径5mの円形プロットを設定し、更新木(DBH10cm以下、樹高1.3m以上)のDBHと樹種を計測した。5年間で、残存木や進界木の良好な成長はみられたものの、違法伐採が生じたことにより林木の胸高断面積は9.7m2/haから8.5m2/haへと低位に推移したが、一方で、竹群数は56群/haから205群/haへと大きく増大した。GLMの結果、竹稈の本数・胸高断面積は立木本数と負の関係にあり、更新木の本数は竹稈の本数・胸高断面積と負の関係にあることがわかった。また、構造方程式モデリングにより成木-竹-更新木の3者の相互作用を解析した結果、立木本数の減少は竹稈の本数・胸高断面積の増大の原因となり、この竹稈の蓄積増加が更新木の減少を生じさせていることが明らかとなった。そして、違法伐採により立木密度が著しく減少した択伐林では竹の優占により林木の更新が困難になることから、竹の除去が必要であると結論づけた。

 以上のことから、ミャンマーの択伐林では住民による商業利用は禁じられているものの、禁伐令制定後も炭や竹棹の生産活動は継続されており、世帯収入の森林依存度は世界的にみても低い値ではないことがわかった。炭生産を目的とした違法伐採が生じている択伐林では、立木密度の減少に伴い、竹が優占することで、樹木の更新が阻害されることがわかり、このような林分では竹の除去作業が必要であることを指摘した。竹棹生産は住民の現金収入にも繋がることから、住民による合法的な竹棹の持続的生産システムを構築することで、生計向上と森林回復のwin-win効果が期待できると結論づけた。

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