Alder D, Silva J. 2000. An empirical cohort model for management of Terra Firme forests in the Brazilian Amazon. For Ecol Manage. 130:141–157.
Buergin RG. 2015. vcrpart: tree-based varying coefficient regression for generalized linear and ordinal mixed models. http://cran r-project org/web/packages/vcrpart/vcrpart.
Amaral, MárcioHiguchi, F., Lima, A., Higuchi, N., dos Santos, J., 2019. Dynamics of Tropical Forest Twenty-Five Years after Experimental Logging in Central Amazon Mature Forest. Forests 10, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10020089.
Armitage, I., 1998. Guideline for the Management of Tropical Forests: the production of wood. Forestry Paper 135, FAO., Rome. 293 pp.
Arbainsyah, de Iongh, H.H., Kustiawan, W., de Snoo, G.R., 2014. Structure, composition and diversity of plant communities in FSC-certified, selectively logged forests of different ages compared to primary rain forest. Biodivers. Conserv. 23, 2445–2472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-014-0732-4.
Asner, G.P., Broadbent, E.N., Oliveira, P.J.C., Keller, M., Knapp, D.E., Silva, J.N.M., 2006. Condition and fate of logged forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 12947–12950.
Asner, G.P., Keller, M., Silva, J.N.M., 2004. Spatial and temporal dynamics of forest canopy gaps following selective logging in the eastern Amazon. Glob. Chang. Biol. 10, 765– 783. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00756.x.
Asner, G. P., T. K. Rudel, T. M. Aide, R. Defries, and R. Emerson. 2009. A contemporary assessment of change in humid tropical forests. Conservation biology 23:1386-95.
Aung, K.P., 2019. Forest and Landuse Changes in the East- Bago Region ( Myanmar). Master`s Thesis, University of Eastern Finland, Finland.
Berry, N.J., Phillips, O.L., Lewis, S.L., Hill, J.K., Edwards, D.P., Tawatao, N.B., Ahmad, N., Magintan, D., Khen, C. V., Maryati, M., Ong, R.C., Hamer, K.C., 2010. The high value of logged tropical forests: Lessons from northern Borneo. Biodivers. Conserv. 19, 985– 997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9779.
Bertault, J.G., Sist, P., 1997. An experimental comparison of different harvesting intensities with reduced-impact and conventional logging in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. For. Ecol. Manage. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03974-6.
Bhagwat, T., Hess, A., Horning, N., Khaing, T., Thein, Z. M., Aung, K. M., Aung, K. H., Phyo, P.,Tun, Y. L., Oo, A. H., Neil, A., Thu, W. M., Songer, M., Connette, K. L., Bernd, A., Connette, G., and Leimgruber, P. (2016) Losing a Jewel-Rapid Declines in Myanmar’s Intact Forests from 2002-2014. PLoS ONE.
Bicknell, J.E., Struebig, M.J., Edwards, D.P., Davies, Z.G., 2014. Improved timber harvest techniques maintain biodiversity in tropical forests. Curr. Biol. 24, R1119–R1120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.067.
Blanc, L., Echard, M., Herault, B., Bonal, D., Marcon, E., Chave, J., Baraloto, C., 2009. Dynamics of aboveground carbon stocks in a selectively logged tropical forest. Ecol. Appl. 19, 1397–1404. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1572.1
Blaser, J.; Sarre, A.;Poore, D.; Johnson, S., 2011. Status of Tropical Forest Management 2011, International Tropical Timber Organization. https://doi.org/ITTO Technical Series No 38.
Blanford, H.R., 1956. Highlights on one hundred years of forestry in Burma, The Burmese Forester vol. 6(1).
Borota, J., 1991. Tropical Forests- some African and Asian case studies of composition and structure. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 274 pp.
Brown, K.A., Gurevitch, J., 2004. Long-term impacts of logging on forest diversity in Madagascar. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 6045–6049.
Brunner, J., Talbot, K., Elkin, C., 1998. Logging Burma’s Frontier Forests: Resources and the Regime. World Resource Institute, Washington, DC, ISBN: 1- 56973-266-3.
Burivalova, Z., Şekercioǧ lu, Ç.H., Koh, L.P., 2014. Thresholds of logging intensity to maintain tropical forest biodiversity. Curr. Biol. 24, 1893–1898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.06.065
Burivalova, Z., 2015. Selectivel logging in tropical forest: An evidence –based approach for better forest management. Doctoral thesis, Univeristy of Geneva.
Bryan, R., 1996. Romancing Colonial Forestry: The discourse of ‘Forestry as Progress’ in British Burma. The Gegraphical Journal, Vol. 162, No. 2, July 1996, pp 169-178.
Buergin RG. 2015. vcrpart: tree-based varying coefficient regression for generalized linear and ordinal mixed models. http://cran r-project org/web/packages/vcrpart/vcrpart.
Cannon, C.H., Peart, D.R., Leighton, M., Kartawinata, K., 1994. The structure of lowland rainforest after selective logging in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. For. Ecol. Manage. 67, 49–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)90007-8
Carvalho, J.O.P. de, Silva, J.N.M., Lopes, J. do C.A., 2005. Growth rate of a terra firme rain forest in Brazilian Amazonia over an eight-year period in response to logging. Acta Amaz. 34, 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0044-59672004000200009.
Chapman, C.A., 2015. Selective logging : does the imprint remain on tree structure and composition after 45 years ? Selective logging : does the imprint remain on tree structure and composition after 45 years ? 3, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cov012.
Chaudhary, A., Burivalova, Z., Koh, L.P., Hellweg, S., 2016. Impact of Forest Management on Species Richness: Global Meta-Analysis and Economic Trade-Offs. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23954.
Chheng, K., Mizoue, N., Khorn, S., Kao, D., Sasaki, N., 2015. Tree-based approach to evaluate size dependence of residual tree damage caused by selective logging: Case study in tropical semi-evergreen forests of Cambodia. For. Ecol. Manage. 356, 285–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.031.
Cole, L.E.S., Bhagwat, S.A., Willis, K.J., 2014. Recovery and resilience of tropical forests after disturbance. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4906.
Costantini, D., Edwards, D.P., Simons, M.J.P., 2016. Life after logging in tropical forests of Borneo: A meta-analysis. Biol. Conserv. 196, 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.02.020.
D’Oliveira, M.V.N., Guarino, E. de S., Oliveira, L.C., Ribas, L.A., Acuña, M.H.A., 2013. Can forest management be sustainable in a bamboo dominated forest? A 12-year study of forest dynamics in western Amazon. For. Ecol. Manage. 310, 672–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.09.008.
da Rocha, H.R., Menton, M.C., Figueira, A.M. e S., Goulden, M.L., de Sousa, C.A.D., Maia, A.R., Miller, S.D., 2008. Effects of selective logging on tropical forest tree growth. J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosciences 113, n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007jg000577.
Dagang Aaron, A., Weidelt Hans, J., Kammesheidt, L., Schwarzwaeller, W., 2003. Growth patterns of dipterocarps in treated and untreated plots. For. Ecol. Manage. 174, 437– 445.
Dah, S.E., 2004. Teak and forest management in Myanmar. ITTO Trop Updat. 14/1 12–13.
Darrigo, M.R., Venticinque, E.M., Santos, F.A.M. dos, 2016. Effects of reduced impact logging on the forest regeneration in the central Amazonia. For. Ecol. Manage. 360, 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.10.012
Dauber, E., Fredericksen, T.S., Peña, M., 2005. Sustainability of timber harvesting in Bolivian tropical forests. For. Ecol. Manage. 214, 294–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.04.019.
David et al., 2015.Achieving Environmental Sustainability in Myanmar. ADB Economics Working Paper Series No. 467, Dec 2015.
de Avila, A.L., Ruschel, A.R., de Carvalho, J.O.P., Mazzei, L., Silva, J.N.M., Lopes, J. do C., Araujo, M.M., Dormann, C.F., Bauhus, J., 2015. Medium-term dynamics of tree species composition in response to silvicultural intervention intensities in a tropical rain forest. Biol. Conserv. 191, 577–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2015.08.004.
de Avila, A.L., Schwartz, G., Ruschel, A.R., Lopes, J. do C., Silva, J.N.M., Carvalho, J.O.P. de, Dormann, C.F., Mazzei, L., Soares, M.H.M., Bauhus, J., 2017. Recruitment, growth and recovery of commercial tree species over 30 years following logging and thinning in a tropical rain forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 385, 225–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.11.039.
de Avila, A.L., van der Sande, M.T., Dormann, C.F., Peña-Claros, M., Poorter, L., Mazzei, L., Ruschel, A.R., Silva, J.N.M., de Carvalho, J.O.P., Bauhus, J., 2018. Disturbance intensity is a stronger driver of biomass recovery than remaining tree-community attributes in a managed Amazonian forest. J. Appl. Ecol. 55, 1647–1657. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.13134.
Denslow. J.S. 1987. Tropical Rainforest Gaps and Tree Species Diversity. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. Vol.18. No. 185, 431–451. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.002243.
Diana Lieberman, Milton Lieberman, R.P. and G.S.H., 1985. Mortality Patterns and Stand Turnover Rates in a Wet Tropical Forest in Costa Rica Author ( s ): Diana Lieberman , Milton Lieberman , Rodolfo Peralta , G . S . Hartshorn Published by : British Ecological Society Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/22. J. Ecol. 73, 915–924.
Dionisio, L.F.S., Schwartz, G., Lopes, J. do C., Oliveira, F. de A., 2018. Growth, mortality, and recruitment of tree species in an Amazonian rainforest over 13 years of reduced impact logging. For. Ecol. Manage. 430, 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.024
Dionisio, L.F.S., Schwartz, G., Mazzei, L., Lopes, J. do C., Santos, G.G.A. dos, Oliveira, F. de A., 2017. Mortality of stocking commercial trees after reduced impact logging in eastern Amazonia. For. Ecol. Manage. 401, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.06.060
Dykstra, D.P., 2001. 2. Reduced impact logging: concepts and issues, Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission International Conference 26 February to 1 March 2001.
Dyskra, D.P., Heinrich, R., 1992. Sustaining tropical forests through environmentally sound harvesting practices. Unasylva 169, 9–15.
Edwards, D.P., Woodcock, P., Edwards, F.A., Larsen, T.H., Hsu, W.W., Benedick, S., Wilcove, D.S., 2012. Reduced-impact logging and biodiversity conservation: a case study from Borneo. Ecol. Appl. 22, 561–571.
Edwards, D.P., Tobias, J.A., Sheil, D., Meijaard, E., Laurance, W.F., 2014. Maintaining ecosystem function and services in logged tropical forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29, 511–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2014.07.003.
Enters, T. 2017. Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Myanmar. UNDP consultancy, UN-REDD/Myanmar Programme. 41 pages.
FAO, 2015. Global forest resource assessment. UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.
FAO, 2011. Assessing forest degradation: Towards the development of globally applicable guidelines. 109 pages. Rome.
FAO, 2010. Global forest resource assessment. UN Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.
FAO, 2004. Reduced Impact Logging. For. Harvest. Eng. Work. Pap. No.1 8. Feldpausch, T.R., Jirka, S., Passos, C.A.M., Jasper, F., Riha, S.J., 2005. When big trees fall: Damage and carbon export by reduced impact logging in southern Amazonia. For. Ecol. Manage. 219, 199–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.09.003
Finegan, B., Camacho, M., Zamora, N., 1999. Diameter increment patterns among 106 tree species in a logged and silviculturally treated Costa Rican rain forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 121, 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00551-9
Forest Department, Myanmar 2015a. Bago District Forest Managment Plan (2016-2025).
Forest Department, Myanmar, 2015b. Katha District Forest Managment Plan (2006-2015).
Forest Department, Myanmar, 2010. Bago District Forest Managment Plan (2006-2015).
Forest Department, Myanmar 2000. Management of teak forests in Myanmar.
Forshed, O., Udarbe, T., Karlsson, A., Falck, J., 2006. Initial impact of supervised logging and pre-logging climber cutting compared with conventional logging in a dipterocarp rainforest in Sabah, Malaysia. For. Ecol. Manage. 221, 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.10.007.
Geist , H. J. Lambin, E.F., 2002. Proximate Causes and Underlying Driving Forces of Tropical Deforestation. Bioscience 52, 143. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006- 3568(2002)052[0143:pcaudf]2.0.co;2
Gibson, L. et al. 2011. Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity. Nature 478:378-381.
Gideon Neba, S., Kanninen, M., Eba’a Atyi, R., Sonwa, D.J., 2014. Assessment and prediction of above-ground biomass in selectively logged forest concessions using field measurements and remote sensing data: Case study in South East Cameroon. For. Ecol. Manage. 329, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.018.
Goodman, R.C., Harman Aramburu, M., Gopalakrishna, T., Putz, F.E., Gutiérrez, N., Mena Alvarez, J.L., Aguilar-Amuchastegui, N., Ellis, P.W., 2019. Carbon emissions and potential emissions reductions from low-intensity selective logging in southwestern Amazonia. For. Ecol. Manage. 439, 18–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.02.037.
Griscom, B., Ellis, P., Putz, F.E., 2014. Carbon emissions performance of commercial logging in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Global Change Biol. 20, 923–937.
Griscom, B.W., Ellis, P.W., Burivalova, Z., Halperin, J., Marthinus, D., Runting, R.K., Ruslandi, Shoch, D., Putz, F.E., 2019. Reduced-impact logging in Borneo to minimize carbon emissions and impacts on sensitive habitats while maintaining timber yields. For. Ecol. Manage. 438, 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.02.025.
Gustafsson, L., Baker, S.C., Bauhus, J., Beese, W.J., Brodie, A., Kouki, J., Lindenmayer, D.B., Lõhmus, A., Pastur, G.M., Messier, C., Neyland, M., Palik, B., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A., Volney, W.J.A., Wayne, A., Franklin, J.F., 2012. Retention Forestry to Maintain Multifunctional Forests: A World Perspective. Bioscience 62, 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2012.62.7.6.
Gyi, K.K. and Tint, K., 1998: Management Status of Natural Teak Forests. In Proc. Second Regional Seminar on Teak: Teak for the Future, 29 may-3 June, 1995, Yangon, Myanmar. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. 27-48.
Hari Poudyal, B., Maraseni, T., Cockfield, G., 2018. Evolutionary dynamics of selective logging in the tropics: A systematic review of impact studies and their effectiveness in sustainable forest management. For. Ecol. Manage. 430, 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.006
Hawthorne, W.D., Marshall, C.A.M., Juam, M.A., Agyeman, V.K., 2011. The impact of logging damage on tropical rainforests, their recovery and regeneration: an annoted bibliography. Oxford For. Inst. 140. https://doi.org/ISBN 9780850741688.
Hansen, M. C. et al. 2013. High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342:850-3.
Hawthorne, W.D., Sheil, D., Agyeman, V.K., Abu Juam, M., Marshall, C.A.M., 2012. Logging scars in Ghanaian high forest: Towards improved models for sustainable production. For. Ecol. Manage. 271, 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.036
Huth, A., Ditzer, T., 2001. Long-term impacts of logging in a tropical rain forest - A simulation study. For. Ecol. Manage. 142, 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378- 1127(00)00338-8.
Imai, N., Seino, T., Aiba, S., Takyu, M., Titin, J., Kitayama, K., 2012. Effects of selective logging on tree species diversity and composition of Bornean tropical rain forests at different spatial scales. Plant Ecol. 213, 1413–1424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258- 012-0100
Iskandar, H., Snook, L.K., Toma, T., MacDicken, K.G., Kanninen, M., 2006. A comparison of damage due to logging under different forms of resource access in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. For. Ecol. Manage. 237, 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.09.079
Jepson, P., Jarvie, J.K., MacKinnon, K., Monk, K.A., 2001. The end for Indonesia’s lowland forests? Science 292 (5518), 859–861.
Jackson, S.M., Fredericksen, T.S., Malcolm, J.R., 2002. Area disturbed and residual stand damage following logging in a Bolivian tropical forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 166, 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00681-8
Johns, J.S., Barreto, P., Uhl, C., 1996. Logging damage during planned and unplanned logging operations in the eastern Amazon. For. Ecol. Manage. 89, 59–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03869-8
Kammesheidt, L., 1998. Stand structure and spatial pattern of commercial species in logged and unlogged Venezuelan forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 109, 163–174.
Kammesheidt, L., Kohler, P., Huth, A., 2001. Sustainable timber harvesting in Venezuela: A modelling approach. J. Appl. Ecol. 38, 756–770.
Kao, D., Iida, S., 2006. Structural characteristics of logged evergreen forests in Preah Vihear, Cambodia, 3 years after logging. For. Ecol. Manage. 225, 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2005.12.056
Kao Dana, Mizoue Nobuya, Top Neth, Tsuyoshi Kajisa, Shigejiro Yoshida 2010. Stand Dynamics of Tropical Seasonal Evergreen Forest in Central Cambodia. J.For.Plann. 16:27-32, 27–32.
Katovai, E., Sirikolo, M., Srinivasan, U., Edwards, W., Laurance, W.F., 2016. Factors influencing tree diversity and compositional change across logged forests in the Solomon Islands. For. Ecol. Manage. 372, 53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.03.052
Keenan, R.J., Reams, G.A., Achard, F., de Freitas, J. V., Grainger, A., Lindquist, E., 2015. Dynamics of global forest area: Results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. For. Ecol. Manage. 352, 9–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.014
Keh, S.K., 1993. The Problems of Natural Regeneration of Teak in the Lower Reaches of Bago Yoma Particularly in the South Zamayi and North Zamayi Reserved Forests. FRI Res. Pap. No.1/93-94.
Kermode, C., W., D. 1964. Some Aspects of Silviculture in Burma Forests. Superintendent, Central Press, Rangoon. 158 pp.
Khai, T.C., 2013. Effects of Selective Logging on Residual Trees and Stand Structure under Myanmar Selection System. Master`s thesis, Kyushu University, Japan.
Khai, T.C., Mizoue, N., Kajisa, T., Ota, T., Yoshida, S., 2016. Effects of Directional Felling, Elephant Skidding and Road Construction on Damage to Residual Trees and Soil in Myanmar Selection System. Int. For. Rev. 18. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554816819501718
Kress, W.J., Lace, J.H., 2003. A Checklist of the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, and Climbers of Myanmar. Department of Systematic Biology-Botany, National Museum of Natural History
Krupnick, G. A., Kress, W. J., 2003. Hotspots and ecoregions: a test of conservation priorities using taxonomic data. Biodivers Conserv. 2003;12:2237–53.
Kyaw, N.N., 2003. The Effect of Rainfall on the Radial Growth and Long-term Growth Patterns of Teak ( Tectona grandis Linn . f .) in Natural Forests of Myanmar. FRI Reseasrch Pap. No. 10 296–313.
Kyaw, N.N., 2004. En route towards sustainble development of Myanmar natural teak forests. In: Proceeding Annual Research Conference 2004 on Myanmar Academy of Agricutural, Forestry, Livestock and Fishery Science, pp 43-61.
Lamprecht, H. 1989. Silvicultuire in the Tropics; Springer: Eschborn, Germany. 296 pp.
Larpkern, P., Moe, S.R., Totland, Ø., 2009. The effects of environmental variables and human disturbance on woody species richness and diversity in a bamboo–deciduous forest in Northeastern Thailand. Ecol. Res. 24, 147–156.
Larpkern, P., Moe, S.R., Totland, Ø., 2011. Bamboo dominance reduces tree regeneration in a disturbed tropical forest. Oecologia 165, 161–168.
Laurance, W.F., Goosem, M., Laurance, S.G., 2009. Impacts of roads and linear clearings on tropical forests. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24, 659–669.
Leech, J.W.; Myint, A. K.; Kyaw, S.; Lynn, H., 1986. Tree Volume Equations for Myanmar. Prachachon Col., Ltd, Bangkok. Lewis, S.L., Phillips, O.L., Sheil, D., Vinceti, B., Baker, T.R., Brown, S., Graham, A.W., Higuchi, N., Hilbert, D.W., Laurance, W.F., Lejoly, J., Malhi, Y., Monteagudo, A., Vargas, P.N., Sonké, B., Nur Supardi, M.N., Terborgh, J.W., Martínez, R.V., 2004. Tropical forest tree mortality, recruitment and turnover rates: Calculation, interpretation and comparison when census intervals vary. J. Ecol. 92, 929–944. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00923.x
Lim, C.L., Prescott, G.W., De Alban, J.D.T., Ziegler, A.D Webb, E.L., 2017. Untangling the proximate causes and underlying drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in Myanmar. Conserv. Biol. 31, 1362–1372. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12984.
Lin N.S., 2006. Assessment of impacts of harvesting practices on teak bearing forests in the east Bago Yoma of Myanmar. MSc Thesis, University of Forestry, Yezin, Myanmar.
Lussetti, D., Axelsson, E.P., Ilstedt, U., Falck, J., Karlsson, A., 2016. Supervised logging and climber cutting improves stand development: 18 years of post-logging data in a tropical rain forest in Borneo. For. Ecol. Manage. 381, 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.09.025
MacDicken, K.G., Sola, P., Hall, J.E., Sabogal, C., Tadoum, M., de Wasseige, C., 2015. Global progress toward sustainable forest management. For. Ecol. Manage. 352, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.02.005
Macpherson, A.J., Carter, D.R., Schulze, M.D., Vidal, E., Lentini, M.W., 2012. The sustainability of timber production from Eastern Amazonian forests. Land use policy 29, 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.07.004
Macpherson, A.J., Schulze, M.D., Carter, D.R., Vidal, E., 2010. A Model for comparing reduced impact logging with conventional logging for an Eastern Amazonian Forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 260, 2002–2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.08.050.
Malhi, Y., T. A. Gardner, G. R. Goldsmith, M. R. Silman, and P. Zelazowski. 2014. Tropical Forests in the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environ. and Resources 39:125 - 59.
Mandal, G., Joshi, S.P., 2014. Invasion establishment and habitat suitability of Chromolaena odorata (L.) King and Robinson over time and space in the western Himalayan forests of India. J. Asia-Pacific Biodivers. 7, 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.09.002
Manokaran, N. & Kochummen, K.M., 1993. Tree growth in primary lowland and hill Dipterocarp forest. J. Trop. For. Sci. 6(3), 332–345.
Manokaran, N., Kochummen, K.M., 1987. Recruitment, growth and mortality of tree species in a lowland dipterocarp forest in peninsular malaysia. J. Trop. Ecol. 3, 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400002303
Martin, P.A., Newton, A.C., Pfeifer, M., Khoo, M.S., Bullock, J.M., 2015. Impacts of tropical selective logging on carbon storage and tree species richness: A meta-analysis. For. Ecol. Manage. 356, 224–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.07.010
Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., de Fonseca, G. A. B., Kent, J. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature. 2000;403:853–8.
Mazzei, L., Sist, P., Ruschel, A., Putz, F.E., Marco, P., Pena, W., Ferreira, J.E.R., 2010. Above-ground biomass dynamics after reduced-impact logging in the Eastern Amazon. For. Ecol. Manage. 259, 367–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.031
McFadyen, R.C., Skarratt, B., 1996. Potential distribution of Chromolaena odorata (siam weed) in Australia, Africa and Oceania. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 59, 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(96)01035-3.
Medjibe, V.P., Putz, F.E., Romero, C., 2013. Certified and uncertified logging concessions compared in Gabon: Changes in stand structure, tree species, and biomass. Environ. Manage. 51, 524–540. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-0006-4.
Medjibe, V.P., Putz, F.E., Starkey, M.P., Ndouna, A.A., Memiaghe, H.R., 2011. Impacts of selective logging on above-ground forest biomass in the Monts de Cristal in Gabon. For. Ecol. Manage. 262, 1799–1806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.07.014
Miller, S.D., Goulden, M.L., Hutyra, L.R., Keller, M., Saleska, S.R., Wofsy, S.C., Figueira, A.M., da Rocha, H.R., de Camargo, P.B., 2011. Reduced impact logging minimally alters tropical rainforest carbon and energy exchange. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 19431–19435.
Ministry of Forestry ( MoF), Myanmar. 2000. National Code of Forest Harvesting Practices in Myanmar
Mon, M.S., Kajisa, T., Mizoue, N., Yoshida, S., 2010. Monitoring Deforestation and Forest Degradation in the Bago Mountain Area, Myanmar using FCD Mapper. Japan Soc. For. Plan. 15, 63–72.
Mon, M.S., Mizoue, N., Htun, N.Z., Kajisa, T., Yoshida, S., 2012. Factors affecting deforestation and forest degradation in selectively logged production forest: A case study in Myanmar. For. Ecol. Manage. 267, 190–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.11.036
Montagnini, F. and Jordan, C. F. 2005. Tropical Forest Ecology: The basic for conservation and Management. Springer Berlin. Heidelberg 2005.
Murphy, P.G., Lugo, A.E., 2003. Ecology of Tropical Dry Forest. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17, 67–88. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.17.110186.000435
Myint, T.T., 2012. A study on the sustainable management of natural teak forests in Myanmar. Ph D Thesis, University of Tokyo.
Nabe-Nielsen, J., Severiche, W., Fredericksen, T., Nabe-Nielsen, L.I., 2007. Timber tree regeneration along abandoned logging roads in a tropical Bolivian forest. New For. 34, 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-006-9035-2
Nakamura, S., da Silva, R.P., dos Santos, J., Tribuzy, E.S., Chambers, J.Q., Higuchi, N., 2002. Diameter increment and growth patterns for individual tree growing in Central Amazon, Brazil. For. Ecol. Manage. 166, 295–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378- 1127(01)00678-8
Ne Win, R.; Suzuki, R.;Takeda, S., 2012. Remote sensing analysis of forest damage by selection logging in the Kabaung Reserved Forest, Bago Mountains, Myanmar. J. For. Res. 17, 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10310-011-0276-3
Ne Win, R., 2011. A study on sustainiable management of teak bearing forests under selection system in the Bago Mountains of Myamar with sepcial reference to logging damage and regeneration. Ph D Thesis, Kyoto Univesity
Okuda, T., Suzuki, M., Adachi, N., Quah, E.S., Hussein, N.A., Manokaran, N., 2003. Effect of selective logging on canopy and stand structure and tree species composition in a lowland dipterocarp forest in peninsular Malaysia. For. Ecol. Manag. 175, 297–320.
Oo, T. N., 2009. Carbon Sequestration of Tropical Deciduous Forests and Forest Plantations in Myanmar: Dissertation for the degree of doctor of philosophy, Seoul National University
Oo, T. N., and Lee, D.K. 2007. Species composition and stand structure of natural forest, timber-harvested forest and degraded forest in the Bago Yoma region of Myanmar. Journal of Korean Forestry Society 5: 572–579.
Osmaston, F., C. 1984. The management of forests. Dehra Dun, India.
Panfil, S., Gullison, R., 1998. Short term impacts of experimental timber harvest intensity on forest structure and composition in the Chimanes Forest, Bolivia. For. Ecol. Manag. 102, 235–243.
Parrottaa, J. A., Francisa, J. K., . Knowlesb, O. H., 2002. Harvesting intensity affects forest structure and composition in an upland Amazonian forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 169, 243–255.
Pearson, T.R.H., Brown, S., Casarim, F.M., 2014. Carbon emissions from tropical forest degradation caused by logging. Environ. Res. Lett. 9, 034017.
Peart, D., Leighton, M., Cannon, C., 1998. Tree Species Diversity in Commercially Logged Bornean Rainforest. Science (80-. ). 281, 1366–1368. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.281.5381.1366
Pélissier, R., Pascal, J.P., Houllier, F., Laborde, H., 1998. Impact of selective logging on the dynamics of a low elevation dense moist evergreen forest in the Western Ghats (South India). For. Ecol. Manage. 105, 107–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378- 1127(97)00275-2
Pereira, R., Zweede, J., Asner, G.P., Keller, M., 2002. Forest canopy damage and recovery in reduced-impact and conventional selective logging in eastern Para, Brazil. For. Ecol. Manage. 168, 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00732-0
Phillips, O.L., Baker, T.R., Arroyo, L., Higuchi, N., Killeen, T.J., Laurance, W.F., Lewis, S.L., Lloyd, J., Malhi, Y., Monteagudo, A., Neill, D.A., Nüñez Vargas, P., Silva, J.N.M., Terborgh, J., Vásquez Martínez, R., Alexiades, M., Almeida, S., Brown, S., Chave, J., Comiskey, J.A., Czimczik, C.I., Di Fiore, A., Erwin, T., Kuebler, C., Laurance, S.G., Nascimento, H.E.M., Olivier, J., Palacios, W., Patiño, S., Pitman, N.C.A., Quesada, C.A., Saldias, M., Torres Lezama, A., Vinceti, B., 2004. Pattern and process in Amazon tree turnover, 1976-2001. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 359, 381–407. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2003.1438
Phillips, O.L., Gentry, A.H., 1994. Increasing turnover in tropical forests. Science (80-. ). 263, 954–958.
Picard, N., Gourlet-Fleury, S., Forni, É., 2012a. Estimating damage from selective logging and implications for tropical forest management. Can. J. For. Res. 42, 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1139/x2012-018
Pinard, M. A., and F. E. Putz. 1996. Retaining forest biomass by reducing logging damage. Biotropica 28:278-295.
Pinard, M.A., Barker, M.G., Tay, J., 2000. Soil disturbance and post-logging forest recovery on bulldozer paths in Sabah, Malaysia. For. Ecol. Manage. 130, 213–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00192-9
Poudyal, B.H., Maraseni, T., Cockfield, G., 2018. Evolutionary dynamics of selective logging in the tropics: A systematic review of impact studies and their effectiveness in sustainable forest management. For. Ecol. Manage. 430, 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.006
Puettmann, K.J., Wilson, S.M., Yoshida, T., Amente, G., Nocentini, S., Donoso, P.J., Putz, F.E., Drössler, L., Harvey, B.D., Knoke, T., Baker, S.C., Lu, Y., Bauhus, J., 2015. Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest management - what limits global adoption? For. Ecosyst. 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-015-0031
Putz, F. E., Sist, P., Fredericksen, T., Dykstra, D., 2008. Reduced-impact logging: Challenges and opportunities. For. Ecol. Manage. 256, 1427–1433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.036.
Putz, F. E. et al. 2012. Sustaining conservation values in selectively logged tropical forests: the attained and the attainable. Conservation Letters 5:296-303
Putz, Francis E., Zuidema, P.A., Pinard, M.A., Boot, R.G.A., Sayer, J.A., Sheil, D., Sist, P., Elias, Vanclay, J.K., 2008. Improved tropical forest management for carbon retention. PLoS Biol. 6, 1368–1369. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060166.
R Core Team. 2014. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Rozendaal, D.M.A., Soliz-Gamboa, C.C., Zuidema, P.A., 2010. Timber yield projections for tropical tree species: The influence of fast juvenile growth on timber volume recovery. For. Ecol. Manage. 259, 2292–2300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.02.030.
Ruangpanit, N. 1995. Tropical seasonal forests in monsoon Asia: with emphasis on continental Southeast Asia. Vegetatio 121: 31-40.
Rundel, P. W., 2009. Egetation in the Mekong Basin: In Ian C. Campbell ( eds.) The Mekong Biophysical Environment of an International River Basin, pp 143-160.
Ruslandi, Cropper, W.P., Putz, F.E., 2017a. Tree diameter increments following silvicultural treatments in a dipterocarp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia: A mixed-effects modelling approach. For. Ecol. Manage. 396, 195–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.04.025
Ruslandi, Cropper, W.P., Putz, F.E., 2017b. Effects of silvicultural intensification on timber yields, carbon dynamics, and tree species composition in a dipterocarp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia: An individual-tree-based model simulation. For. Ecol. Manage. 390, 104–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.01.019
Rutten, G., Ensslin, A., Hemp, A., Fischer, M., 2015. Forest structure and composition of previously selectively logged and non-logged montane forests at Mt, Kilimanjaro. For. Ecol. Manag. 337, 61–66
Rutishauser, E., Hérault, B., Baraloto, C., Blanc, L., Descroix, L., Sotta, E.D., Ferreira, J., Kanashiro, M., Mazzei, L., D’Oliveira, M.V.N., De Oliveira, L.C., Peña-Claros, M., Putz, F.E., Ruschel, A.R., Rodney, K., Roopsind, A., Shenkin, A., Da Silva, K.E., De Souza, C.R., Toledo, M., Vidal, E., West, T.A.P., Wortel, V., Sist, P., 2015. Rapid tree carbon stock recovery in managed Amazonian forests. Curr. Biol. 25, R787–R788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.034
Sasaki, N., Abe, I., Khun, V., Chan, S., Ninomiya, H., Chheng, K., 2013. Reducing Carbon Emissions through Improved Forest Management in Cambodia. Low Carbon Econ. 04, 55–67. https://doi.org/10.4236/lce.2013.44a006
Sasaki, N., Asner, G.P., Pan, Y., Knorr, W., Durst, P.B., Ma, H.O., Abe, I., Lowe, A.J., Koh, L.P., Putz, F.E., 2016b. Sustainable management of tropical forests can reduce carbon emissions and stabilize timber production. Front. Environ. Sci. 4, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2016.00050
Sasaki, N., Chheng, K., Ty, S., 2012. Managing production forests for timber production and carbon emission reductions under the REDD+ scheme. Environ. Sci. Policy 23, 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2012.06.009
Scabin, A.B., Capellotto Costa, F.R., Schoengart, J., 2012. The spatial distribution of illegal logging in the Anavilhanas archipelago (Central Amazonia) and logging impacts on species. Environ. Conserv. 39, 111–121.
Schmidt, R.C., 1991. Tropical rain forest management:a status report. In: Gomez-Pompa, A., Whitmore, T.C., Hadley M.,(eds) Rain forest regeneration and mangement. Man and the Biosphere Series. UNESCO, Paris, pp 181-207.
Schulze, M., Zweede, J., 2006. Canopy dynamics in unlogged and logged forest stands in the eastern Amazon. For. Ecol. Manage. 236, 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2006.08.333
Sheil, D., 1995. Evaluating Turnover in Tropical Forests. Science (80-. ). 268, 894–894. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.268.5212.894
Shenkin, A., Bolker, B., Peña-Claros, M., Licona, J.C., Putz, F.E., 2015. Fates of trees damaged by logging in Amazonian Bolivia. For. Ecol. Manage. 357, 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.08.009
Shima, K., Yamada, T., Okuda, T., Fletcher, C., Kassim, A.R., 2018. Dynamics of Tree Species Diversity in Unlogged and Selectively Logged Malaysian Forests. Sci. Rep. 8, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-19250
Silva, J.N.M., de Carvalho, J.O.P., Lopes, J. do C.A., de Almeida, B.F., Costa, D.H.M., de Oliveira, L.C., Vanclay, J.K., Skovsgaard, J.P., 1995. Growth and yield of a tropical rain forest in the Brazilian Amazon 13 years after logging. For. Ecol. Manage. 71, 267–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)06106-S
Sist, P., Ferreira, F.N., 2007b. Sustainability of reduced-impact logging in the Eastern Amazon. For. Ecol. Manage. 243, 199–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.02.014
Sist, P., Nguyen-Thé, N., 2002. Logging damage and the subsequent dynamics of a dipterocarp forest in East Kalimantan (1990-1996). For. Ecol. Manage. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00649-1
Sist, P., Nolan, T., Bertault, J.G., Dykstra, D., 1998. Harvesting intensity versus sustainability in Indonesia. For. Ecol. Manage. 108, 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378- 1127(98)00228-X
Sist, P., Sheil, D., Kartawinata, K., Priyadi, H., 2003a. Reduced-impact logging in Indonesian Borneo: Some results confirming the need for new silvicultural prescriptions. For. Ecol. Manage. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00533-9
Sist, P., Picard, N.,Gourlet-Fleury, S., 2003b Sustainable cutting cycle and yields in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest of Borneo. Ann. For. Sci. 60 (2003) 803–814 803 © INRA, EDP Sciences, 2004, doi: 10.1051/forest:2003075.
Sist, P., Fimbel, R., Sheil, D., Nasi, R., Chevallier, M., 2003c. Towards sustainable management of mixed dipterocarp forests of South-East Asia: moving beyond minimum diameter cutting limits. Environ. Conserv. 30, 364–374.
Sloan, S.; Sayer, J. A., 2015. Forest Resources Assessment of 2015 Shows Positive Global Trends but Forest Loss and Degradation Persist in Poor Tropical Countries. For. Ecol. Manage., 352, 134–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.013.
Springate-Baginski, O., Thein, A.K., Neil, A., Thu, W.M., Doherty, F., 2014. Democratising timber: An assessment of Myanmar’s emerging “Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade” (FLEGT) process. For. Policy Econ. 48, 33–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2014.09.004.
Smith, D. M., 1962. The Practice of Silviculture. Newyork, John Wiley an Sons.
Swaine, M. D.;Lieberman,D.; Putz, F.E., 1987. The dynamics of tree populations in tropical forest : A Review . J Trop Ecol 3 : 359-366. J. Trop. Ecol. 3, 359–366. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467400002339.
Swaine, M.D., Agyeman, V.K., 2008. Enhanced tree recruitment following logging in two forest reserves in Ghana. Biotropica 40, 370–374. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744- 7429.2007.00386.
Ter Steege, H. 1996. Ecology and logging in a tropical rain forest in Guyana, with recommendations for forest management. Tropenbos Series. Blackhuys, Leiden.
Thomas C., and Baltzer L., 1989. Dynamics in tropical rain forests. Trop. For. Bot. Dyn. Speciat. Divers. 3–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-353550-4.50009-5
Thein, H.M., Kanzaki, M., Fukushima, M., Yazar, M., 2007. Structure and Composition of a Teak-bearing Forest under the Myanmar Selection System (Ecological Resource Use and Social Change in the Minority Regions of Myanmar). southeast asian Stud. 45, 303– 316.
Tint K., 2014. Modifying Myanmar Selection System, Forest Department, Myanmar, November 2014. (Unpublished).
Tint, K., 2018. Forestry for the People (Pyithu atwat Thittwa Pinnya: in Myanmar language) ( Third Edition), pp 286.
Troup, R.S., 1921. The Silviculture of Indian Trees vol. II. Clarendon Press, Oxford. UN 2019: Global Forest Goal and Targets of the UN Strategic Plan for Forests 2030 van Der Hout, P., 1999. Reduced impact logging in the tropical rain forest of Guyana: ecological, economic and silvicultural consequences. Tropenbos-Guyana Series 6, Wageningen, The Netherlands
van Gardingen, P.R., Valle, D., Thompson, I., 2006. Evaluation of yield regulation options for primary forest in Tapajos National Forest, Brazil. For. Ecol. Manag. 231, 184–195.
Veríssimo, A., Barreto, P., Tarifa, R., Uhl, C., 1995. Extraction of a high-value natural resource in Amazonia: the case of mahogany. For. Ecol. Manage. 72, 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(94)03432-V
Vidal, E., West, T.A.P., Putz, F.E., 2016. Recovery of biomass and merchantable timber volumes twenty years after conventional and reduced-impact logging in Amazonian Brazil. For. Ecol. Manage. 376, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.06.003.
Villela, D., Nascimento, M., Aragao, L., da Gama, D., 2006. Effect of selective logging on forest structure and nutrient cycling in a seasonally dry Brazilian Atlantic forest. J. Biogeogr. 33, 506–516.
Watson,H. A., 1923. A note on the Pego Yoma forests. Government Printing, Burma, Rangoon.
Webb, E.L., 1997. Canopy removal and residual stand damage during controlled selective logging in lowland swamp forest of northeast Costa Rica. For. Ecol. Manage. 95, 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00020-0
West, T.A.P., Vidal, E., Putz, F.E., 2014a. Forest biomass recovery after conventional and reduced-impact logging in Amazonian Brazil. For. Ecol. Manage. 314, 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.11.022
Whitmore, T.C., 2003. An Introduction to Tropical Rain Forest (2nd ed.). Oxford Uni. Press, Oxford.
Whitmore, T.C. and Burnham, C.P., 1984. Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East (2nd ed.). Oxford Uni. Press, Oxford. pp 352.
Win, R.N., Reiji, S., Shinya, T., 2009. Forest Cover Changes Under Selective Logging in the Kabaung Reserved Forest, Bago Mountains, Myanmar. Mt. Res. Dev. 29, 328–338. https://doi.org/10.1659/mrd.00009
Win, S., Kumazaki, M., 1998. Teak Yield Regulation in the Natural Forests of the Tharrawaddy Forest Division, Myanmar : 138 Years of the Girth Limit Selection System. J. For. Plan. 4, 43–51. https://doi.org/10.20659/jfp.4.2_43
Win, Z.C., Mizoue, N., Ota, T., Kajisa, T., Yoshida, S., Oo, T.N., Ma, H., 2018a. Evaluating the Condition of Selectively Logged Production Forests in Myanmar: An Analysis Using Large-scale Forest Inventory Data for Yedashe Township. J. For. Plan. 23, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.20659/jfp.23.1_1
Win, Z.C., Mizoue, N., Ota, T., Wang, G., Innes, J.L., Kajisa, T., Yoshida, S., 2018b. Spatial and temporal patterns of illegal logging in selectively logged production forest: a case study in Yedashe, Myanmar. J. For. Plan. 23, 15–25. https://doi.org/10.20659/jfp.23.2_15.
Whitmore, T.C., 1984. Tropical Forests of the Far East. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
Woodall, C.W., Rondeux, J., Verkerk, P.J., Ståhl, G., 2009. Estimating dead wood during national forest inventories: a review of inventory methodologies and suggestions for harmonization. Environ. Manage. 44, 624–631.
Yamada, T., Hosaka, T., Okuda, T., Kassim, A.R., 2013. Effects of 50years of selective logging on demography of trees in a Malaysian lowland forest. For. Ecol. Manage. 310, 531–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.08.057
Yosi, C.K., Keenan, R.J., Fox, J.C., 2011. Forest dynamics after selective timber harvesting in Papua New Guinea. For. Ecol. Manage. 262, 895–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2011.06.007
Zalman, J., Ellis, P.W., Crabbe, S., Roopsind, A., 2019. Opportunities for carbon emissions reduction from selective logging in Suriname. For. Ecol. Manage. 439, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.02.026.
Zaw Htun N, Mizoue N, Yoshida S. 2011. Classifying tropical deciduous vegetation: a comparison of multiple approaches in Popa Mountain Park, Myanmar. Int J Remote Sens. 32:8935–8948
Zaw, K., 2004. Harvesting, processing and trade of teak in Myanmar: A paper presented at the National Forum on Sustainable Teak and Bamboo Development in Myanmar, Yangon, Myanmar.
Zimmerman, B.L., Kormos, C.F., 2012. Prospects for sustainable logging in tropical forests. Bioscience 62, 479–487.
Zin., M.T., 2005. Developing a Scientific Basic for Sustainable Mangement of Tropical Forest Watershed: Case Studies from Myanmar Doctor dissertation, George-August- University, Gottingen, Germany.