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ミャンマーの択伐生産林における人為撹乱と林分動態

トゥアル, シン, カイ TUAL, CIN, KHAI 九州大学

2020.03.23

概要

熱帯林の約 20%は択伐を主体とする生産林であり、木材生産の観点のみならず、地球規模の炭素循環および生物多様性の観点からも択伐生産林の保全価値が重要視されている。一方で、熱帯林では違法伐採などによる森林劣化が問題視されているが、択伐生産林において違法伐採がどのような樹種・サイズの樹木で発生しているのかなど、その具体的な実態はほとんど知られていない。ミャンマーでは、チークをはじめとする有用広葉樹を生産する択伐林業( MSS: Myanmar Selection System)が 19 世紀より続いている。MSS は現在でも集材にアジアゾウが使用されており、環境負荷の小さい択伐方式といわれている。しかしながら、MSS における伐採強度や残存木および林地に与える影響を調べた事例はほとんどなく、択伐後の林分動態や違法伐採の発生過程も知られていない。そこで本研究では、MSS おける人為撹乱の実態と伐採後の林分動態を評価し、MSS の課題を提示することを目的とした。

まず、伐採直前の MSS 経営区を対象に、1ha を単位区画とする 9ha の方形調査プロットを 4 か所、合計 36ha 設定し、MSS における伐採強度、伐倒に伴う残存木への損傷、ゾウ集材および土場・林道造成に伴う林地撹乱の程度を評価した。その結果、伐採強度は平均 5.2 本/ha(39m3/ha)であったが、1ha の単位区画(n=36)では 0~18 本/ha(144m3/ha)の範囲でばらつくことがわかり、過度の択伐強度といわれている 8 本/ha 以上の区画が 8 か所あった。MSS では樹種ごとに 58~78 ㎝の範囲で伐採可能最小直径(MDCL: Minimum Diameter Cut Limit)が定められているが、この MDCL の規定のみでは伐採強度が大きくなる可能性が示された。伐倒に伴う残存木の損傷率については、伐採強度(本/ha)と直線関係がみられ(n=8, p<0.0001)、他国での事例と比較しても相対的に小さいものであった。また、この残存木に対する損傷率の伐採強度との直線関係は群生する竹の損傷率のそれと一致しており、MSS おける伐倒方向の基準となっている竹の方向への伐倒が困難であることが示唆された。集材および土場・林道造成に伴う林地の撹乱面積率(%)についても伐採強度(本/ha)と直線関係がみられ(n=8, p<0.0001)、他国の事例と比較すると MSS による林地の撹乱面積率は低い傾向にあった。この原因として、ブルドーザーなどの機械を利用した他国の集材では通常 5%前後の林地撹乱面積率があるのに対して、ゾウ集材にともなう林地撹乱は集材作業の3~4か月後の現地調査では確認できないほど微細であったことがあげられる。一方で、伐倒された樹木の直径が100 ㎝以上と大きくなるとゾウによる集材ができず、ブルドーザー集材による林地撹乱が発生することも確認した。ゾウが集材できないほどの巨木については、林地撹乱の低減のために伐採せずに保持すべきことが示唆され、このことは母樹保残もしくは生物多様性保全の観点からも有効であると考えられた。

次に、伐倒に伴う残存木の損傷発生についてより詳細に検討するため、伐倒された樹木1本を含むように 25m×40m(面積 0.1ha)の方形調査区を 20 か所設定し、残存木損傷の程度を調査した。 3段階の損傷度合い(大、小、無)の発生確率を説明する多項ロジステックモデルを構築した結果、伐採木の直径が大きくなるほど、残存木のサイズが小さくなるほど大きな損傷を受ける確率が高くなることが分かり、この傾向はカンボジアの択伐林を対象として構築したモデルの結果と同等であった。また、一本の樹木の伐倒に伴う1ha 当たりの残存木損傷率は 1.77%であり、この値は他国で報告されている値の範囲 1.64~2.02%内にあることがわかり、国による違いが小さいことがわかった。

続いて、9ha 方形調査プロット1か所の内、2ha の区画について、択伐の2年後と5年後に林木の再測を実施し、林分動態を評価した。その結果、違法伐採の発生を確認でき、伐採強度 5.0 本/ha(胸高断面積合計 2.91m2/ha)の合法的な択伐に対して、違法伐採の量は2年後までに 6.0 本/ha(0.96m2/ha)、2年後から5年後の3年間に 7.5 本/ha(2.43m2/ha)であった。違法伐採の対象としては製材品価値の高いチークおよびピンガロを中心に比較的サイズが大きい樹木が多かった。このことは、森林劣化が進行し有用樹種や大木が少なくなった林分では、サイズや樹種を問わず木炭生産用に違法伐採が進行していた事例と対照的であった。伐採後 5 年間で胸高直径 10cm に新たに到達した樹木の本数(進界本数)は 26.5 本/ha(0.29m2/ha)であり、自然枯死は 20.5 本/ha(1.32m2/ha)であった。生立木の直径成長量は平均で 0.47 ㎝/年であり、MSS の年間許容伐採量の計算の基準として用いられている 0.32 ㎝/年より有意に大きかった。択伐後5年間では全体として蓄積は減少傾向にあり、違法伐採にともなう蓄積の減少量(3.39m2/ha)が相対的に著しく大きいことが主な原因であることがわかった。

以上のことから、ミャンマーの伝統的な択伐方式 MSS で採用されている伐採可能最小直径(MDCL)の基準のみでは、伐採強度や伐採木のサイズが過度に大きくなる可能性があり、それにともない残存木および林地への撹乱も大きくなることが実証され、伐採強度や伐採木サイズの上限を定めるべきことが示唆された。また、合法伐採後の5年以内に合法伐採以上の量の違法伐採が有用樹種を中心に発生していることも明らかになり、択伐生産林において違法伐採対策が急務であることが示唆された。

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