1 Okinaka S, Sugita H, Momoi H, et al. Serum creatine phosphokinase and aldolase activity in neuromuscular disorders. Trans Am Neurol Assoc 1959; 84: 62–4.
2 Ljungdahl L, Gerhardt W. Creatine kinase isoenzyme variants in human serum. Clin Chem 1978; 24: 832–4.
3 Dalakas MC. Polymyositis, Dermatomyositis, and Inclusion-Body Myositis. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1487–98.
4 Chahin N, Selcen D, Engel AG. Sporadic late onset nemaline myopathy. Neurology. 2005; 65: 1158–64.
5 Rosalki SB. Low serum creatine kinase activity. Clin. Chem. 1998; 44: 905.
6 Longo DL, Dalakas MC. Inflammatory Muscle Diseases. N Engl J Med 2015; 372: 1734–47.
7 Lilleker JB, Vencovsky J, Wang G, et al. The EuroMyositis registry: An international collaborative tool to facilitate myositis research. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77: 30–9.
8 E W. Fall einer seltenen Muskelkrankheit. Arch Heilkd 1863; 4: 282.
9 JACKSON H. Myositis Universalis Acuta Infectiosa, with a Case. Bost Med Surg J 1887; 116: 498–9.
10 H U. Polymyositis acuta progressiva. Z Klin Med 1887; 12: 533.
11 H U. Dermatomyositis acuta. Dtsch med Wochenschr 1891; 17: 41.
12 Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 344–7.
13 Devere R, Bradley WG. Polymyositis: Its presentation, morbidity and mortality. Brain 1975; 98: 637–66.
14 Bohan A, Peter JB, Bowman RL, Pearson CM. Computer-assisted analysis of 153 patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977; 56: 255–86.
15 Gerami P, Schope JM, McDonald L, Walling HW, Sontheimer RD. A systematic review of adult-onset clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis): A missing link within the spectrum of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2006; 54: 597–613.
16 Hoogendijk JE, Amato AA, Lecky BR, et al. 119th ENMC international workshop: Trial design in adult idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, with the exception of inclusion body myositis, 10-12 October 2003, Naarden, The Netherlands. Neuromuscul Disord 2004; 14: 337–45.
17 Lundberg IE, Tjärnlund A, Bottai M, et al. EULAR/ACR Classification Criteria for Adult and Juvenile Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies and their Major Subgroups. Ann Rheum Dis 2017; 69: 1–12.
18 Benveniste O, Stenzel W, Allenbach Y. Advances in serological diagnostics of inflammatory myopathies. Curr Opin Neurol 2016; 29: 662–73.
19 Allenbach Y, Benveniste O. Diagnostic utility of auto-antibodies in inflammatory muscle diseases. J. Neuromuscul. Dis. 2015; 2: 13–25.
20 Allenbach Y, Benveniste O, Goebel HH, Stenzel W. Integrated classification of inflammatory myopathies. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2017; 43: 62–81.
21 Fujimoto M, Watanabe R, Ishitsuka Y, Okiyama N. Recent advances in dermatomyositis-specific autoantibodies. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2016; 28: 636–44.
22 McHugh NJ, Tansley SL. Autoantibodies in myositis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2018; 14: 290–302.
23 Ichimura Y, Matsushita T, Hamaguchi Y, et al. Anti-NXP2 autoantibodies in adult patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: Possible association with malignancy. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 71: 710–3.
24 Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, Hamaguchi Y, et al. Autoantibodies to small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzymes in Japanese patients with dermatomyositis: comparison with a UK Caucasian cohort. Ann Rheum Dis 2013; 72: 151–3.
25 Muro Y, Sugiura K, Akiyama M. Low prevalence of anti-small ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme antibodies in dermatomyositis patients. Autoimmunity 2013; 46: 279–84.
26 Sato S, Hirakata M, Kuwana M, et al. Autoantibodies to a 140-kd polypeptide, CADM-140, in Japanese patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum 2005; 52: 1571–6.
27 Hoshino K, Muro Y, Sugiura K, Tomita Y, Nakashima R, Mimori T. Anti-MDA5 and anti-TIF1-γ antibodies have clinical significance for patients with dermatomyositis. Rheumatology 2010; 49: 1726–33.
28 Bailey EE, Fiorentino DF. Amyopathic Dermatomyositis: Definitions, Diagnosis, and Management. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 2014; 16: 465.
29 Lahoria R, Selcen D, Engel AG. Microvascular alterations and the role of complement in dermatomyositis. Brain 2016; 139: 1891–903.
30 Hida A, Yamashita T, Hosono Y, et al. Anti-TIF1-γ antibody and cancer-associated myositis: A clinicohistopathologic study. Neurology 2016; 87: 299–308.
31 Greenberg SA, Pinkus JL, Pinkus GS, et al. Interferon-α/β-mediated innate immune mechanisms in dermatomyositis. Ann Neurol 2005; 57: 664–78.
32 Uruha A, Nishikawa A, Tsuburaya RS, et al. Sarcoplasmic MxA expression. Neurology 2016; 88: 493–500.
33 Krain L. Dermatomyositis in six patients without initial muscle involvement. Arch Dermatol 1975; 111: 241–5.
34 Fudman EJ, Schnitzer TJ. Dermatomyositis without creatine kinase elevation. A poor prognostic sign. Am J Med 1986; 80: 329–32.
35 Euwer RL, Sontheimer RD. Amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis sine myositis). Presentation of six new cases and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 24: 959–66.
36 El-Azhary RA, Pakzad SY. Amyopathic dermatomyositis: Retrospective review of 37 cases. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2002; 46: 560–5.
37 Sontheimer RD. Would a new name hasten the acceptance of amyopathic dermatomyositis (dermatomyositis siné myositis) as a distinctive subset within the idiopathic inflammatory dermatomyopathies spectrum of clinical illness? J Am Acad Dermatol 2002; 46: 626–36.
38 Bendewald MJ, Wetter DA, Li X, Davis MDP. Incidence of dermatomyositis and clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Arch Dermatol 2010; 146: 26–30.
39 Sontheimer RD. MDA5 autoantibody-another indicator of clinical diversity in dermatomyositis. Ann Transl Med 2017; 5: 160–160.
40 Hamaguchi Y, Fujimoto M, Matsushita T, et al. Common and Distinct Clinical Features in Adult Patients with Anti-Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Antibodies: Heterogeneity within the Syndrome. PLoS One 2013; 8: e60442.
41 Trallero-Araguás E, Rodrigo-Pendás JÁ, Selva-O’Callaghan A, et al. Usefulness of anti-p155 autoantibody for diagnosing cancer-associated dermatomyositis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012; 64: 523–32.
42 Gunawardena H, Wedderburn LR, North J, et al. Clinical associations of autoantibodies to a p155/140 kDa doublet protein in juvenile dermatomyositis. Rheumatology 2008; 47: 324–8.
43 Rider LG, Shah M, Mamyrova G, et al. The myositis autoantibody phenotypes of the juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2013; 92: 223–43.
44 Sato S, Hoshino K, Satoh T, et al. RNA helicase encoded by melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 is a major autoantigen in patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis: Association with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease. Arthritis Rheum 2009; 60: 2193–200.
45 Nakashima R, Imura Y, Kobayashi S, et al. The RIG-I-like receptor IFIH1/MDA5 is a dermatomyositis-specific autoantigen identified by the anti-CADM-140 antibody. Rheumatology 2009; 49: 433–40.
46 Kato H, Takeuchi O, Sato S, et al. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature 2006; 441: 101–5.
47 Moghadam-Kia S, Oddis C V, Sato S, Kuwana M, Aggarwal R. Antimelanoma Differentiation-associated Gene 5 Antibody: Expanding the Clinical Spectrum in North American Patients with Dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol 2017; : jrheum.160682.
48 Allenbach Y, Leroux G, Suárez-Calvet X, et al. Dermatomyositis with or without anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibodies common interferon signature but distinct NOS2 expression. Am J Pathol 2016; 186: 691–700.
49 Nozaki K, Pestronk A. High aldolase with normal creatine kinase in serum predicts a myopathy with perimysial pathology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2009; 80: 904–8.
50 Casciola-Rosen L, Hall JC, Mammen AL, Christopher-Stine L, Rosen A. Isolated elevation of aldolase in the serum of myositis patients: A potential biomarker of damaged early regenerating muscle cells. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2012; 30: 548–53.
51 El-Dokla AM, Aggarwal R, Oddis C V, Ali ST, Lacomis D. Histopathologic Findings in 5 Patients With Hypomyopathic Dermatomyositis: The Importance of MHC-1 Expression on Myofibers. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 17: 52–8.
52 Troyanov Y, Targoff IN, Payette M-P, et al. Redefining Dermatomyositis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93: 296–310.
53 藤本学. ここまでわかった多発性筋炎・皮膚筋炎. 医歯薬出版 2011; 239巻: 25–9.
54 Maeda MH, Tsuji S, Shimizu J. Inflammatory myopathies associated with anti-mitochondrial antibodies. Brain 2012; 135: 1767–77.
55 Kadoya M, Hida A, Hashimoto Maeda M, et al. Cancer association as a risk factor for anti-HMGCR antibody-positive myopathy. Neurol Neuroimmunol neuroinflammation 2016; 3: e290.
56 Ikenaga C, Kubota A, Kadoya M, et al. Clinicopathologic features of myositis patients with CD8-MHC-1 complex pathology. Neurology 2017; 89: 1060–8.
57 橋本明子. 筋炎自己抗体および抗ミトコンドリア抗体を有する炎症性筋疾患の臨床、病理学的特徴に関する検討. 東京大学博士論文 2010; 甲第25943号.
58 Mathur T, Manadan AM, Thiagarajan S, Hota B, Block JA. The utility of serum aldolase in normal creatine kinase dermatomyositis. J Clin Rheumatol 2014; 20: 47–8.
59 Bachasson D, Landon-Cardinal O, Benveniste O, Hogrel J-Y, Allenbach Y. Physical activity monitoring: A promising outcome measure in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Neurology 2017; 89: 101–3.
60 Pfister PB, De Bruin ED, Sterkele I, Maurer B, De Bie RA, Knols RH. Manual muscle testing and hand-held dynamometry in people with inflammatory myopathy: An intra- and interrater reliability and validity study. PLoS One 2018; 13: e0194531.
61 Hall JC, Casciola-Rosen L, Samedy LA, et al. Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5-associated dermatomyositis: Expanding the clinical spectrum. Arthritis Care Res 2013; 65: 1307–15.
62 Chen Z, Cao M, Plana MN, et al. Utility of anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 antibody measurement in identifying patients with dermatomyositis and a high risk for developing rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease: A review of the literature and a meta-analysis. Arthritis Care Res 2013; 65: 1316–24.
63 Mamyrova G, Kishi T, Targoff IN, Ehrlich A, Curiel R V, Rider LG. Features distinguishing clinically amyopathic juvenile dermatomyositis from juvenile dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2018; 57: 1956–63.
64 Kagen LJ, Aram S. Creatine kinase activity inhibitor in sera from patients with muscle disease. Arthritis Rheum 1987; 30: 213–7.
65 Fréret M, Drouot L, Obry A, et al. Overexpression of MHC class i in muscle of lymphocyte-deficient mice causes a severe myopathy with induction of the unfolded protein response. Am J Pathol 2013; 183: 893–904.
66 Vitadello M, Doria A, Tarricone E, Ghirardello A, Gorza L. Myofiber stress-response in myositis: parallel investigations on patients and experimental animal models of muscle regeneration and systemic inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12: R52.
67 Lightfoot AP, Nagaraju K, McArdle A, Cooper RG. Understanding the origin of non-immune cell-mediated weakness in the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies - potential role of ER stress pathways. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2015; 27: 580–5.
68 Englund P, Lindroos E, Nennesmo I, Klareskog L, Lundberg IE. Skeletal muscle fibers express major histocompatibility complex class II antigens independently of inflammatory infiltrates in inflammatory myopathies. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 1263–73.
69 Lightfoot AP, McArdle A, Jackson MJ, Cooper RG. In the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM), do reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to muscle weakness? Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74: 1340–6.
70 Harris-Love MO, Shrader JA, Koziol D, et al. Distribution and severity of weakness among patients with polymyositis, dermatomyositis and juvenile dermatomyositis. Rheumatology 2009; 48: 134–9.
71 Varsani H, Charman SC, Li CK, et al. Validation of a score tool for measurement of histological severity in juvenile dermatomyositis and association with clinical severity of disease. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74: 204–10.