1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Mazloomi, K.; Gomes, C.C. Hydrogen as an energy carrier: Prospects and challenges. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev.
2005, 16, 3024–3033. [CrossRef]
Muradov, N.Z.; Veziroglu,
T.N. “Green” path from fossil-based to hydrogen economy: An overview of
carbon-neutral technologies. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2008, 33, 6804–6839. [CrossRef]
Moseley, P.T. Solid state gas sensors. Meas. Sci. Technol. 1997, 8, 223–237. [CrossRef]
Capone, S.; Forleo, A.; Francioso, L.; Rella, R.; Siciliano, P.; Spadavecchia, J.; Presicce, D.S.; Taurino, A.M.
Solid state gas sensors: State of the art and future activities. J. Optoelectron. Adv. Mater. 2003, 5, 1335–1348.
[CrossRef]
Kong, J.; Franklin, N.R.; Zhou, C.; Chapline, M.G.; Peng, S.; Cho, K.; Dai, H. Nanotube molecular wires as
chemical sensors. Science 2000, 287, 622–625. [CrossRef]
Collins, P.G.; Bradley, K.; Ishigami, M.; Zettl, A. Extreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of carbon
nanotubes. Science 2000, 287, 1801–1804. [CrossRef]
Wagner, T.; Haffer, S.; Weinberger, C.; Klaus, D.; Tiemann, D. Mesoporous materials as gas sensors.
Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 4036–4053. [CrossRef]
Schedin, F.; Geim, A.K.; Morozov, S.V.; Hill, E.W.; Blake, P.; Katsnelson, M.I.; Novoselov, K.S. Detection of
individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene. Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 652–655. [CrossRef]
Sun, J.; Muruganathan, M.; Mizuta, H. Room temperature detection of individual molecular physisorption
using suspended bilayer graphene. Sci. Adv. 2016, 2, e1501518. [CrossRef]
Yavari, F.; Koratkar, N. Graphene-based chemical sensors. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2012, 3, 1746–1753. [CrossRef]
Yoon, H.J.; Jun, D.H.; Yang, J.H.; Zhou, Z.; Yang, S.S.; Cheng, M.-C. Carbon dioxide gas sensor using a
graphene sheet. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2011, 157, 310–313. [CrossRef]
Yavari, F.; Chen, Z.; Thomas, A.V.; Ren, W.; Cheng, H.-M.; Koratkar, N. High sensitivity gas detection using a
macroscopic three–dimensional graphene foam network. Sci. Rep. 2011, 1, 166. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Chen, G.; Paronyan, T.M.; Harutyunyan, A.R. Sub-ppt gas detection with pristine graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett.
2012, 101, 053119. [CrossRef]
Robinson, J.T.; Perkins, F.K.; Snow, E.S.; Wei, Z.; Sheehan, P.E. Reduced Graphene Oxide Molecular Sensors.
Nano Lett. 2008, 8, 3137–3140. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Lipatov, A.; Varezhnikov, A.; Wilson, P.; Sysoev, V.; Kolmakov, A.; Sinitskii, A. Highly selective gas sensor
arrays based on thermally reduced graphene oxide. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 5426–5434. [CrossRef]
Paul, P.; Badhulika, S.; Saucedo, N.M.; Mulchandani, A. Graphene Nanomesh As Highly Sensitive
Chemiresistor Gas Sensor. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 8171–8178. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Materials 2020, 13, 2259
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
11 of 12
Fowler, J.D.; Allen, M.J.; Tung, V.C.; Yang, U.; Kaner, R.B.; Weiller, B.H. Practical Chemical Sensors from
Chemically Derived Graphene. ACS Nano 2009, 3, 301–306. [CrossRef]
Yavari, F.; Castillo, E.; Gullapalli, H.; Ajayan, P.M.; Koratkar, N. High sensitivity detection of NO2 and NH3
in air using chemical vapor deposition grown graphene. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 100, 203120. [CrossRef]
Kitayama, H.; Ekayev, M.C.; Ohba, T. Piezoresistive and chemiresistive gas sensing by metal-free graphene
layers. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2020, 22, 3089–3096. [CrossRef]
Chua, B.H.; Lo, C.F.; Nicolosi, J.; Chang, C.Y.; Chen, V.; Strupinski, W.; Pearton, S.J.; Ren, F. Hydrogen detection
using platinum coated graphene grown on SiC. Sens. Actuators B 2011, 157, 500–503. [CrossRef]
Shafiei, M.; Spizzirri, P.G.; Arsat, R.; Yu, J.; Plessis, J.; Dubin, S.; Kaner, R.B.; Kalantar-zadeh, K.; Wlodarski, W.
Platinum/Graphene Nanosheet/SiC Contacts and Their Application for Hydrogen Gas Sensing. J. Phys.
Chem. C 2010, 114, 13796–13801. [CrossRef]
Wu, W.; Liu, Z.; Jauregui, L.A.; Yu, Q.; Pillai, R.; Cao, H.; Bao, J.; Chen, P.; Pei, S.-S. Wafer-scale synthesis of
graphene by chemical vapor deposition and its application in hydrogen sensing. Sens. Actuators B 2010, 150,
296–300. [CrossRef]
Pak, Y.; Kim, S.-M.; Jeong, H.; Kang, C.G.; Park, J.S.; Song, H.; Lee, R.; Myoung, N.; Lee, B.H.; Seo, S.; et al.
Palladium-Decorated Hydrogen-Gas Sensors Using Periodically Aligned Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS Appl.
Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 13293–13298. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Chung, M.G.; Kim, D.-H.; Seo, D.K.; Kim, T.; Im, H.U.; Lee, U.M.; Yoo, J.-B.; Hong, S.-H.; Kang, T.H.; Kim, Y.H.
Flexible hydrogen sensors using graphene with palladium nanoparticle decoration. Sens. Actuators B 2012,
169, 387–392. [CrossRef]
Johnson, J.L.; Behnam, A.; Pearton, S.J.; Ural, A. Hydrogen Sensing Using Pd-Functionalized Multi-Layer
Graphene Nanoribbon Networks. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 4877–4880. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Gautam, M.; Jayatiss, A.H. Ammonia gas sensing behavior of graphene surface decorated with gold
nanoparticles. Solid-State Electron. 2012, 78, 159–165. [CrossRef]
Anand, K.; Singh, O.; Singh, M.P.; Kaur, J.; Singh, R.C. Hydrogen sensor based on graphene/ZnO
nanocomposite. Sens. Actuators B 2014, 195, 409–415. [CrossRef]
Cuong, T.V.; Pham, V.H.; Chung, J.S.; Shin, E.W.; Yoo, D.H.; Hahn, S.H.; Huh, J.S.; Rue, G.H.; Kim, E.J.;
Hur, S.H.; et al. Solution-processed ZnO-chemically converted graphene gas sensor. Mater. Lett. 2010, 64,
2479–2482. [CrossRef]
Zhang, Z.; Zou, R.; Song, G.; Yu, L. Highly aligned SnO2 nanorods on graphene sheets for gas sensors.
J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 17360–17365. [CrossRef]
Russo, P.A.; Donato, N.; Leonardi, S.G.; Baek, S.; Conte, D.E.; Neri, G.; Pinna, N. Room-Temperature Hydrogen
Sensing with Heteronanostructures Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide and Tin Oxide. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2012, 51, 11053–11057. [CrossRef]
Qiu, H.-J.; Kang, J.L.; Liu, P.; Hirata, A.; Fujita, T.; Chen, M.W. Fabrication of large-scale nanoporous nickel
with a tunable pore size for energy storage. J. Power Sources 2014, 247, 896–905. [CrossRef]
Ito, Y.; Tanabe, Y.; Qiu, H.-J.; Sugawara, K.; Heguri, S.; Tu, N.H.; Huynh, K.K.; Fujita, T.; Takahashi, T.;
Tanigaki, K.; et al. High Quality Three-Dimensional Nanoporous Graphene. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2014, 53,
4822–4826. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ji, K.; Han, J.; Hirata, A.; Fujita, T.; Shen, Y.; Ning, S.; Liu, P.; Kashani, H.; Tian, Y.; Ito, Y.; et al.
Lithium intercalation into bilayer graphene. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 275. [CrossRef]
Kashani, H.; Ito, Y.; Han, J.; Liu, P.; Chen, M.W. Extraordinary tensile strength and ductility of scalable
nanoporous graphene. Sci. Adv. 2019, 5, eaat6951. [CrossRef]
Tanabe, Y.; Ito, Y.; Sugawara, K.; Hojo, D.; Koshino, M.; Fujita, T.; Aida, T.; Xu, X.; Huynh, K.K.;
Shimotani, H.; et al. Electric Properties of Dirac Fermions Captured into 3D Nanoporous Graphene
Networks. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28, 10304–10310. [CrossRef]
Ito, Y.; Zhang, W.; Li, J.; Chang, H.; Liu, P.; Fujita, T.; Chen, M.W. 3D Bicontinuous Nanoporous Reduced
Graphene Oxide for Highly Sensitive Photodetectors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 1271–1277. [CrossRef]
Becke, A.D. Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98,
5648–5652. [CrossRef]
Lee, C.; Yang, W.; Parr, R.G. Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional
of the electron density. Phys. Rev. B 1988, 37, 785–789. [CrossRef]
Materials 2020, 13, 2259
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
12 of 12
Grimme, S.; Antony, J.; Ehrlich, S.; Krieg, H.A. A consistent and accurate ab initio parametrization of density
functional dispersion correction (DFT-D) for the 94 elements H.-Pu. J. Chem. Phys. 2010, 132, 154104.
[CrossRef]
Krishnan, R.; Binkley, J.S.; Seeger, R.; Pople, A. Self-consistent molecular orbital methods. XX. A basis set for
correlated wave functions. J. Chem. Phys. 1980, 72, 650–654. [CrossRef]
Frisch, M.J.; Trucks, G.W.; Schlegel, H.B.; Scuseria, G.E.; Robb, M.A.; Cheeseman, J.R.; Scalmani, G.; Barone, V.;
Petersson, G.A. Gaussian 16, Revision A. 03; Gaussian, Inc.: Wallingford, CT, USA, 2016.
Ito, Y.; Weitao, C.; Fujita, T.; Tang, Z.; Chen, M.W. High Catalytic Activity of Nitrogen and Sulfur Co–Doped
Nanoporous Graphene in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 2131–2136.
[CrossRef]
Bernardo, I.D.; Avvisati, G.; Chen, C.; Avila, J.; Asensio, M.C.; Hu, K.; Ito, Y.; Hines, P.; Lipton-Duffin, J.;
Rintoul, L.; et al. Topology and doping effects in three-dimensional nanoporous graphene. Carbon 2018, 131,
258–265. [CrossRef]
Bernardo, I.D.; Avvisati, G.; Mariani, C.; Motta, N.; Chen, C.; Avila, J.; Asensio, M.C.; Lupi, S.; Ito, Y.;
Chen, M.W.; et al. Two-Dimensional Hallmark of Highly Interconnected Three-Dimensional Nanoporous
Graphene. ACS Omega 2017, 2, 3691–3697. [CrossRef]
Chang, H.; Sun, Z.; Saito, M.; Yuan, Q.; Zhang, H.; Li, J.; Wang, Z.; Fujita, T.; Ding, F.; Zheng, Z.; et al.
Regulating Infrared Photoresponses in Reduced Graphene Oxide Phototransistors by Defect and Atomic
Structure Control. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 6310–6320. [CrossRef]
Mattevi, C.; Eda, G.; Agnoli, S.; Miller, S.; Mkhoyan, A.K.; Celik, O.; Mastrogiovanni, D.; Granozzi, G.;
Garfunkel, E.; Chhowalla, M. Evolution of Electrical, Chemical, and Structural Properties of Transparent and
Conducting Chemically Derived Graphene Thin Films. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2009, 19, 2577–2583. [CrossRef]
Wang, L.; Wang, H.Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, S.J.; Zhang, Y.L.; Zhang, J.H.; Chen, Q.-D.; Han, W.; Xu, H.-L.; Yang, B.;
et al. Direct Observation of Quantum-Confined Graphene-Like States and Novel Hybrid States in Graphene
Oxide by Transient Spectroscopy. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 6539–6545. [CrossRef]
Tuinstra, F.; Koenig, J.L. Raman Spectrum of Graphite. J. Chem. Phys. 1970, 53, 1126–1130. [CrossRef]
Cancado, L.G.; Jorio, A.; Ferreira, E.H.M.; Stavale, F.; Chete, A.; Capaz, R.B.; Moutinho, M.V.O.; Lombardo, A.;
Kulmala, T.S.; Ferrari, A.C. Quantifying Defects in Graphene via Raman Spectroscopy at Different Excitation
Energies. Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3190–3196. [CrossRef]
Lucchese, M.M.; Stavale, F.; Ferreira, E.H.M.; Vilani, C.; Moutinho, M.V.O.; Capaz, R.B.; Achete, C.A.; Jorio, A.
Quantifying ion-induced defects and Raman relaxation length in graphene. Carbon 2010, 48, 1592–1597.
[CrossRef]
Ito, Y.; Tanabe, Y.; Sugawara, K.; Koshino, M.; Takahashi, T.; Tanigaki, K.; Aoki, H.; Chen, W.M.
Three-dimensional porous graphene networks expand graphene-based electronic device applications.
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2018, 20, 6024–6033. [CrossRef]
Chang, H.; Sun, Z.; Yuan, Q.; Ding, F.; Tao, X.; Yan, F.; Zheng, Z. Thin film field-effect phototransistors
from bandgap-tunable, solution-processed, few-layer reduced graphene oxide films. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22,
4872–4876. [CrossRef]
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
...