1. Peeters KC, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, et al. The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. Annals of surgery 2007;246(5):693-701.
2. Folkesson J, Birgisson H, Pahlman L, et al. Swedish Rectal Cancer Trial: long lasting benefits from radiotherapy on survival and local recurrence rate. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 2005;23(24):5644-50.
3. Crane CH, Skibber JM, Feig BW, et al. Response to preoperative chemoradiation increases the use of sphincter-preserving surgery in patients with locally advanced low rectal carcinoma. Cancer 2003;97(2):517-24.
4. Topova L, Hellmich G, Puffer E, et al. Prognostic value of tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy in rectal carcinoma. Diseases of the colon and rectum 2011;54(4):401-11.
5. Tomono A, Yamashita K, Kanemitsu K, et al. Prognostic significance of pathological response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. International journal of clinical oncology 2016;21(2):344-9.
6. Hamburger AW, Salmon SE. Primary bioassay of human tumor stem cells. Science (New York, NY) 1977;197(4302):461-3.
7. Bao S, Wu Q, McLendon RE, et al. Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature 2006;444(7120):756-60.
8. Zeki SS, Graham TA, Wright NA. Stem cells and their implications for colorectal cancer. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & hepatology 2011;8(2):90-100.
9. Baumann M, Krause M, Hill R. Exploring the role of cancer stem cells in radioresistance. Nature reviews Cancer 2008;8(7):545 -54.
10. Ong BA, Vega KJ, Houchen CW. Intestinal stem cells and the colorectal cancer microenvironment. World journal of gastroenterology 2014;20(8):1898-909.
11. Hongo K, Kazama S, Sunami E, et al. Immunohistochemical detection of CD133 is associated with tumor regression grade after chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) 2012;29(4):2849-57.
12. Hiroishi K, Inomata M, Kashima K, et al. Cancer stem cell-related factors are associated with the efficacy of pre-operative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2011;2(3):465-70.
13. Kawamoto A, Tanaka K, Saigusa S, et al. Clinical significance of radiation-induced CD133 expression in residual rectal cancer cells after chemoradiotherapy. Experimental and therapeutic medicine 2012;3(3):403 -09.
14. Kojima M, Ishii G, Atsumi N, et al. CD133 expression in rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Cancer science 2010;101(4):906 -12.
15. Saigusa S, Inoue Y, Tanaka K, et al. Clinical significance of LGR5 and CD44 expression in locally advanced rectal cancer after preoperative chemoradiotherapy. International journal of oncology 2012;41(5):1643 -52.
16. Saigusa S, Tanaka K, Toiyama Y, et al. Gene expression profiles of tumor regression grade in locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Oncology reports 2012;28(3):855 -61.
17. Barker N, van Es JH, Kuipers J, et al. Identification of stem cells in small intestine and colon by marker gene Lgr5. Nature 2007;449(7165):1003 -7.
18. Todaro M, Francipane MG, Medema JP, et al. Colon cancer stem cells: promise of targeted therapy. Gastroenterology 2010;138(6):2151 -62.
19. Gao T, Wang M, Xu L, et al. DCLK1 is up-regulated and associated with metastasis and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology 2016;142(10):2131-40.
20. Gagliardi G, Goswami M, Passera R, et al. DCLK1 immunoreactivity in colorectal neoplasia. Clinical and experimental gastroenterology 2012;5:35 -42.
21. Nakanishi Y, Seno H, Fukuoka A, et al. Dclk1 distinguishes between tumor and normal stem cells in the intestine. Nature genetics 2013;45(1):98-103.
22. Lugade AA, Sorensen EW, Gerber SA, et al. Radiation-induced IFN-gamma production within the tumor microenvironment influences antitumor immunity. Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md : 1950) 2008;180(5):3132-9.
23. Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Tesniere A, et al. Toll-like receptor 4-dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nature medicine 2007;13(9):1050-9.
24. Plotnikov A, Niego B, Ophir R, et al. Effective treatment of mouse metastatic prostate cancer by low electric field enhanced chemotherapy. The Prostate 2006;66(15):1620-30.
25. Shinto E, Hase K, Hashiguchi Y, et al. CD8+ and FOXP3+ tumor-infiltrating T cells before and after chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. Annals of surgical oncology 2014;21 Suppl 3:S414 -21.
26. Yasuda K, Nirei T, Sunami E, et al. Density of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes in biopsy samples can be a predictor of pathological response to chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for rectal cancer. Radiation oncology (London, England) 2011;6:49.
27. McCoy MJ, Hemmings C, Miller TJ, et al. Low stromal Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell density is associated with complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. British journal of cancer 2015;113(12):1677-86.
28. Teng F, Meng X, Kong L, et al. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, forkhead box P3, programmed death ligand-1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 expressions before and after neoadjuvant chemoradiation in rectal cancer. Translational research : the journal of laboratory and clinical medicine 2015;166(6):721-32.e1.
29. Anitei MG, Zeitoun G, Mlecnik B, et al. Prognostic and predictive values of the immunoscore in patients with rectal cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research 2014;20(7):1891-9.
30. Habr-Gama A, Sabbaga J, Gama-Rodrigues J, et al. Watch and wait approach following extended neoadjuvant chemoradiation for distal rectal cancer: are we getting closer to anal cancer management? Diseases of the colon and rectum 2013;56(10):1109-17.
31. Yu CS, Yun HR, Shin EJ, et al. Local excision after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy in advanced rectal cancer: a national multicenter analysis. American journal of surgery 2013;206(4):482 -7.
32. Pozo ME, Fang SH. Watch and wait approach to rectal cancer: A review. World journal of gastrointestinal surgery 2015;7(11):306 -12.
33. Liao Y, Hu X, Huang X, et al. Quantitative analyses of CD133 expression facilitate researches on tumor stem cells. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin 2010;33(5):738-42.
34. Burgess HA, Martinez S, Reiner O. KIAA0369, doublecortin-like kinase, is expressed during brain development. Journal of neuroscience research 1999;58(4):567-75.
35. Li L, Bellows CF. Doublecortin-like kinase 1 exhibits cancer stem cell-like characteristics in a human colon cancer cell line. Chinese journal of cancer research = Chung-kuo yen cheng yen chiu 2013;25(2):134-42.
36. Chandrakesan P, Weygant N, May R, et al. DCLK1 facilitates intestinal tumor growth via enhancing pluripotency and epithelial mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2014;5(19):9269-80.
37. Vega KJ, May R, Sureban SM, et al. Identification of the putative intestinal stem cell marker doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1 in Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology 2012;27(4):773-80.
38. Whorton J, Sureban SM, May R, et al. DCLK1 is detectable in plasma of patients with Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Digestive diseases and sciences 2015;60(2):509-13.
39. Ikezono YU, Koga H, Abe M, et al. High expression of the putative cancer stem cell marker, DCLK1, in rectal neuroendocrine tumors. Oncology letters 2015;10(4):2015-20.
40. Sureban SM, Madhoun MF, May R, et al. Plasma DCLK1 is a marker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Targeting DCLK1 prevents HCC tumor xenograft growth via a microRNA-dependent mechanism. Oncotarget 2015;6(35):37200-15.
41. Ito H, Tanaka S, Akiyama Y, et al. Dominant Expression of DCLK1 in Human Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells Accelerates Tumor Invasion and Metastasis. PloS one 2016;11(1):e0146564.
42. Qu D, Johnson J, Chandrakesan P, et al. Doublecortin-like kinase 1 is elevated serologically in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and widely expressed on circulating tumor cells. PloS one 2015;10(2):e0118933.
43. Weygant N, Qu D, May R, et al. DCLK1 is a broadly dysregulated target against epithelial-mesenchymal transition, focal adhesion, and stemness in clear cell renal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015;6(4):2193 -205.
44. Liu YH, Tsang JY, Ni YB, et al. Doublecortin-like kinase 1 expression associates with breast cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation. Oncotarget 2016;7(2):1464-76.
45. Kadletz L, Aumayr K, Heiduschka G, et al. Overexpression of DCLK1 is predictive for recurrent disease in major salivary gland malignancies. European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 2017;274(1):467-75.
46. Gagliardi G, Moroz K, Bellows CF. Immunolocalization of DCAMKL-1, a putative intestinal stem cell marker, in normal colonic tissue. Pathology, research and practice 2012;208(8):475-9.
47. May R, Riehl TE, Hunt C, et al. Identification of a novel putative gastrointestinal stem cell and adenoma stem cell marker, doublecortin and CaM kinase-like-1, following radiation injury and in adenomatous polyposis coli/multiple intestinal neoplasia mice. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 2008;26(3):630-7.
48. Xi HQ, Cai AZ, Wu XS, et al. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 is associated with invasion, metastasis, and could be a potential therapeutic target in human gastric cancer. British journal of cancer 2014;110(8):2011-20.
49. Yamamoto Y, Sakamoto M, Fujii G, et al. Overexpression of orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, Gpr49, in human hepatocellular carcinomas with beta-catenin mutations. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 2003;37(3):528 -33.
50. Sun B, Ye X, Li Y, et al. Lgr5 is a potential prognostic marker in patients with cervical carcinoma. International journal of clinical and experimental pathology 2015;8(2):1783-9.
51. Tanese K, Fukuma M, Yamada T, et al. G-protein-coupled receptor GPR49 is up-regulated in basal cell carcinoma and promotes cell proliferation and tumor formation. The American journal of pathology 2008;173(3):835 -43.
52. Gao F, Zhou B, Xu JC, et al. The role of LGR5 and ALDH1A1 in non-small cell lung cancer: Cancer progression and prognosis. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 2015;462(2):91 -8.
53. Yang L, Tang H, Kong Y, et al. LGR5 Promotes Breast Cancer Progression and Maintains Stem-Like Cells Through Activation of Wnt/beta-Catenin Signaling. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio) 2015;33(10):2913 -24.
54. Chen Q, Zhang X, Li WM, et al. Prognostic value of LGR5 in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. PloS one 2014;9(9):e107013.
55. Han Y, Xue X, Jiang M, et al. LGR5, a relevant marker of cancer stem cells, indicates a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology 2015;39(2):267 -73.
56. Liu YS, Hsu HC, Tseng KC, et al. Lgr5 promotes cancer stemness and confers chemoresistance through ABCB1 in colorectal cancer. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie 2013;67(8):791 -9.
57. Planutis AK, Holcombe RF, Planoutene MV, et al. SW480 colorectal cancer cells that naturally express Lgr5 are more sensitive to the most common chemotherapeutic agents than Lgr5-negative SW480 cells. Anti-cancer drugs 2015;26(9):942-7.
58. Tabachnyk M, Distel LV, Buttner M, et al. Radiochemotherapy induces a favourable tumour infiltrating inflammatory cell profile in head and neck cancer. Oral oncology 2012;48(7):594-601.
59. Mei Z, Liu Y, Liu C, et al. Tumour-infiltrating inflammation and prognosis in colorectal cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. British journal of cancer 2014;110(6):1595-605.
60. Huang Y, Liao H, Zhang Y, et al. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ T cells in gastrointestinal cancers: a meta analysis. PloS one 2014;9(5):e94376.
61. Shang B, Liu Y, Jiang SJ, et al. Prognostic value of tumor-infiltrating FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific reports 2015;5:15179.
62. Suzuki H, Chikazawa N, Tasaka T, et al. Intratumoral CD8(+) T/FOXP3(+) cell ratio is a predictive marker for survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII 2010;59(5):653 -61.
63. Sinicrope FA, Rego RL, Ansell SM, et al. Intraepithelial effector (CD3+)/regulatory (FoxP3+) T-cell ratio predicts a clinical outcome of human colon carcinoma. Gastroenterology 2009;137(4):1270-9.
64. Nosho K, Baba Y, Tanaka N, et al. Tumour-infiltrating T-cell subsets, molecular changes in colorectal cancer, and prognosis: cohort study and literature review. The Journal of pathology 2010;222(4):350 -66.