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肺移植免疫寛容導入はCD8 T細胞のPD-1発現に関連する

高橋, 剛史 東京大学 DOI:10.15083/0002001664

2021.09.08

概要

世界で初めて肺移植が施行されてから件数は増加傾向にある。免疫抑制剤の導入や外科的手技の工夫などにより術後生存成績は改善してはいるが、他固形臓器移植と比較した場合(心臓76%、肝臓7 0%)、肺移植の5年生存率は54% と悪い。予後を規定する最も重要な要件は移植後に起こり得る拒絶であるが、拒絶反応や免疫寛容の導入に関連する免疫学的要件は臓器によって異なる。多くの組織や臓器にとって memory CD8 細胞が免疫抑制剤を用いた免疫寛容導入にとっての障害と考えられているが、肺移植ではcentral memory CD8 細胞が重要である。また、近年特に癌免疫の領域において PD-1 が注目されその抗体を用いた免疫療法が複数行われ有望な結果が報告されている。PD-1 は免疫反応を抑制する働きがあると言われており、我々は免疫抑制剤によって免疫寛容を誘導された移植後肺がPD-1 をブロックすることで拒絶されるのではないかと仮説を立て以下の実験を行なった。

PD-1 の移植肺での役割を解明するために、in vivo の実験としてカフ法を用いたマウス同所性左肺移植モデルを採用した。Balb/c をドナーとしB6 をレシピエントとし主要組織適合抗原(MHC) major mismatch pair の組み合わせで左肺を移植した。免疫抑制剤群をコントロールとし、免疫抑制剤に抗PD-1 抗体を投与して群と比較した。その結果、PD-1 抗体群では移植したグラフトは拒絶されており、effector memory CD8 細胞がコントロール群より有意に増加していた。

次に CD8+ cells での PD-1 の機能を解明するため、 Balb/c をドナーとして Pepboy をレシピエントとして左肺を移植後、B6 もしくはPD-1 knock-out マウスから分離した CD8 細胞を経静脈注入した。両群共に同内容の免疫抑制剤を投与した。PD-1 knock-out 群では移植肺が拒絶されており、effector memory CD8 細胞が有意に増加していた。

PD-1 は CD8 細胞の central memoery からeffector memory phenotype への分化のチェックポイントであるという報告と、costimulatory そしてco-inhibitory 分子の発現がT cells の分化をT cell receptor からのシグナルの強さとともに制御しているという知見から、PD-1 が CD8 細胞のmotility を制御し、immune synapse を形成しているのではいないかと仮説を立て次の実験を行なった。ドナーをBalb/c 、レシピエントを CD11c-EFYP B6 とし同所性左肺移植を行なった。免疫抑制剤を投与し、術後3日目に CMTMR をラベルされたB6 また、Celltrace Violet をラベルされた PD-1 knockout マウスから分離した CD8 細胞を径静脈で注入した。注入24時間後、左第 3 肋間で開胸し移植した左肺を露出、リング状のカバーガラスで左肺を圧迫し time-lapse imaging をIntravital two-photon microscopy を用い記録し、その後生体内での CD8 細胞の動きと抗原提示細胞との接触時間を解析した。その結果、PD-1 knockout の CD8 細胞の遊走速度は遅く、 CD11c 抗原提示細胞との接触時間が有意に長かった。

以上の結果より得られた知見として、レシピエントの CD8 細胞での PD-1 の発現が拒絶を防ぐのに重要であるということが分かった。PD-1 の発現が欠如すると CD8 細胞は CD11c 抗原提示細胞との接触時間が増し、effector memory 細胞へ分化が誘導されると考えられる。これらの知見は肺移植後の免疫寛容の誘導に必要な条件が他の臓器とは異なることを示している。従って肺移植において免疫抑制剤の使用に関しては他の臓器と異なった戦略が必要であると考えられる。

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参考文献

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