1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Walters, M.B.; Field, C.B. Photosynthetic light acclimation in two rainforest Piper species with different
ecological amplitudes. Oecologia 1987, 72, 449–456. [CrossRef]
Ellsworth, D.S.; Reich, P.B. Leaf mass per area, nitrogen content and photosynthetic carbon gain in
Acer saccharum seedlings in contrasting forest light environments. Funct. Ecol. 1992, 6, 423–435. [CrossRef]
Noda, H.; Muraoka, H.; Washitani, I. Morphological and physiological acclimation responses to contrasting
light and water regimes in Primula sieboldii. Ecol. Res. 2004, 19, 331–340. [CrossRef]
Muraoka, H.; Tang, Y.; Koizumi, H.; Washitani, I. Combined effects of light and water availability on
photosynthesis and growth of Arisaema heterophyllum in the forest understory and an open site. Oecologia
1997, 112, 26–34. [CrossRef]
Gruntman, M.; Segev, U.; Tielbörger, K.; Gange, A. Shade-induced plasticity in invasive Impatiens glandulifera
populations. Weed Res. 2019, 60, 16–25. [CrossRef]
Muraoka, H.; Tang, Y.H.; Koizumi, H.; Washitani, I. Effects of light and soil water availability on leaf
photosynthesis and growth of Arisaema heterophyllum, a riparian forest understorey plant. J. Plant Res. 2002,
115, 419–427. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Wang, A.-Y.; Hao, G.-Y.; Guo, J.-J.; Liu, Z.-H.; Zhang, J.-L.; Cao, K.-F. Differentiation in leaf physiological traits
related to shade and drought tolerance underlies contrasting adaptations of two Cyclobalanopsis (Fagaceae)
species at the seedling stage. Forests 2020, 11, 844. [CrossRef]
Valladares, F.; Wright, S.J.; Lasso, E.; Kitajima, K.; Pearcy, R.W. Plastic phenotypic response to light of 16
congeneric shrubs from a panamanian rainforest. Ecology 2000, 81, 1925–1936. [CrossRef]
Niu, K.; Zhang, S.; Lechowicz, M.J.; Perez Carmona, C. Harsh environmental regimes increase the functional
significance of intraspecific variation in plant communities. Funct. Ecol. 2020, 34, 1666–1677. [CrossRef]
Niu, K.; He, J.-S.; Lechowicz, M.J.; Souza, L. Grazing-induced shifts in community functional composition
and soil nutrient availability in Tibetan alpine meadows. J. Appl. Ecol. 2016, 53, 1554–1564. [CrossRef]
Forests 2020, 11, 1365
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
17 of 21
Volf, M.; Redmond, C.; Albert, A.J.; Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Y.; Biella, P.; Gotzenberger, L.; Hrazsky, Z.;
Janecek, S.; Klimesova, J.; Leps, J.; et al. Effects of long- and short-term management on the functional
structure of meadows through species turnover and intraspecific trait variability. Oecologia 2016, 180, 941–950.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
Jung, V.; Violle, C.; Mondy, C.; Hoffmann, L.; Muller, S. Intraspecific variability and trait-based community
assembly. J. Ecol. 2010, 98, 1134–1140. [CrossRef]
Enquist, B.J.; Norberg, J.; Bonser, S.P.; Violle, C.; Webb, C.T.; Henderson, A.; Sloat, L.L.; Savage, V.M. Scaling
from traits to ecosystems. Adv. Ecol. Res. 2015, 52, 249–318. [CrossRef]
Violle, C.; Enquist, B.J.; McGill, B.J.; Jiang, L.; Albert, C.H.; Hulshof, C.; Jung, V.; Messier, J. The return of the
variance: Intraspecific variability in community ecology. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2012, 27, 244–252. [CrossRef]
dos Santos, V.A.H.F.; Ferreira, M.J. Are photosynthetic leaf traits related to the first-year growth of tropical
tree seedlings? A light-induced plasticity test in a secondary forest enrichment planting. For. Ecol. Manag.
2020, 460, 117900. [CrossRef]
Baltzer, J.L.; Thomas, S.C. Determinants of whole-plant light requirements in Bornean rain forest tree saplings.
J. Ecol. 2007, 95, 1208–1221. [CrossRef]
Craine, J.M.; Reich, P.B. Leaf-level light compensation points in shade-tolerant woody seedlings. New Phytol.
2005, 166, 710–713. [CrossRef]
Ntawuhiganayo, E.B.; Uwizeye, F.K.; Zibera, E.; Dusenge, M.E.; Ziegler, C.; Ntirugulirwa, B.; Nsabimana, D.;
Wallin, G.; Uddling, J. Traits controlling shade tolerance in tropical montane trees. Tree Physiol. 2020, 40,
183–197. [CrossRef]
Kitajima, K. Relative importance of photosynthetic traits and allocation patterns as correlates of seedling
shade tolerance of 13 tropical trees. Oecologia 1994, 98, 419–428. [CrossRef]
Pons, T.L.; Poorter, H. The effect of irradiance on the carbon balance and tissue characteristics of five
herbaceous species differing in shade-tolerance. Front. Plant Sci. 2014, 5, 12. [CrossRef]
Kupers, S.J.; Wirth, C.; Engelbrecht, B.M.J.; Hernández, A.; Condit, R.; Wright, S.J.; Rüger, N. Performance
of tropical forest seedlings under shade and drought: An interspecific trade-off in demographic responses.
Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 18784. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Bartholomew, D.C.; Bittencourt, P.R.L.; da Costa, A.C.L.; Banin, L.F.; de Britto Costa, P.; Coughlin, S.I.;
Domingues, T.F.; Ferreira, L.V.; Giles, A.; Mencuccini, M.; et al. Small tropical forest trees have a greater
capacity to adjust carbon metabolism to long-term drought than large canopy trees. Plant Cell Environ. 2020,
43, 2380–2393. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Valladares, F.; Niinemets, Ü. Shade tolerance, a key plant feature of complex nature and consequences.
Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. S. 2008, 39, 237–257. [CrossRef]
Björkman, O. Responses to different quantum flux densities. In Physiological Plant Ecology I: Responses to the
Physical Environment; Lange, O.L., Nobel, P.S., Osmond, C.B., Ziegler, H., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg,
Germany, 1981; pp. 57–107. [CrossRef]
Givnish, T.J. Adaptation to sun and shade: A whole-plant perspective. Funct. Plant Biol. 1988, 15, 63–92.
[CrossRef]
Yoshimura, K. Irradiance heterogeneity within crown affects photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen distribution
of leaves in Cedrela sinensis. Plant Cell Environ. 2010, 33, 750–758. [CrossRef]
Rozendaal, D.M.A.; Hurtado, V.H.; Poorter, L. Plasticity in leaf traits of 38 tropical tree species in response to
light; relationships with light demand and adult stature. Funct. Ecol. 2006, 20, 207–216. [CrossRef]
Poorter, H.; Niinemets, U.; Ntagkas, N.; Siebenkas, A.; Maenpaa, M.; Matsubara, S.; Pons, T. A meta-analysis
of plant responses to light intensity for 70 traits ranging from molecules to whole plant performance.
New Phytol. 2019, 223, 1073–1105. [CrossRef]
Poorter, H.; Pepin, S.; Rijkers, T.; de Jong, Y.; Evans, J.R.; Körner, C. Construction costs, chemical composition
and payback time of high- and low-irradiance leaves. J. Exp. Bot. 2006, 57, 355–371. [CrossRef]
Wan, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, M.; Hong, A.; Yang, H.; Liu, Y. Shade effects on growth, photosynthesis and
chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of three Paeonia species. PeerJ 2020, 8, e9316. [CrossRef]
Vincent, G. Leaf photosynthetic capacity and nitrogen content adjustment to canopy openness in tropical
forest tree seedlings. J. Trop. Ecol. 2001, 17, 495–509. [CrossRef]
Forests 2020, 11, 1365
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
18 of 21
Lei, T.T.; Tabuchi, R.; Kitao, M.; Koike, T. Functional relationship between chlorophyll content and leaf
reflectance, and light-capturing efficiency of Japanese forest species. Physiol. Plant. 1996, 96, 411–418.
[CrossRef]
Onoda, Y.; Schieving, F.; Anten, N.P. Effects of light and nutrient availability on leaf mechanical properties of
Plantago major: A conceptual approach. Ann. Bot. 2008, 101, 727–736. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Poorter, H.; Niinemets, U.; Poorter, L.; Wright, I.J.; Villar, R. Causes and consequences of variation in leaf
mass per area (LMA): A meta-analysis. New Phytol. 2009, 182, 565–588. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ellsworth, D.S.; Reich, P.B. Canopy structure and vertical patterns of photosynthesis and related leaf traits in
a deciduous forest. Oecologia 1993, 96, 169–178. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Niinemets, Ü. Within-canopy variations in functional leaf traits: Structural, chemical and ecological controls
and diversity of responses. In Canopy Photosynthesis: From Basics to Applications; Hikosaka, K., Niinemets, Ü.,
Anten, N.P.R., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2016; pp. 101–141.
Anten, N.P.R.; During, H.J. Is analysing the nitrogen use at the plant canopy level a matter of choosing the
right optimization criterion? Oecologia 2011, 167, 293–303. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Koyama, K.; Kikuzawa, K. Geometrical similarity analysis of photosynthetic light response curves, light
saturation and light use efficiency. Oecologia 2010, 164, 53–63. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Koyama, K.; Kikuzawa, K. Is whole-plant photosynthetic rate proportional to leaf area? A test of scalings
and a logistic equation by leaf demography census. Am. Nat. 2009, 173, 640–649. [CrossRef]
Koyama, K.; Kikuzawa, K. Reduction of photosynthesis before midday depression occurred: Leaf
photosynthesis of Fagus crenata in a temperate forest in relation to canopy position and a number of
days after rainfall. Ecol. Res. 2011, 26, 999–1006. [CrossRef]
Muryono, M.; Chen, C.P.; Sakai, H.; Tokida, T.; Hasegawa, T.; Usui, Y.; Nakamura, H.; Hikosaka, K. Nitrogen
distribution in leaf canopies of high-yielding rice cultivar takanari. Crop. Sci. 2017, 57, 2080–2088. [CrossRef]
Campany, C.E.; Tjoelker, M.G.; Von Caemmerer, S.; Duursma, R.A. Coupled response of stomatal and
mesophyll conductance to light enhances photosynthesis of shade leaves under sunflecks. Plant Cell Environ.
2016, 39, 2762–2773. [CrossRef]
Bhusal, N.; Han, S.-G.; Yoon, T.-M. Summer pruning and reflective film enhance fruit quality in excessively
tall spindle apple trees. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 2017, 58, 560–567. [CrossRef]
Kusi, J.; Karsai, I. Plastic leaf morphology in three species of Quercus: The more exposed leaves are smaller,
more lobated and denser. Plant Spec. Biol. 2020, 35, 24–37. [CrossRef]
Hollinger, D.Y. Optimality and nitrogen allocation in a tree canopy. Tree Physiol. 1996, 16, 627–634. [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Posada, J.M.; Lechowicz, M.J.; Kitajima, K. Optimal photosynthetic use of light by tropical tree crowns
achieved by adjustment of individual leaf angles and nitrogen content. Ann. Bot. 2009, 103, 795–805.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
Hagemeier, M.; Leuschner, C. Functional crown architecture of five temperate broadleaf tree species: Vertical
gradients in leaf morphology, leaf angle, and leaf area density. Forests 2019, 10, 265. [CrossRef]
Walters, M.B.; Reich, P.B. Trade-offs in low-light CO2 exchange: A component of variation in shade tolerance
among cold temperate tree seedlings. Funct. Ecol. 2000, 14, 155–165. [CrossRef]
Chazdon, R.L.; Pearcy, R.W. Photosynthetic responses to light variation in rainforest species. i. induction
under constant and fluctuating light conditions. Oecologia 1986, 69, 517–523. [CrossRef]
Chazdon, R.L. Sunflecks and their importance to forest understorey plants. In Advances in Ecological Research;
Begon, M., Fitter, A.H., Ford, E.D., Macfadyen, A., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1988;
Volume 18, pp. 1–63.
Morales, A.; Kaiser, E. Photosynthetic acclimation to fluctuating irradiance in plants. Front. Plant Sci. 2020,
11, 268. [CrossRef]
Parker, G.G.; Fitzjarrald, D.R.; Gonçalves Sampaio, I.C. Consequences of environmental heterogeneity for
the photosynthetic light environment of a tropical forest. Agr. For. Meteorol. 2019, 278, 107661. [CrossRef]
Hartikainen, S.M.; Pieristè, M.; Lassila, J.; Robson, T.M. Seasonal patterns in spectral irradiance and leaf
UV-A absorbance under forest canopies. Front. Plant Sci. 2020, 10. [CrossRef]
Muraoka, H.; Koizumi, H.; Pearcy, R.W. Leaf display and photosynthesis of tree seedlings in a cool-temperate
deciduous broadleaf forest understorey. Oecologia 2003, 135, 500–509. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Forests 2020, 11, 1365
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
19 of 21
Muraoka, H.; Takenaka, A.; Tang, Y.; Koizumi, H.; Washitani, I. Flexible leaf orientations of Arisaema
heterophyllum maximize light capture in a forest understorey and avoid excess irradiance at a deforested site.
Ann. Bot. 1998, 82, 297–307. [CrossRef]
Kaiser, E.; Morales, A.; Harbinson, J. Fluctuating light takes crop photosynthesis on a rollercoaster ride.
Plant Physiol. 2018, 176, 977–989. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Slattery, R.A.; Walker, B.J.; Weber, A.P.M.; Ort, D.R. The impacts of fluctuating light on crop performance.
Plant Physiol. 2018, 176, 990. [CrossRef]
Way, D.A.; Pearcy, R.W. Sunflecks in trees and forests: From photosynthetic physiology to global change
biology. Tree Physiol. 2012, 32, 1066–1081. [CrossRef]
Miyashita, A.; Sugiura, D.; Sawakami, K.; Ichihashi, R.; Tani, T.; Tateno, M. Long-term, short-interval
measurements of the frequency distributions of the photosynthetically active photon flux density and net
assimilation rate of leaves in a cool-temperate forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2012, 152, 1–10. [CrossRef]
Valladares, F.; Pearcy, R.W. Drought can be more critical in the shade than in the sun: A field study of carbon
gain and photo-inhibition in a Californian shrub during a dry El Nino year. Plant Cell Environ. 2002, 25,
749–759. [CrossRef]
Poorter, H.; Fiorani, F.; Pieruschka, R.; Wojciechowski, T.; van der Putten, W.H.; Kleyer, M.; Schurr, U.;
Postma, J. Pampered inside, pestered outside? Differences and similarities between plants growing in
controlled conditions and in the field. New Phytol. 2016, 212, 838–855. [CrossRef]
Valladares, F.; Zaragoza-Castells, J.; Sanchez-Gomez, D.; Matesanz, S.; Alonso, B.; Portsmuth, A.; Delgado, A.;
Atkin, O.K. Is shade beneficial for Mediterranean shrubs experiencing periods of extreme drought and
late-winter frosts? Ann. Bot. 2008, 102, 923–933. [CrossRef]
Ohashi, H.; Kadota, Y.; Murata, J.; Yonekura, K.; Kihara, H. Wild Flowers of Japan; Heibonsha: Tokyo, Japan,
2015.
Sok, D.E.; Oh, S.H.; Kim, Y.B.; Kang, H.G.; Kim, M.R. Neuroprotection by extract of Petasites japonicus leaves,
a traditional vegetable, against oxidative stress in brain of mice challenged with kainic acid. Eur. J. Nutr.
2006, 45, 61–69. [CrossRef]
Xu, J.; Ji, F.; Cao, X.; Ma, J.; Ohizumi, Y.; Lee, D.; Guo, Y. Sesquiterpenoids from an edible plant Petasites
japonicus and their promoting effects on neurite outgrowth. J. Funct. Food. 2016, 22, 291–299. [CrossRef]
Japan Meteorological Agency. Available online: http://www.jma.go.jp (accessed on 14 September 2020).
Fleck, S.; Niinemets, U.; Cescatti, A.; Tenhunen, J.D. Three-dimensional lamina architecture alters
light-harvesting efficiency in Fagus: A leaf-scale analysis. Tree Physiol. 2003, 23, 577–589. [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Chambelland, J.-C.; Dassot, M.; Adam, B.; Donès, N.; Balandier, P.; Marquier, A.; Saudreau, M.; Sonohat, G.;
Sinoquet, H. A double-digitising method for building 3D virtual trees with non-planar leaves: Application
to the morphology and light-capture properties of young beech trees (Fagus sylvatica). Funct. Plant Biol. 2008,
35, 1059–1069. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Johnson, I.R.; Thornley, J.H.M. A model of instantaneous and daily canopy photosynthesis. J. Theor. Biol.
1984, 107, 531–545. [CrossRef]
Liu, Y.Y.; Li, J.; Liu, S.C.; Yu, Q.; Tong, X.J.; Zhu, T.T.; Gao, X.X.; Yu, L.X. Sugarcane leaf photosynthetic light
responses and their difference between varieties under high temperature stress. Photosynthetica 2020, 58,
1009–1018. [CrossRef]
Maxima.sourceforge.net. Maxima, a Computer Algebra System. Version 5.43.0 (2020). Available online:
http://maxima.sourceforge.net/ (accessed on 14 September 2020).
Koyama, K.; Shirakawa, H.; Kikuzawa, K. Redeployment of shoots into better-lit positions within the crowns
of saplings of five species with different growth patterns. Forests 2020, 11, 1301. [CrossRef]
Schneider, C.A.; Rasband, W.S.; Eliceiri, K.W. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat. Methods
2012, 9, 671. [CrossRef]
John, G.P.; Scoffoni, C.; Buckley, T.N.; Villar, R.; Poorter, H.; Sack, L. The anatomical and compositional basis
of leaf mass per area. Ecol. Lett. 2017, 20, 412–425. [CrossRef]
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing;
R Core Team: Vienna, Austria, 2020.
Wilke, C.O. cowplot: Streamlined Plot Theme and Plot Annotations for ’ggplot2’. CRAN Repos. 2016, 2, R2.
Forests 2020, 11, 1365
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
20 of 21
Clarke, E.; Sherrill-Mix, S. ggbeeswarm: Categorical Scatter (Violin Point) Plots. 2017. Available online:
https://cran.R-project.org (accessed on 14 September 2020).
Wickham, H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2016.
Bates, D.; Mächler, M.; Bolker, B.; Walker, S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J. Stat. Softw.
2015, 67, 48. [CrossRef]
Pattison, P.M.; Tsao, J.Y.; Brainard, G.C.; Bugbee, B. LEDs for photons, physiology and food. Nature 2018, 563,
493–500. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Tateno, M.; Taneda, H. Photosynthetically versatile thin shade leaves: A paradox of irradiance-response
curves. Photosynthetica 2007, 45, 299–302. [CrossRef]
Oguchi, R.; Hikosaka, K.; Hiura, T.; Hirose, T. Costs and benefits of photosynthetic light acclimation by tree
seedlings in response to gap formation. Oecologia 2008, 155, 665–675. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Oguchi, R.; Onoda, Y.; Terashima, I.; Tholen, D. Leaf Anatomy and Function. In The Leaf: A Platform for
Performing Photosynthesis; Adams Iii, W.W., Terashima, I., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham,
Switzerland, 2018; pp. 97–139. [CrossRef]
Terashima, I.; Miyazawa, S.-I.; Hanba, Y.T. Why are sun leaves thicker than shade leaves?—Consideration
based on analyses of CO2 diffusion in the leaf. J. Plant Res. 2001, 114, 93–105. [CrossRef]
Bhusal, N.; Bhusal, S.J.; Yoon, T.-M. Comparisons of physiological and anatomical characteristics between
two cultivars in bi-leader apple trees (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Sci. Hortic. 2018, 231, 73–81. [CrossRef]
Wyka, T.P.; Oleksyn, J.; Zytkowiak,
R.; Karolewski, P.; Jagodzinski,
A.M.; Reich, P.B. Responses of leaf
structure and photosynthetic properties to intra-canopy light gradients: A common garden test with four
broadleaf deciduous angiosperm and seven evergreen conifer tree species. Oecologia 2012, 170, 11–24.
[CrossRef]
Mooney, H.A.; Gulmon, S.L. Environmental and evolutionary constraints on the photosynthetic characteristics
of higher plants. In Topics in Plant Population Biology; Solbrig, O.T., Jain, S., Johnson, G.B., Raven, P.H., Eds.;
Macmillan Education: London, UK, 1979; pp. 316–337.
Tanaka, T.; Oikawa, S.; Kurokawa, C. Leaf shedding increases the photosynthetic rate of the canopy in
N2 -fixing and non-N2 -fixing woody species. Tree Physiol. 2018, 38, 1903–1911. [CrossRef]
Oikawa, S.; Hikosaka, K.; Hirose, T. Does leaf shedding increase the whole-plant carbon gain despite some
nitrogen being lost with shedding? New Phytol. 2008, 178, 617–624. [CrossRef]
Kubínová, Z.; Janáˇcek, J.; Lhotáková, Z.; Šprtová, M.; Kubínová, L.; Albrechtová, J. Norway spruce needle size
and cross section shape variability induced by irradiance on a macro- and microscale and CO2 concentration.
Trees 2017, 32, 231–244. [CrossRef]
Dörken, V.M.; Lepetit, B. Morpho-anatomical and physiological differences between sun and shade leaves
in Abies alba Mill. (Pinaceae, Coniferales): A combined approach. Plant Cell Environ. 2018, 41, 1683–1697.
[CrossRef]
Niinemets, Ü.; Tobias, M.; Cescatti, A.; Sparrow, A. Size-dependent variation in shoot light-harvesting
efficiency in shade-intolerant conifers. Int. J. Plant Sci. 2006, 167, 19–32. [CrossRef]
Anten, N.P.R. Optimization and game theory in canopy models. In Canopy Photosynthesis: From Basics to
Applications; Hikosaka, K., Niinemets, Ü, Anten, N.P.R., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2016;
pp. 355–377.
De Wit, M.; Kegge, W.; Evers, J.B.; Vergeer-van Eijk, M.H.; Gankema, P.; Voesenek, L.A.; Pierik, R. Plant
neighbor detection through touching leaf tips precedes phytochrome signals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
2012, 109, 14705–14710. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Saudreau, M.; Ezanic, A.; Adam, B.; Caillon, R.; Walser, P.; Pincebourde, S. Temperature heterogeneity over
leaf surfaces: The contribution of the lamina microtopography. Plant Cell Environ. 2017, 40, 2174–2188.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
Reich, P.B.; Walters, M.B.; Tjoelker, M.G.; Vanderklein, D.; Buschena, C. Photosynthesis and respiration rates
depend on leaf and root morphology and nitrogen concentration in nine boreal tree species differing in
relative growth rate. Funct. Ecol. 1998, 12, 395–405. [CrossRef]
Walters, M.B.; Reich, P.B. Low-light carbon balance and shade tolerance in the seedlings of woody plants: Do
winter deciduous and broad-leaved evergreen species differ? New Phytol. 1999, 143, 143–154. [CrossRef]
Forests 2020, 11, 1365
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
21 of 21
Kurosawa, Y.; Mori, S.; Wang, M.; Ferrio, J.P.; Yamaji, K.; Koyama, K.; Haruma, T.; Doyama, K. Initial burst of
root development with decreasing respiratory carbon cost in Fagus crenata Blume seedlings. Plant Spec. Biol.
2020. [CrossRef]
Miyashita, A.; Tateno, M. A novel index of leaf RGR predicts tree shade tolerance. Funct. Ecol. 2014, 28,
1321–1329. [CrossRef]
Tatsumi, K.; Kuwabara, Y.; Motobayashi, T. Photosynthetic light-use efficiency of rice leaves under fluctuating
incident light. Agrosyst. Geosci. Environ. 2020, 3, e20030. [CrossRef]
Matthews, J.S.A.; Vialet-Chabrand, S.; Lawson, T. Role of blue and red light in stomatal dynamic behaviour.
J. Exp. Bot. 2020, 71, 2253–2269. [CrossRef]
Zhang, S.B.; Hao, Y.J.; Deng, Q.L. Photosynthetic induction is slower in young leaves than in mature leaves
in a tropical invader, Chromolaena Odorata. Photosynth. 2019, 57, 1044–1052. [CrossRef]
Kimura, H.; Hashimoto-Sugimoto, M.; Iba, K.; Terashima, I.; Yamori, W. Improved stomatal opening enhances
photosynthetic rate and biomass production in fluctuating light. J. Exp. Bot. 2020, 71, 2339–2350. [CrossRef]
[PubMed]
Sakoda, K.; Yamori, W.; Groszmann, M.; Evans, J.R. Stomatal, mesophyll conductance, and biochemical
limitations to photosynthesis during induction. Plant Physiol. 2020. [CrossRef]
Shimadzu, S.; Seo, M.; Terashima, I.; Yamori, W. Whole irradiated plant leaves showed faster photosynthetic
induction than individually irradiated leaves via improved stomatal opening. Front. Plant Sci. 2019, 10.
[CrossRef] [PubMed]
Yamori, W.; Kusumi, K.; Iba, K.; Terashima, I. Increased stomatal conductance induces rapid changes to
photosynthetic rate in response to naturally fluctuating light conditions in rice. Plant Cell Environ. 2020, 43,
1230–1240. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Alter, P.; Dreissen, A.; Luo, F.L.; Matsubara, S. Acclimatory responses of Arabidopsis to fluctuating light
environment: Comparison of different sunfleck regimes and accessions. Photosynth. Res. 2012, 113, 221–237.
[CrossRef]
Naumburg, E.; Ellsworth, D.S. Photosynthetic sunfleck utilization potential of understory saplings growing
under elevated CO2 in FACE. Oecologia 2000, 122, 163–174. [CrossRef]
Duursma, R.A.; Payton, P.; Bange, M.P.; Broughton, K.J.; Smith, R.A.; Medlyn, B.E.; Tissue, D.T. Near-optimal
response of instantaneous transpiration efficiency to vapour pressure deficit, temperature and CO2 in cotton
(Gossypium hirsutum L.). Agric. For. Meteorol. 2013, 168, 168–176. [CrossRef]
Koyama, K.; Takemoto, S. Morning reduction of photosynthetic capacity before midday depression. Sci. Rep.
2014, 4, 4389. [CrossRef]
Scoffoni, C.; Sack, L.; Ort, D. The causes and consequences of leaf hydraulic decline with dehydration. J. Exp.
Bot. 2017, 68, 4479–4496. [CrossRef]
Muraoka, H.; Tang, Y.H.; Terashima, I.; Koizumi, H.; Washitani, I. Contributions of diffusional limitation,
photoinhibition and photorespiration to midday depression of photosynthesis in Arisaema heterophyllum in
natural high light. Plant Cell Environ. 2000, 23, 235–250. [CrossRef]
Espadafor, M.; Orgaz, F.; Testi, L.; Lorite, I.J.; González-Dugo, V.; Fereres, E. Responses of transpiration and
transpiration efficiency of almond trees to moderate water deficits. Sci. Hortic. 2017, 225, 6–14. [CrossRef]
Paillassa, J.; Wright, I.J.; Prentice, I.C.; Pepin, S.; Smith, N.G.; Ethier, G.; Westerband, A.C.; Lamarque, L.J.;
Wang, H.; Cornwell, W.K.; et al. When and where soil is important to modify the carbon and water economy
of leaves. New Phytol. 2020, 228, 121–135. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Bhusal, N.; Lee, M.; Reum Han, A.; Han, A.; Kim, H.S. Responses to drought stress in Prunus sargentii and
Larix kaempferi seedlings using morphological and physiological parameters. For. Ecol. Manag. 2020, 465,
118099. [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional
affiliations.
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
...
論文の公開元へ
