(1) Mills, G. C. Hemoglobin catabolism I. Glutathione peroxidase, an erythrocyte enzyme which protects hemoglobin from oxidative breakdown. J. Biol. Chem. 1957, 229, 189−197.
(2) Flohé, L.; Günzler, W. A.; Schock, H. H. Glutathione Peroxidase: A Selenoenzyme. FEBS Lett. 1973, 32, 132−134.
(3) Kraus, R. J.; Foster, S. J.; Ganther, H. E. Identification of Selenocysteine in Glutathione Peroxidase by Mass Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 1983, 22, 5853−5858.
(4) Kryukov, G. V.; Castellano, S.; Novoselov, S. V.; Lobanov, A. V.; Zehtab, O.; Guigó, R.; Gladyshev, V. N. Characterization of Mammalian Selenoproteomes. Science 2003, 300, 1439−1443.
(5) Lubos, E.; Loscalzo, J.; Handy, D. E. Glutathione Peroxidase-1 in Health and Disease: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Antioxid. Redox Signaling 2011, 15, 1957−1997.
(6) Flohé, L. Looking Back at the Early Stages of Redox Biology. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 1254.
(7) Rotruck, T. J.; Pope, L. A.; Ganther, E. H.; Swanson, B. A.; Hafeman, G. D.; Hoekstra, G. W. Selenium: Biochemical Role as a Component of Glutathione Peroxidase. Science 1973, 179, 588−590.
(8) Brigelius-Flohé, R.; Maiorino, M. Glutathione Peroxidases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, Gen. Subj. 2013, 1830, 3289−3303.
(9) Maiorino, M. F.; Brigelius-Flohé, R.; Aumann, K. D.; Roveri, A.; Schomburg, D.; Flohé, L. [5] Diversity of Glutathione Peroxidases. Methods Enzymol. 1995, 252, 38−53.
(10) Mauri, P.; Benazzi, L.; Flohé, L.; Maiorino, M.; Pietta, G. P.; Pilawa, S.; Roveri, A.; Ursini, F. Versatility of Selenium Catalysis in PHGPx Unraveled by LC/ESI-MS/MS. Biol. Chem. 2003, 384, 575−588.
(11) Liu, J.; Rozovsky, S. Contribution of Selenocysteine to the Peroxidase Activity of Selenoprotein S. Biochemistry 2013, 52, 5514−5516.
(12) Liu, J.; Zhang, Z.; Rozovsky, S. Selenoprotein K Form an intermolecular diselenide bond with unusually high redox potential. FEBS Lett. 2014, 588, 3311−3321.
(13) Payne, N. C.; Barber, D. R.; Ruggles, E. L.; Hondal, R. J. Can dimedone be used to study selenoproteins? An investigation into the reactivity of dimedone toward oxidized forms of selenocysteine. Protein Sci. 2019, 28, 41−55.
(14) Scinto, S. L.; Ekanayake, O.; Seneviratne, U.; Pigga, J. E.; Boyd, S. J.; Taylor, M. T.; Liu, J.; Am Ende, C. W.; Rozovsky, S.; Fox, J. M. Dual-Reactivity trans-Cyclooctenol Probes for Sulfenylation in Live Cells Enable Temporal Control via Bioorthogonal Quenching. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 10932−10937.
(15) Ma, S.; Caprioli, R. M.; Hill, K. E.; Burk, R. F. Loss of Selenium from Selenoproteins: Conversion of Selenocysteine to Dehydroala- nine in Vitro. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2003, 14, 593−600.
(16) Walter, R.; Roy, J. Selenomethionine, a Potential Catalytic Antioxidant in Biological Systems. J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 2561− 2563.
(17) Cho, S.-C.; Lee, S.; Lee, G. T.; Woo, A. H.; Choi, J.-E.; Rhee, G. S. Irreversible Inactivation of Glutathione Peroxidase 1 and Reversible Inactivation of Peroxiredoxin II by H2O2 in Red Blood Cells. Antioxid. Redox Signaling 2010, 12, 1235−1246.
(18) Orian, L.; Mauri, P.; Roveri, A.; Toppo, S.; Benazzi, L.; Bosello- Travain, V.; De Palma, A.; Maiorino, M.; Miotto, G.; Zaccarin, M.; Polimeno, A.; Flohé, L.; Ursini, F. Selenocysteine Oxidation in Glutathione Peroxidase Catalysis: An MS-Supported Quantum Mechanics Study. Free Radical Biol. Med. 2015, 87, 1−14.
(19) Reich, H. J.; Jasperse, C. P. Organoselenium Chemistry. Redox Chemistry of Selenocysteine Model Systems. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 5549−5551.
(20) Fischer, H.; Dereu, N. Mechanism of the Catalytic Reduction of Hydroperoxides by Ebselen: A Selenium − 77 Nmr Study. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg. 1987, 96, 757.
(21) Sarma, B. K.; Mugesh, G. Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx)-like Antioxidant Activity of the Organoselenium Drug Ebselen: Un- expected Complications with Thiol Exchange Reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 11477−11485.
(22) Bhowmick, D.; Srivastava, S.; D’Silva, P.; Mugesh, G. Highly Efficient Glutathione Peroxidase and Peroxiredoxin Mimetics Protect Mammalian Cells against Oxidative Damage. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 8449−8453.
(23) Ungati, H.; Govindaraj, V.; Narayanan, M.; Mugesh, G. Probing the Formation of a Seleninic Acid in Living Cells by the Fluorescence Switching of a Glutathione Peroxidase Mimetic. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 8156−8160.
(24) Reich, H. J.; Hoger, C. A.; Willis, W. W. Organoselenium Chemistry : A Study of Intermediates in the Fragmentation of Aliphatic Ketoselenoxides. Characterization of Selenoxides, Selenena- mides and Selenolseleninates by 1H-,13C-and 77Se-NMR. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 4771−4779.
(25) Kice, J. L.; Chiou, S. Rates of Oxidation of o-Nitro- benzeneselenenyl Compounds by m-Chloroperoxybenzoic Acid and the Rate of Reaction of o-Nitrobenzeneselenol with o-Nitro- benzeneselenenic Acid. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 290−294.
(26) Reich, H. J.; Willis, W. W., Jr.; Wollowitz, S. Stable” selenenic acids. Tetrahedron Lett. 1982, 23, 3319−3322.
(27) Reich, H. J.; Jasperse, C. P. Organoselenium Chemistry. Preparation and Reactions of 2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylbenzeneselenenic Acid. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 2389−2390.
(28) Iwaoka, M.; Tomoda, S. A Model Study on the Effect of an Amino Group on the Antioxidant Activity of Glutathione Peroxidase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 2557−2561.
(29) Saiki, T.; Goto, K.; Okazaki, R. Isolation and X-ray Crystallographic Analysis of a Stable Selenenic Acid. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2223−2224.
(30) Goto, K.; Nagahama, M.; Mizushima, T.; Shimada, K.; Kawashima, T.; Okazaki, R. The First Direct Oxidative Conversion of a Selenol to a Stable Selenenic Acid: Experimental Demonstration of Three Processes Included in the Catalytic Cycle of Glutathione Peroxidase. Org. Lett. 2001, 3, 3569−3572.
(31) Sase, S.; Kakimoto, R.; Goto, K. Synthesis of a Stable Selenoaldehyde by Self-Catalyzed Thermal Dehydration of a Primary- Alkyl-Substituted Selenenic Acid. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 901−904.
(32) Sase, S.; Kakimoto, R.; Kimura, R.; Goto, K. Synthesis of a Stable Primary-Alkyl-Substituted Selenenyl Iodide and Its Hydrolytic Conversion to the Corresponding Selenenic Acid. Molecules 2015, 20, 21415−21420.
(33) Sase, S.; Kimura, R.; Masuda, R.; Goto, K. Model Study on Trapping of Protein Selenenic Acids by Utilizing a Stable Synthetic Congener. New J. Chem. 2019, 43, 6830−6833.
(34) Ishii, A.; Matsubayashi, S.; Takahashi, T.; Nakayama, J. Preparation of a Selenenic Acid and Isolation of Selenoseleninates. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 1084−1085.
(35) Zielinski, Z.; Presseau, N.; Amorati, R.; Valgimigli, L.; Pratt, D. Redox Chemistry of Selenenic Acids and the Insight It Brings on Transition State Geometry in the Reactions of Peroxyl Radicals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2014, 136, 1570−1578.
(36) Sano, T.; Masuda, R.; Sase, S.; Goto, K. Isolable Small- Molecule Cysteine Sulfenic Acid. Chem. Commun. 2021, 57, 2479−2482.
(37) Epp, O.; Ladenstein, R.; Wendel, A. The Refined Structure of the Selenoenzyme Glutathione Peroxidase at 0.2-nm Resolution. Eur. J. Biochem. 1983, 133, 51−69.
(38) Scheerer, P.; Borchert, A.; Krauss, N.; Wessner, H.; Gerth, C.; Höhne, W.; Kuhn, H. Structural Basis for Catalytic Activity and Enzyme Polymerization of Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase-4 (GPx4). Biochemistry 2007, 46, 9041−9049.
(39) Shimodaira, S.; Iwaoka, M. Synthesis of selenocysteine- containing dipeptides modeling the active site of thioredoxin reductase. Phosphorus, Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 2019, 194, 750−752.
(40) Kunishima, M.; Kawachi, C.; Iwasaki, F.; Terao, K.; Tani, S. Synthesis and Characterization of 4-(4,6-Dimethoxy-1,3,5-triazin-2- yl)-4-methylmorpholinium Chloride. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 5327−5330.
(41) Kunishima, M.; Kawachi, C.; Hioki, K.; Terao, K.; Tani, S. Formation of carboxamides by direct condensation of carboxylic acids and amines in alcohols using a new alcohol- and water-soluble condensing agent: DMT-MM. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 1551−1558.
(42) Berry, M. J.; Banu, L.; Larsen, P. R. Type I iodothyronine deiodinase is a selenocysteine-containing enzyme. Nature 1991, 349, 438−440.
(43) Köhrle, J. Local activation and inactivation of thyroid hormones: the deiodinase family. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 1999, 151, 103−119.
(44) Salzen, A. M.-v.; Meyer, H.-U.; du Mont, W.-W. Diselenides and Iodine: Influence of Solution Equilibria Between Covalent Compounds and Charge − Transfer Complexes. Phosphorus, Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 1992, 67, 67−71.
(45) To accelerate the rate of oxidation of Sec−SeH, a base was needed.
(46) Sec−SeOH 1a exhibited a singlet corresponding to the OH proton at 5.35 ppm.
(47) 77Se NMR chemical shifts of previously reported arylmethyl- substituted selenenic acids: S12 (1243 ppm) and S13 (1261 ppm); for details, see Table S4.
(48) Cyclic selenenyl amide 14 was also obtained by the intramolecular cyclization of Sec−SeI 5 in the presence of NaOH (Scheme S26). The five-membered ring structure of 14 was determined by 2D NMR spectroscopy (Figure S12). Compound 14 was found to be less susceptible to oxidative deselenation than Sec− SeH 3b (Scheme S30, Tables S7 and S8).