Relationship between Mitral Leaflet Size and Coaptation-zone area and their Associated Factors in Patients with Normal Left Ventricular Size and Systolic Function: Real-time 3D Echocardiographic Analysis

[1]

Rossi A, Dini FL, Faggiano P, Agricola E, Cicoira M, Frattini S, Simioniuca.,

Gullace M, Ghio S, Enriquez-Sarano M, Temporelli PL. Independent prognostic

value of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with heart failure. A

quantitative analysis of 1256 patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic dilated

cardiomyopathy. Heart;97:1675–80 (2011).

[2]

Kaneko H, Suzuki S, Uejima T, Kano H, Matsuno S, Takai H, Oikawa Y, Yajima

J, Aizawa T, Yamashita T. Functional mitral regurgitation and left ventricular

systolic dysfunction in the recent era of cardiovascular clinical practice, an

observational cohort study. Hypertens Res;37:1082–7 (2014).

[3]

Shah T, Zhong M, Minutello RM. Functional mitral regurgitation in heart failure.

Cardiol Rev;27:327–36 (2019).

[4]

Yiu SF, Enriquez-Sarano M, Tribouilloy C, Seward JB, Tajik AJ. Determinants

of the degree of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with systolic left

ventriculardDysfunction. Circulation;102:1400–6 (2000).

[5]

Asgar AW, Mack MJ, Stone GW. Secondary mitral regurgitation in heart failure:

Pathophysiology, prognosis, and therapeutic considerations. J Am Coll

Cardiol;65:1231–48 (2015).

75

[6]

Lancellotti P, Zamorano J-L, Vannan MA. Imaging Challenges in Secondary

Mitral Regurgitation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging;7:735–46 (2014).

[7]

Lebrun F, Lancellotti P, Piérard LA. Quantitation of functional mitral

regurgitation during bicycle exercise in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll

Cardiol;38:1685–92 (2001).

[8]

Lancellotti P, Gérard PL, Piérard LA. Long-term outcome of patients with heart

failure and dynamic functional mitral regurgitation. Eur Heart J;26:1528–32

(2005).

[9]

Gertz ZM, Raina A, Saghy L, Zado ES, Callans DJ, Marchlinski FE, Keane MG,

Silvestry FE. Evidence of atrial functional mitral regurgitation due to atrial

fibrillation: Reversal with arrhythmia control. J Am Coll Cardiol;58:1474–81

(2011).

[10]

Takahashi Y, Abe Y, Sasaki Y, Bito Y, Morisaki A, Nishimura S, Shibata T.

Mitral valve repair for atrial functional mitral regurgitation in patients with

chronic atrial fibrillation. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg;21:163–8 (2015).

[11]

Abe Y, Akamatsu K, Ito K, Matsumura Y, Shimeno K, Naruko T, Takahashi Y,

Shibata T, Yoshiyama M. Prevalence and prognostic significance of

functionalitral and tricuspid regurgitation despite preserved left ventricular

76

ejection fraction in atrial fibrillation Patients. Circ J;82:1451–8 (2018).

[12]

Ito K, Abe Y, Takahashi Y, Shimada Y, Fukumoto H, Matsumura Y, Naruko T,

Shibata T, Yoshiyama M, Yoshikawa J. Mechanism of atrial functional mitral

regurgitation in patients with atrial fibrillation: A study using three-dimensional

transesophageal echocardiography. J Cardiol;70:584–90 (2017).

[13]

Delgado V, Bax JJ. Atrial functional mitral regurgitation: from mitral annulus

dilatation to insufficient leaflet remodeling. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging;10:1–3

(2017).

[14]

Van der Bijl P, Vo NM, Leung M, Ajmone Marsan N, Delgado V, Stone GW,

Bax JJ. Impact of atrial fibrillation on improvement of functional mitral

regurgitation in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Hear Rhythm;15:1816–22

(2018).

[15]

Liang JJ, Silvestry FE. Mechanistic insights into mitral regurgitation due to atrial

fibrillation: “Atrial functional mitral regurgitation.” Trends Cardiovasc

Med;26:681–9 (2016).

[16]

Silbiger JJ. Mechanistic insights into atrial functional mitral regurgitation: Far

more complicated than just left atrial remodeling. Echocardiography;36:164–9

(2019).

77

[17]

Bursi F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Nkomo VT, Jacobsen SJ, Weston SA, Meverden

RA, Roger VL. Heart failure and death after myocardial infarction in the

community: the emerging role of mitral regurgitation. Circulation;111:295–301

(2005).

[18]

Lamas GA, Mitchell GF, Flaker GC, Smith SC, Gersh BJ, Basta L, Moye L,

Braunwald E, Pfeffer MA. Clinical Significance of mitral regurgitation after

acute myocardial infarction. Circulation;96:827–33 (1997).

[19]

Chaput M, Handschumacher MD, Tournoux F, Hua L, Guerrero JL, Vlahakes

GJ, Levine RA. Mitral leaflet adaptation to ventricular remodeling occurrence

and adequacy in patients with functional mitral regurgitation.

Circulation;118:845–52 (2008).

[20]

Varma PK, Krishna N, Jose RL, Madkaiker AN. Ischemic mitral regurgitation.

Ann Card Anaesth;20:432–9 (2017).

[21]

De Marchena E, Badiye A, Robalino G, Junttila J, Atapattu S, Nakamura M,

Canniere DD, Salerno T. Respective prevalence of the different carpentier classes

of mitral regurgitation: a stepping stone for future therapeutic research and

development. J Card Surg;26:385–92 (2011).

[22]

Poglajen G, Harlander M, Gersak B. Ex vivo study of altered mitral apparatus

78

geometry in functional mitral regurgitation. Heart Surg Forum;13:E172-6 (2010).

[23]

Debonnaire P, Al Amri I, Leong DP, Joyce E, Katsanos S, Kamperidis V, Schalij

JM, Bax JJ, Marsan AN, Delgado V. Leaflet remodelling in functional mitral

valve regurgitation: Characteristics, determinants, and relation to regurgitation

severity. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging;16:290–9 (2015).

[24]

Lancellotti P, Moura L, Pierard LA, Agricola E, Popescu BA, Tribouilloy C,

Hagendorff A, Monin J-L, Badano L, Zamorano JL. European Association of

Echocardiography recommendations for the assessment of valvular regurgitation.

Part 2: mitral and tricuspid regurgitation (native valve disease). Eur J

Echocardiogr;11:307–32 (2010).

[25]

Daimon M, Saracino G, Fukuda S, Koyama Y, Kwan J, Song JM,

Kongsaerepong V, Agler DA, Thomas JD, Shiota T. Dynamic change of mitral

annular geometry and motion in ischemic mitral regurgitation assessed by a

computerized 3D echo method. Echocardiography;27:1069–77 (2010).

[26]

Daimon M, Saracino G, Gillinov AM, Koyama Y, Fukuda S,Kwan J, Song JM,

Kongsaerepong V, Agler AD, Thomas DJ, Shiota T. Local dysfunction and

asymmetrical deformation of mitral annular geometry in ischemic mitral

regurgitation: A novel computerized 3D echocardiographic analysis.

79

Echocardiography;25:414–23 (2008).

[27]

Beaudoin J, Handschumacher MD, Zeng X, Hung J, Morris EL, Levine RA,

Schwammenthal E. Mitral valve enlargement in chronic aortic regurgitation as a

compensatory mechanism to prevent functional mitral regurgitation in the dilated

left ventricle. J Am Coll Cardiol;61:1809–16 (2013).

[28]

Saito K, Okura H, Watanabe N, Obase K, Tamada T, Koyama T, Hayashida A,

Neishi Y, Kawamoto T, Yoshida K. Influence of chronic tethering of the mitral

valve on mitral leaflet size and coaptation in functional mitral regurgitation.

JACC Cardiovasc Imaging;5:337–45 (2012).

[29]

Judge DP, Markwald RR, Hagège AA, Levine RA. Translational research on the

mitral valve: from developmental mechanisms to new therapies. J Cardiovasc

Transl Res;4:699–701 (2011).

[30]

Alghamdi AA., Elmistekawy EM, Singh SK, Latter D A. Is concomitant surgery

for moderate functional Mitral regurgitation indicated during aortic valve

replacement for aortic stenosis? a systematic review and evidence-based

recommendations. J Card Surg;25:182–7 (2010).

[31]

Waisbren EC, Stevens LM, Avery EG, Picard MH, Vlahakes GJ, Agnihotri AK.

Changes in Mitral regurgitation after replacement of the stenotic aortic valve.

80

Ann Thorac Surg;86:56–62 (2008).

[32]

Caballero-Borrego J, Gómez-Doblas JJ, Cabrera-Bueno F, García-Pinilla JM,

Melero JM, Melero JM, Porras C, Olalla E, Teresa Galvan E De. Incidence,

associated factors and evolution of non-severe functional mitral regurgitation in

patients with severe aortic stenosis undergoing aortic valve replacement. Eur J

Cardio-Thoracic Surg;34:62–6 (2008).

[33]

Rossi A, Dandale R, Nistri S, Faggiano P, Cicoira M, Benfari G, Onorati F,

Santini F, Messika-Zeitoun D, Enriquez-Sarano M, Vassanelli C. Functional

mitral regurgitation in patients with aortic stenosis: prevalence, clinical correlates

and pathophysiological determinants: a quantitative prospective study. Eur Heart

J Cardiovasc Imaging;15:631–6 (2014).

[34]

Cohoon KP, Criqui MH, Budoff MJ, Lima JA, Blaha MJ, Decker PA, Durazo R,

Liu K, Kramer H. Relationship of aortic wall distensibility to mitral and aortic

valve calcification: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Angiology;69:443–8 (2018).

[35]

Dal-Bianco JP, Aikawa E, Bischoff J, Guerrero JL, Handschumacher MD,

Sullivan S, Johnson B, Titus JS, Iwamoto Y, Wylie-sears J, Levine RA,

Carpentier A. Active adaptation of the tethered mitral valve.

81

Circulation;120:334–42 (2009).

[36]

Marsit O, Clavel MA, Côté-Laroche C, Hadjadj S, Bouchard MA,

Handschumacher MD, Clisson M, Drolet MC, Boulanger M, Kim D, Guerrero

JL, Bartko PE, Couet J, Arsenault M, Mathieu P, Pibarot P, Aikawa M, Mathieu

P. Pibarot P, Aikawa E, Bischoff J, Levine RA, Beaudoin J. Attenuated mitral

leaflet enlargement contributes to functional mitral regurgitation after myocardial

infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol;75:395–405 (2020).

[37]

Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L,

Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Goldstein SA, Kuznetsova T, Lancellotti P, Muraru

D, Picard MN, Rietzschel ER, Rudski L, Spencer KT, Tsang W, Voigt J-U.

Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in

adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the

European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Hear J – Cardiovasc

Imaging;16:233–71 (2015).

[38]

Fukuda S, Watanabe H, Daimon M, Abe Y, Hirashiki A, Hirata K, Ito H, IwaiTakano M, Iwakura K, Izumi C, Hidaka T, Yuasa T, Murata K, Nakatani S,

Negishi K, Nishigami K, Nishikage T, Ota T, Hayashida A, Sakata K, Tanaka N,

Yamada S, Yamamoto K, Yoshikawa J. Normal values of real-time 3-

82

dimensional echocardiographic parameters in a healthy Japanese population. Circ

J;76:1177–81 (2012).

[39]

Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T,

Flachskampf FA, Gillebert TC, Klein AL, Lancellotti P, Marino P, Oh JK,

Alexandru Popescu B, Waggoner AD. Recommendations for the evaluation of

left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: An update from the

American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of

Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Hear J – Cardiovasc Imaging;17:1321–60 (2016).

[40]

Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA,

Hahn RT, Han Y, Hung J, Lang RM, Little SH, Shah DJ, Shernan S,

Thavendiranathan P, Thomas DJ, Weissman NJ. Recommendations for

noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: report from the American

Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the Society for

Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr;30:303–71 (2017).

[41]

Daimon M, Akaishi M, Asanuma T, Hashimoto S, Izumi C, Iwanaga S, Kawai H,

Toide H, Hayashida A, Yamada H, Murata M, Hirano Y, Suzuki K, Nakatani S,

Akaishi M, Izumi C, Daimon M, Murata M, Hirano Y, Suzuki K, Yamada H.

Guideline from Japanese Society of Echocardiography: 2018 focused update

83

incorporated into Guidance for the Management and Maintenance of

Echocardiography Equipment. J Echocardiogr;16: 1-5 (2018)

[42]

Bhave NM, Lang RM. Evaluation of left ventricular structure and function by

three-dimensional echocardiography. Curr Opin Crit Care;19:387–96

[43]

(2013).

Sonne C, Sugeng L, Watanabe N, Weinert L, Saito K, Tsukiji M, Yoshida K,

Takeuchi M, Mor-Avi V, Lang RM. Age and body surface area dependency of

mitral valve and papillary apparatus parameters: assessment by real-time threedimensional echocardiograp. Eur J Echocardiogr;10:287–94 (2009).

[44]

Watanabe N, Ogasawara Y, Yamaura Y, Kawamoto T, Toyota E, Akasaka T,

Yoshida K. Quantitation of mitral valve tenting in ischemic mitral regurgitation

by transthoracic real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll

Cardiol;45:763–9 (2005).

[45]

Xu B, Daimon M, Kawata T, Nakao T, Hirokawa M, Sawada N, Kimura K,

Yamanaka Yuko, Morita H, Komuro I, Yatomi Y. Relationship between mitral

leaflet size and coaptation and their associated factors in patients with normal left

ventricular size and systolic function: real-time 3D echocardiographic analysis.

Int Heart J; pages are in printing. (2020)

[46]

Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA,

84

Picard MH, Roman MJ, Seward J, Shanewise J, Solomon S, Spencer KT, Sutton

MSJ, Stewart W. Recommendations for chamber quantification. Eur J

Echocardiogr; 7:79–108 (2006).

[47]

Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, Fonarow

GC, Geraci SA, Horwich T, Januzzi J, Johnson MR, Kasper EK, Levy WC,

Masoudi AF, McBride PE, McMurray JJV, Mitchell JE, Peterson PN, Riegel B,

SAm F, Stevenson LW, Tang WHW, Tsai, EJ, Wilkoff BL. 2013 ACCF/AHA

guideline for the management of heart failure: A report of the American College

of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force onPractice

Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol;62:e147–239 (2013).

[48]

Olin JW, Sealove BA. Peripheral Artery Disease: Current insight into the disease

and its diagnosis and management. Mayo Clin Proc;85:678–92 (2010).

[49]

Levine RA, Hagége AA, Judge DP, Padala M, Dal-Bianco JP, Aikawa E,

Beaudoin J, Bischoff J, Bouatia-Naji N, Bruneval P, Butcher JT, Carpentier A,

Chaput M, Chester AH, Clusel C, Delling FN, Dietz HC, Dina C, Durst R,

Fernandez-Friera L, Handschumacher MD, Jensen MO, Jeunemaitre XP, Marec

H Le, Tourneau T Le, Markwald RR, Mérot J, Messas E, Milan DP, Neri T.

Mitral valve disease-morphology and mechanisms. Nat Rev Cardiol;12:689–710

85

(2015).

[50]

Sell S, Scully R E. Aging changes in the aortic and mitral valves.Histologic and

histochemical studyies,, with observations on the pathogenesis of calcific aortic

stenosis and calcification of the mitral annulus. Am J Pathol;46:345–65 (1965).

[51]

Filip DA, Radu A, Simionescu M. Interstitial cells of the heart valves possess

characteristics similar to smooth muscle cells. Circ Res;59:310–20 (1986).

[52]

Grande-Allen KJ, Calabro A, Gupta V, Wight TN, Hascall VC, Vesely I.

Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans in normal mitral valve leaflets and

chordae: association with regions of tensile and compressive loading.

Glycobiology; 14:621–33 (2004).

[53]

Nordrum IS, Skallerud B. Smooth muscle in the human mitral valve: extent and

implications for dynamic modelling. APMIS;120:484–94 (2012).

[54]

Weiner RB, Deluca JR, Wang F, Lin J, Wasfy MM, Berkstresser B, Stöhr E,

Shave R, Lewis GD, Hutter AM, Picard MH, Baggish AL. Exercise-induced left

ventricular remodeling among competitive athletes: a phasic phenomenon. Circ

Cardiovasc Imaging; 8: e003651 (2015).

[55]

London GM. Left ventricular alterations and end-stage renal disease. Nephrol

Dial Transplant;17 Suppl 1:29–36 (2002).

86

[56]

Beltran A. Arterial compliance abnormalities in isolated systolic hypertension.

Am J Hypertens;14:1007–11, (2001).

[57]

Slotwiner DJ, Devereux RB, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG, de Simone G, Roman

MJ. Relation of age to left ventricular function and systemic hemodynamics in

uncomplicated mild hypertension. Hypertension; 37:1404–9 (2001).

[58]

Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, Larson MG, Levy D. Is pulse pressure useful

in predicting risk for coronary heart disease? The Framingham Heart Study.

Circulation;100:354–60 (1999).

[59]

Ogawa A, Shimizu K, Nakagami T, Maruoka H, Shirai K. Physical function and

cardio-ankle vascular index in elderly heart failure patients. Int Heart J;61:769–

75 (2020).

[60]

Shirai K, Utino J, Otsuka K, Takata M. A novel blood pressure-independent

arterial wall stiffness parameter; cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). J

Atheroscler Thromb;13:101–7 (2006).

[61]

Rabkin E, Aikawa M, Stone JR, Fukumoto Y, Libby P, Schoen FJ. Activated

interstitial myofibroblasts express catabolic enzymes and mediate matrix

remodeling in myxomatous heart valves. Circulation;104:2525–32 (2001).

[62]

Thubrikar MJ, Deck JD, Aouad J, Chen JM. Intramural stress as a causative

87

factor in atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic valve. Atherosclerosis;55:299–311

(1985).

[63]

Roberts WC. The senile cardiac calcification syndrome. Am J Cardiol;58:572–4

(1986).

[64]

Wit AL, Fenoglio JJ, Hordof AJ, Reemtsma K. Ultrastructure and

transmembrane potentials of cardiac muscle in the human anterior mitral valve

leaflet. Circulation;59:1284–92 (1979).

[65]

Wit AL, Fenoglio JJ, Wagner BM, Bassett AL. Electrophysiological properties of

cardiac muscle in the anterior mitral valve leaflet and the adjacent atrium in the

dog. Possible implications for the genesis of atrial dysrhythmias. Circ Res;

32:731–45 (1973).

[66]

Fenoglio JJ, Tuan-Duc-Pham, Wit AL, Bassett AL, Wagner BM. Canine mitral

complex. Ultrastructure and electromechanical properties. Circ Res; 31:417–30

(1972).

[67]

Swanson JC, Davis LR, Arata K, Briones EP, Bothe W, Itoh A, Ingels NB, Miller

DC. Characterization of mitral valve anterior leaflet perfusion patterns. J Heart

Valve Dis;18:488–95 (2009).

[68]

Ranganathan N, Lam JH, Wigle ED, Silver MD. Morphology of the human

88

mitral valve. II. The value leaflets. Circulation;41:459–67 (1970).

89

...