1. R. E. Scammon, The measurement of the body in childhood. Meas. man, 173–215 (1930).
2. R. Chaoui, K. D. Kalache, K. S. Heling, C. Tennstedt, C. Bommer, H. Körner, Absent or hypoplastic thymus on ultrasound: A marker for deletion 22q11.2 in fetal cardiac defects. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 20, 546–552 (2002).
3. H. Kurobe, T. Tominaga, M. Sugano, Y. Hayabuchi, Y. Egawa, Y. Takahama, T. Kitagawa, Complete but not partial thymectomy in early infancy reduces T-cellmediated immune response: Three-year tracing study after pediatric cardiac surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 145, 656–62 (2013).
4. T. Yamauchi, T. Moroishi, Hippo Pathway in Mammalian Adaptive Immune System. Cells. 8, 398 (2019).
5. K. Murphy, C. Weaver, Janeway’s Immunobiology, 9th edition, 445 (2017).
6. S. Sakaguchi, T. Yamaguchi, T. Nomura, M. Ono, Regulatory T Cells and Immune Tolerance. Cell. 133, 775–787 (2008).
7. P. K. Gregersen, T. W. Behrens, Genetics of autoimmune diseases - Disorders of immune homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Genet. 7, 917–928 (2006).
8. C. C. Blackburn, N. R. Manley, Developing a new paradigm for thymus organogenesis. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4, 278–289 (2004).
9. T. Boehm, Thymus development and function. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 20, 178–184 (2008).
10. H.-R. Rodewald, Thymus organogenesis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 26, 355–388 (2008).
11. Y. Takahama, Journey through the thymus: stromal guides for T-cell development and selection. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 6, 127–135 (2006).
12. G. Anderson, Y. Takahama, Thymic epithelial cells: Working class heroes for T cell development and repertoire selection. Trends Immunol. 33, 256–263 (2012).
13. J. Derbinski, B. Kyewski, How thymic antigen presenting cells sample the body’s selfantigens. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 22, 592–600 (2010).
14. Y. Takahama, I. Ohigashi, S. Baik, G. Anderson, Generation of diversity in thymic epithelial cells. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 17, 295–305 (2017).
15. 髙田健介、髙濵洋介, T細胞免疫におけるチェックポイント. 炎症と免疫. 23, 3– 9 (2015).
16. K. Hozumi, C. Mailhos, N. Negishi, K. Hirano, T. Yahata, K. Ando, S. Zuklys, G. A. Holl, D. T. Shima, S. Habu, Delta-like 4 is indispensable in thymic environment specific for T cell development. J. Exp. Med. 205, 2507–2513 (2008).
17. U. Koch, E. Fiorini, R. Benedito, V. Besseyrias, K. Schuster-gossler, M. Pierres, N. R. Manley, A. Duarte, H. R. Macdonald, F. Radtke, Delta-like 4 is the essential , nonredundant ligand for Notch1 during thymic T cell lineage commitment. J. Exp. Med. 205, 2515–2523 (2008).
18. T. Nakagawa, W. Roth, P. Wong, A. Nelson, A. Farr, J. Deussing, J. A. Villadangos, H. Ploegh, C. Peters, A. Y. Rudensky, Cathepsin L: Critical role in Ii degradation and CD4 T cell selection in the thymus. Science (80-. ). 280, 450–453 (1998).
19. J. Gommeaux, C. Grégoire, P. Nguessan, M. Richelme, M. Malissen, S. Guerder, B. Malissen, A. Carrier, Thymus-specific serine protease regulates positive selection of a subset of CD4+ thymocytes. Eur. J. Immunol. 39, 956–964 (2009).
20. S. Murata, K. Sasaki, T. Kishimoto, S. I. Niwa, H. Hayashi, Y. Takahama, K. Tanaka, Regulation of CD8 + T cell development by thymus-specific proteasomes. Science (80-. ). 316, 1349–53 (2007).
21. T. Nitta, S. Murata, K. Sasaki, H. Fujii, A. M. Ripen, N. Ishimaru, S. Koyasu, K. Tanaka, Y. Takahama, Thymoproteasome Shapes Immunocompetent Repertoire of CD8+ T Cells. Immunity. 32, 29–40 (2010).
22. Y. Xing, S. C. Jameson, K. A. Hogquist, Thymoproteasome subunit-β5T generates peptide-MHC complexes specialized for positive selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110, 6979–6984 (2013).
23. K. Takada, F. Van Laethem, Y. Xing, K. Akane, H. Suzuki, S. Murata, K. Tanaka, S. C. Jameson, A. Singer, Y. Takahama, TCR affinity for thymoproteasome-dependent positively selecting peptides conditions antigen responsiveness in CD8 + T cells. Nat. Immunol. 16, 2–7 (2015).
24. T. Ueno, F. Saito, D. H. D. Gray, S. Kuse, K. Hieshima, H. Nakano, T. Kakiuchi, M. Lipp, R. L. Boyd, Y. Takahama, CCR7 signals are essential for cortex-medulla migration of developing thymocytes. J. Exp. Med. 200, 493–505 (2004).
25. M. Kozai, Y. Kubo, T. Katakai, H. Kondo, H. Kiyonari, K. Schaeuble, S. A. Luther, N. Ishimaru, I. Ohigashi, Y. Takahama, Essential role of CCL21 in establishment of central self tolerance in T cells. J. Exp. Med. 214, 1925–1935 (2017).
26. J. Derbinski, J. Gäbler, B. Brors, S. Tierling, S. Jonnakuty, M. Hergenhahn, L. Peltonen, J. Walter, B. Kyewski, Promiscuous gene expression in thymic epithelial cells is regulated at multiple levels. J. Exp. Med. 202, 33–45 (2005).
27. M. S. Anderson, E. S. Venanzi, L. Klein, Z. Chen, S. P. Berzins, S. J. Turley, H. Von Boehmer, R. Bronson, A. Dierich, C. Benoist, D. Mathis, Projection of an immunological self shadow within the thymus by the aire protein. Science (80-. ). 298, 1395–1401 (2002).
28. S. W. Rossi, W. E. Jenkinson, G. Anderson, E. J. Jenkinson, Clonal analysis reveals a common progenitor for thymic cortical and medullary epithelium. Nature. 441, 988– 991 (2006).
29. C. C. Bleul, T. Corbeaux, A. Reuter, P. Fisch, J. S. Mönting, T. Boehm, Formation of a functional thymus initiated by a postnatal epithelial progenitor cell. Nature. 441, 992– 996 (2006).
30. I. Ohigashi, S. Zuklys, M. Sakata, C. E. Mayer, S. Zhanybekova, S. Murata, K. Tanaka, G. a Holländer, Y. Takahama, Aire-expressing thymic medullary epithelial cells originate from β5t-expressing progenitor cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110, 9885–90 (2013).
31. C. E. Mayer, S. Žuklys, S. Zhanybekova, I. Ohigashi, H. Y. Teh, S. N. Sansom, N. Shikama-Dorn, K. Hafen, I. C. Macaulay, M. E. Deadman, C. P. Ponting, Y. Takahama, G. A. Holländer, Dynamic spatio-temporal contribution of single β5t+ cortical epithelial precursors to the thymus medulla. Eur. J. Immunol. (2016).
32. L. Klein, B. Kyewski, P. M. Allen, K. A. Hogquist, Positive and negative selection of the T cell repertoire: What thymocytes see (and don’t see). Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14, 377–391 (2014).
33. A. Apavaloaei, S. Brochu, M. Dong, A. Rouette, M.-P. Hardy, G. Villafano, S. Murata, H. J. Melichar, C. Perreault, PSMB11 Orchestrates the Development of CD4 and CD8 Thymocytes via Regulation of Gene Expression in Cortical Thymic Epithelial Cells. J. Immunol. (2019).
34. S. N. Sansom, N. Shikama-Dorn, S. Zhanybekova, G. Nusspaumer, I. C. Macaulay, M. E. Deadman, A. Heger, C. P. Ponting, G. A. Holländer, Population and single-cell genomics reveal the Aire dependency, relief from Polycomb silencing, and distribution of self-antigen expression in thymic epithelia. Genome Res. 24, 1918–1931 (2014).
35. C. N. Miller, I. Proekt, J. von Moltke, K. L. Wells, A. R. Rajpurkar, H. Wang, K. Rattay, I. S. Khan, T. C. Metzger, J. L. Pollack, A. C. Fries, W. W. Lwin, E. J. Wigton, A. V. Parent, B. Kyewski, D. J. Erle, K. A. Hogquist, L. M. Steinmetz, R. M. Locksley, M. S. Anderson, Thymic tuft cells promote an IL-4-enriched medulla and shape thymocyte development. Nature. 559, 627–631 (2018).
36. K. Kondo, I. Ohigashi, Y. Takahama, Thymus machinery for T-cell selection. Int. Immunol. 31, 119–125 (2019).
37. A. I. Robles, F. Larcher, R. B. Whalin, R. Murillas, E. Richie, I. B. Gimenez-Conti, J. L. Jorcano, C. J. Conti, Expression of cyclin D1 in epithelial tissues of transgenic mice results in epidermal hyperproliferation and severe thymic hyperplasia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 93, 7634–7638 (1996).
38. D. B. Klug, E. Crouch, C. Carter, L. Coghlan, C. J. Conti, E. R. Richie, Transgenic Expression of Cyclin D1 in Thymic Epithelial Precursors Promotes Epithelial and T Cell Development. J. Immunol. 164, 1881–1888 (2000).
39. D. A. Megger, D. A. Megger, W. Naboulsi, H. E. Meyer, B. Sitek, Proteome Analyses of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Review Article Proteome Analyses of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol. 2, 22–30 (2014).
40. L. Ting, R. Rad, S. P. Gygi, W. Haas, MS3 eliminates ratio distortion in isobaric multiplexed quantitative proteomics. Nat. Methods. 8, 937–940 (2011).
41. D. B. Klug, C. Carter, E. Crouch, D. Roop, C. J. Conti, E. R. Richie, Interdependence of cortical thymic epithelial cell differentiation and T-lineage commitment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. (1998).
42. Y. Lei, A. M. Ripen, N. Ishimaru, I. Ohigashi, T. Nagasawa, L. T. Jeker, M. R. Bösl, G. a Holländer, Y. Hayashi, R. D. W. Malefyt, T. Nitta, Y. Takahama, Aire-dependent production of XCL1 mediates medullary accumulation of thymic dendritic cells and contributes to regulatory T cell development. J. Exp. Med. 208, 383–394 (2011).
43. D. H. D. Gray, N. Seach, T. Ueno, M. K. Milton, A. Liston, A. M. Lew, C. C. Goodnow, R. L. Boyd, Developmental kinetics, turnover, and stimulatory capacity of thymic epithelial cells. Blood. 108, 3777–3785 (2006).
44. M. Meredith, D. Zemmour, D. Mathis, C. Benoist, Aire controls gene expression in the thymic epithelium with ordered stochasticity. Nat. Immunol. 16, 942–949 (2015).
45. C. Bornstein, S. Nevo, A. Giladi, N. Kadouri, M. Pouzolles, F. Gerbe, E. David, A. Machado, A. Chuprin, B. Tóth, O. Goldberg, S. Itzkovitz, N. Taylor, P. Jay, V. S. Zimmermann, J. Abramson, I. Amit, Single-cell mapping of the thymic stroma identifies IL-25-producing tuft epithelial cells. Nature. 559, 622–626 (2018).
46. G. Anderson, E. J. Jenkinson, N. C. Moore, J. J. T. Owen, MHC class II-positive epithelium and mesenchyme cells are both required for T-cell development in the thymus. Nature. 362, 70–73 (1993).
47. M. Sakata, I. Ohigashi, Y. Takahama, Cellularity of Thymic Epithelial Cells in the Postnatal Mouse. J. Immunol. 200, 1382–1388 (2018).
48. H. Wekerle, U. P. Ketelsen, Thymic nurse cells-Ia-bearing epithelium involved in Tlymphocyte differentiation? Nature. 283, 402–404 (1980).
49. B. Kyewski, H. S. Kaplan, Lymphoepithelial interactions in the mouse thymus: phenotypic and kinetic studies on thymic nurse cells. J. Immunol. 128, 2287–2294 (1982).
50. Y. Nakagawa, I. Ohigashi, T. Nitta, M. Sakata, K. Tanaka, S. Murata, O. Kanagawa, Y. Takahama, Thymic nurse cells provide microenvironment for secondary T cell receptor rearrangement in cortical thymocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109, 20572–20577 (2012).
51. S. Murata, Y. Takahama, M. Kasahara, K. Tanaka, The immunoproteasome and thymoproteasome: functions, evolution and human disease. Nat. Immunol. 19, 923–931 (2018).
52. J. Nedjic, M. Aichinger, J. Emmerich, N. Mizushima, L. Klein, Autophagy in thymic epithelium shapes the T-cell repertoire and is essential for tolerance. Nature. 455, 396– 400 (2008).
53. K. Sasaki, K. Takada, Y. Ohte, H. Kondo, H. Sorimachi, K. Tanaka, Y. Takahama, S. Murata, Thymoproteasomes produce unique peptide motifs for positive selection of CD8+ T cells. Nat. Commun. 6, 7484 (2015).
54. Y. O. Saw, M. Salim, J. Noirel, C. Evans, I. Rehman, P. C. Wright, iTRAQ underestimation in simple and complex mixtures: “The good, the bad and the ugly.” J. Proteome Res. 8, 5347–5355 (2009).
55. L. Ting, R. Rad, S. P. Gygi, W. Haas, MS3 eliminates ratio distortion in isobaric multiplexed quantitative proteomics. Nat. Methods. 8, 937–940 (2011).
56. P. Chen, M. Hochstrasser, Autocatalytic subunit processing couples active site formation in the 20S proteasome to completion of assembly. Cell. 86, 961–972 (1996).
57. Y. Hirano, T. Kaneko, K. Okamoto, M. Bai, H. Yashiroda, K. Furuyama, K. Kato, K. Tanaka, S. Murata, Dissecting β-ring assembly pathway of the mammalian 20S proteasome. EMBO J. 27, 2204–2213 (2008).
58. T. A. Griffin, D. Nandi, M. Cruz, H. J. Fehling, L. Van Kaer, J. J. Monaco, R. A. Colbert, Immunoproteasome Assembly: Cooperative Incorporation of Interferon γ (IFN-γ)–inducible Subunits. J. Exp. Med. 187, 97–104 (1998).
59. K. Tanaka, The proteasome: overview of structure and functions. Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B. Phys. Biol. Sci. 85, 12–36 (2009).
60. M. R. M. Van Den Brink, Ö. Alpdogan, R. L. Boyd, Strategies to enhance T-cell reconstitution in immunocompromised patients. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4, 856–867 (2004).
61. M. S. Chaudhry, E. Velardi, J. A. Dudakov, M. R. M. van den Brink, Thymus: The next (re)generation. Immunol. Rev. 271, 56–71 (2016).
62. R. G. Majzner, C. L. Mackall, Clinical lessons learned from the first leg of the CAR T cell journey. Nat. Med. 25, 1341–1355 (2019).