AAFCO (Association of American Feed Control Official). (2010). Official Publication.
Champaign, IL.
AOAC. (2000). Official Methods of Analysis (17th ed.). Washington, DC: Association of
Official Analytical Chemists.
ARC (Agricultural Research Council). (1981). The Nutrient requirements of pigs. Slough,
England: Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux.
Adedokun, S.A., Jaynes, P., El-Hack, M. E. Abd., Payne, R.L., & Applegate, T.J. (2014).
Standardized ileal amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meal and soybean meal
in laying hens and broilers. Poultry Science, 93, 420-428.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03495
Adeola, O. (1996). Bioavailability of tryptophan in soybean meal for 10‐ kg pigs using
slope‐ratio assay. Journal of Animal Science, 74, 2411- 2419.
https://doi.org/10.2527/1996.74102411x
Adeola, O. (2009). Bioavailability of threonine and tryptophan in pea‐ nut meal for starter
pigs using slope‐ratio assay. Animal, 3, 677-685.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731109004066
Agriculture & Livestock Industries Corporation in Japan (Alic). (2015). Current demand
and supply of cereal grain and hi-protein feed ingredients in United State of America.
(In Japanese) Available from URL: http://www.alic.go.jp//
86
Ajinomoto Co., Inc. (2003). Amino acids handbook. Tokyo, Japan: Kogyo Chosakai
Publishing Co., Ltd. (In Japanese)
Anderson, R. L., & Nelson, L. A. (1975). A family of models involving intersecting
straight lines and concomitant experimental designs useful in evaluating response to
fertilizer nutrients. Biometrics, 31, 303-318.
https://doi.org/10.2307/2529422
Ariyoshi, S. (1983). Amino Acid in Animal Nutrition (1st ed.). Tokyo, Japan: Chikusan
Shuppan Co., Ltd. (In Japanese).
Australian Meat and Bone Meal Nutritional Technical Review. (2003). Meat and
Livestock Australia 2003. North Sydney, Australia: Meat and Livestock Australia
Ltd.
Baker, D. H. (1978). Nutrient bioavailability in feedstuffs: Methodology for determining
amino acid and B-vitamin availability in cereal grains and soybean meal. Georgia
Nutrition Conference. Atlanta. pp 1-12.
Baker, D. H. (1985). Problems and pitfalls in nutrient estimation. Proc. Anim. Nutr. Res.
Council Symp., 1985, Athens, GA.
Baker, D. H., Allen, N. K., Boomgaardt, J., Graber, G., & Norton, H.W. (1971).
Quantitative aspects of D- and L-tryptophan utilization by the young pig. Journal of
Animal Science, 33, 42-46.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1971.33142x
Baker, D.H., Becker, D.H., Norton, H.W., Jensen, A.H., & Harmon, B.G. (1969). Lysine
imbalance of corn protein in the growing pig. Journal of Animal Science, 28, 23-26.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1969.28123x
87
Baker, D.H., Katz, R.S., & Easter, R.A. (1975). Lysine requirement of growing pigs at
two levels of dietary protein. Journal of Animal Science, 40, 851-856.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1975.405851x
Bass, B.E., Bradley, C.L., Johnson, Z.B., Rush, C.E.Z., Boyd, R.D., Usry, J. L., Maxwell,
C.V., & Frank, J.W. (2017). Influence of dietary L-arginine supplementation of sows
during late pregnancy on piglet birth weight and sow and litter performance during
lactation. Journal of Animal Science, 95, 248-256.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2016.0986
Batterham, E. S. (1992). Availability and utilization of amino acid for growing pigs.
Nutritional Research and Review, 5, 1–8.
https://doi. org/10.1079/nrr19920004
Batterham, E. S., Murison, R. D., & Lowe, R. F. (1981). Availability of lysine in vegetable
protein concentrates as determined by the slope‐ratio assay with growing pigs and
rats and chemical techniques. British Journal of Nutrition, 45, 401-410.
https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19 810115
Batterham, E.S., & Darnell, R.E. (1986a). Effect of pressure and temperature on the
availability of lysine in meat and bone meal as determined by slope-ratio assays with
growing pigs, rats and chicks and by chemical techniques. British Journal of
Nutrition, 55, 441-453.
https://doi.org.10.1079/BJN19860050
Batterham, E.S., Lowe, R.F., & Darnell, R.E. (1986b). Availability of lysine in meat meal,
meat and bone meal and blood meal as determined by the slope-ratio assay with
growing pigs, rats and chicks and by chemical techniques. British Journal of
Nutrition, 55, 427-440.
https://doi.org.10.1079/BJN19860049
88
Batterham, E.S., Murison, R.D., & Lewis, C.E. (1979). Availability of lysine in protein
concentrates as determined by the slope-ratio assay with growing pigs and rats and
by chemical techniques. British Journal of Nutrition, 41, 383-391.
https://doi.org.10.1079/BJN19790047
Becker, D. E., Lassiter, J. W., Terrill, S. W., & Norton, H. W. (1954). Levels of protein in
practical rations for the pig. Journal of Animal Science, 13, 611-621.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1954.133611x
Block, R.J., & Weiss, K. W. (1956).
" AMINO ACID HANDBOOK (Methods and
Results of Protein Analysis) ". Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, Illinois,
U.S.A.
Bloss, R. E., Luecke, R. W., Hoefer, J. A., Thorp, F. Jr., & McMillen, W. N. (1953).
Supplementation of a corn-meat and bone scrap ration for weanling pigs. Journal of
Animal Science, 12,102-106.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1953.121102x
Boomgaardt, J., & Baker, D. H. (1973). Tryptophan requirement of growing pigs at three
levels of dietary protein. Journal of Animal Science, 36, 303-306.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1973.362303x
Burns, J. M., & Baker, D. H. (1976). Assessment of the quantity of biologically available
phosphorus in yeast RNA and single-cell protein. Poultry Science, 55, 2447-2455.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0552447
Canfield, R. E. (1963). The amino acid sequence of egg white lysozyme. Journal
of Biological Chemistry, 238, 2698-2707.
http://www.jbc.org/content/238/8/2698.citation
89
Canh, T.T., Aarnink, A.J.A., Schutte, J.B., Sutton, A., Langhout, D.J., & Verstegen,
M.W.A. (1998). Dietary protein affects nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission
from slurry of growing–finishing pigs. Livestock Production Science, 56, 181-191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(98)00156-0
Chung, T.K., & Baker, D.H. (1992). Ideal amino acid pattern for 10-kilogram pigs.
Journal of Animal Science, 70, 3102-3111.
https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.70103102x
Copelin, J. L., Gaskins, C. T., & Tribble, L. F. (1978). Availability of tryptophan, lysine,
and threonine in sorghum for swine. Journal of Animal Science, 46,133-142.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1978.461133x
Davis, T.M., Parsons, C.M., Utterback, P.L., & Kirstei, D. (2015). Evaluation of the
pepsin digestibility assay for predicting amino acid digestibility of meat and bone
meals. Poultry Science, 94, 1003-1008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps/pev062
De Muelenaere, H.J.H., Chen, M-L., & Harper, A. E. (1967). Assessment of factors
influencing estimation of availability of threonine, isoleucine, and valine in cereal
products. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 15,318-323.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60150a008
Dibner, J.J. & Richards, J.D. (2005). Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history
and mode of action. Poultry Science, 84, 634-643.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/84.4.634
90
Donkoh, A., Moughan, P.J., & Smith, W.C. (1994a). The laboratory rat as a model animal
for determining ileal amino acid digestibility in meat and bone meal for growing pig.
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 49, 57-71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)90081-7
Donkoh, A., Moughan, P.J., & Smith, W.C. (1994b). True ileal digestibility of amino acid
in meat and bone meal for the growing pig – application of a routine rat digestibility
assay. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 49, 73-86.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)90082-5
Easter, R. A., & Baker, D. H. (1980). Lysine and protein levels in corn-soybean meal diets
for growing-finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science, 50, 467-471.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1980.503467x
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). (2009). FAO. 2009.
2050: A third more mouths to feed [page on the internet]. FAO. Rome, Italy: [cited
27 October 2020].
Available from URL: http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/35571/icode/)
Feedstuffs Reference Issue, Feedstuff Ingredient Analysis Table. (1983). 1983 Edition,
Vol. 55, No. 30, Minneapolis, Minnesota., U.S.A.
Finney, D. J. (1978). Statistical methods in biological assay (3rd ed.). London: Charles
Griffin.
Fisher, H., Griminger, P., Lavelle, G. A., & Shapiro, R. (1960). Quantitative aspects of
lysine deficiency and amino acid imbalance. The Journal of Nutrition, 71, 213-220.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/71.3.213
91
Furuya, S., Takahashi, S., & Kameoka, K. (1981). A comparative study of the digestibility
by pigs, chickens and rats using identical rations. Japanese Journal of Zootechnical
Science, 52, 459-466.
https://doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.52.459
Furuya, S., Watanabe, M., Abe, H., Shimizu, T., Daimon, H., Sato, K., Konta, T., & Sato,
K. (1997). Reduction of nitrogen excretion of growing-finishing pigs by feeding
reduced protein, amino acid- supplemented diets. Japanese Journal of Swine Science,
34, 15-21. (In Japanese)
Gloaguen, M., Floc’h, N. L., Corrent, E., Primot, Y., & Milgen, J.V. (2014). The use of
free amino acids allows formulating very low crude protein diets for piglets. Journal
of Animal Science, 92, 637-644.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2013-6514
Gonçalves, M. A. D., Nitikanchana, S., Tokach, M. D., Dritz, S. S., Bello, N. M.,
Goodband, R. D., Touchette, K. J., Usry, J. L., DeRouchey, J. M., & Woodworth, J.
C. (2015). Effects of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan: lysine ratio on growth
performance of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 93, 3909-3918.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9083
Green, R.D., & Black, A. (1944). The microbiological assay of tryptophane in proteins
and foods. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 155, 1-8.
Guay, F., Donovan, S. M., & Trottier, N. L. (2006). Biochemical and morphological
developments are partially impaired in intestinal mucosa from growing pigs fed
reduced-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Journal of Animal
Science, 84, 1749-1760.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2005-558
92
Gupta, J. D., & Elvehjem, C. A. (1957). Biological availability of tryptophan. Journal of
Nutrition, 62, 313-324.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ jn/71.3.213
Hahn, D. J., & Baker, D. H. (1995). Optimum ratio to lysine of threonine, tryptophan, and
sulfur amino acids for finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 482-489.
https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.732482x
Haynes, T.E., Li, P., Li, X., Shimotori, K., Sato, H., Flynn, N.E., Wang, J., Knabe, D.A.,
& Wu, G. (2009). L-glutamine or L-alanyl-L-glutamine prevents oxidant- or
endotoxin- induced death of neonatal enterocytes. Amino Acids, 37, 131-142.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-009-0243-x
He, L., Wu, L., Xu, Z., Li, T., Yao, K., Cui, Z., Yin, Y., & Wu, G. (2016). Low-protein
diets affect ileal amino acid digestibility and gene expression of digestive enzymes
in growing and finishing pigs. Amino Acids, 48, 21-30.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00726-015-2059-1
Heger, J., & Frydrych, Z. (1985). Efficiency of utilization of essential amino acids in
growing rats at different level of intake. British Journal of Nutrition, 54, 499-508.
https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19850135
Henderson, L.M., & Snell, E. E. (1948). A uniform medium for determination of amino
acids with various microorganisms. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 172, 15-29.
Hendriks, W.H., Butts, C.A., Thomas, D.V., James, K.A.C., Morel, P.C.A, & Verstegen,
M.W.A. (2002). Nutritional quality and variation of meat and bone meal. AsianAustralasian Journal of Animal Science, 15, 1507-1516.
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2002.1507
93
Hendriks, W.H., Cottam, Y.H., Morel, P.C.H., & Thomas, D.V. (2004). Source of the
variation in meat and bone meal nutritional quality. Asian-Australian Journal of
Animal Science, 17, 94-101.
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2004.94
Hernández, F., Martínez, S., López, C., Megías, M. D., López, M., & Madrid, J. (2011).
Effect of dietary crude protein levels in a commercial range, on the nitrogen balance,
ammonia emission and pollutant characteristics of slurry in fattening pigs. Animal,
5, 1290-1298.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731111000115
Hill, R. L., & Schmidt, W. R. (1962). The complete enzymic hydrolysis of proteins.
Journal of Biological Chemistry, 237, 389-396.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)93931-1
Hirakawa, D. and D. H. Baker. 1986. Assessment of lysine bioavailability in an intact
protein mixture: comparison of chick growth and precision-fed rooster assays.
Nutrition Research, 6, 815-826.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5317(86)80164-6
Hugli, T.E., & Moore, S. (1972). Determination of the tryptophan content of proteins by
ion exchange chromatography of alkaline hydrolysates. Journal of Biological
Chemistry, 247, 2828-2834.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)45285-X
Ikumo, H., Takigawa, A., & Kameoka, K. (1983). Study on Tryptophane Determination
in Feedstuffs. The Japanese Journal of Zootechnical Science, 54, 788-793.
94
Jørgensen, H., Sauer, W.C., & Thacker,
P.A. (1984). Amino acid availabilities in
soybean meal, sunflower meal, fish meal and meat and bone meal fed to growing
pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 58, 926-934.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1984.584926x
Kerr, B. J., Easter, R. A., Baker, D. H., McKeith, F. K., Bechtel, P. J., & Giesting, D. W.
(1983). Response of growing-finishing pigs to lysine supplementation of reduced
crude protein diets. Journal of Animal Science, 57 (Suppl. 1): 252.
Kerr, B.J., Urriola, P.E., Jha, R., Thomson, J.E., Curry, S.M., & Shurson, G.C. (2019).
Amino acid composition and digestible amino acid content in animal protein byproduct meal fed to growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 97, 4540-4547.
https://doi:10.1093/jas/skz294
Knox, R., Kohler, G. O., Palter, R., & Walker, H. G. (1970). Determination of tryptophan
in feeds. Analytical biochemistry, 36, 136-143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(70)90341-6
Kosaka, K., & Yoshida, M. (1969). Application of the slope ratio technique to the
estimation of thiamine activity of thiamine analogues. Japanese Poultry Science, 6,
82-88.
https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.6.82
Lee, D.N., Cheng, Y.H., Wu, F.Y., Sato, H., Shinzato, I., Chen, S.P., & Yen, H.T. (2003).
Effect of dietary glutamine supplement on performance and intestinal morphology
of weaned pigs. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science. 16, 1770-1776.
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2003.1770
95
Lenis, N. P., van Diepen, H.T.M., Bikker, P., Jongbloed, A.W., & van der Meulen, J.
(1999). Effect of ratio between essential and nonessential amino acids in the diet on
utilization of nitrogen and amino acids by growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science,
77, 1777-1787.
https://doi.org/10.2527/1999.7771777x
Levesque, C. L., Moehn, S., Pencharz, P. B., & Ball, R. O. (2011). The metabolic
availability of threonine in common feedstuffs fed to adult sows is higher than
published ileal digestibility estimates. Journal of Nutrition, 141, 406-410.
https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.129759
Lewis, A. J., & Bayley, H. S. (1995). Amino acid bioavailability. In C. B. Ammerman, D.
H. Baker, & A. J. Lewis (Eds.), Bioavailability of nutrients for animals; amino acid,
minerals, and vitamins (pp. 35-65). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Liu, J.B., Yan, H.L., Cao, S.C., Liu, J., Li, Z.X., & Zhang, H.F. (2019). The response of
performance in grower and finisher pigs to diets formulated to different tryptophan
to lysine ratios. Livestock Science, 222, 25-30.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.01.016
Liu, T. Y., & Chang, Y. H. (1971). Hydrolysis of proteins with p-toluene-sulfonic acid:
determination of tryptophan. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 246, 2842-2848.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62259-8
Lombard, J. H., & Lange, D. J. (1965). The chemical determination of tryptophan in foods
& mixed diets. Analytical Biochemistry, 10, 260-265.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(65)90266-6
96
Lucas, B., & Sotelo, A. (1980). Effect of different alkalies, temperature, and hydrolysis
times on tryptophan determination of pure proteins and of foods. Analytical
biochemistry, 109, l92-197.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(80)90028-7
Ma, W., Mao, P., Guo, L., & Qiao, S. (2020). Crystalline amino acids supplementation
improves the performance and carcass traits in late-finishing gilts fed low-protein
diets. Animal Science Journal, 91. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13317
Mathelson, N.A. (1974). The determination of tryptophan in purified proteins & in
feeding-stuffs. British Journal of Nutrition, 31, 393-400.
https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19740047
Matsubara, H., & Sasaki, R. M. (1969). High recovery of tryptophan from acid
hydrolysates of proteins. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,
35, 175-181.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-291X(69)90263-0
Meade, R. J. (1972). Biological availability of amino acids. Journal of Animal Science,
35, 713-723.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1972.353713x
Miller, E. L. (1967). Determination of the tryptophan content of feeding-stuffs with
particular reference to cereals. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 18,
381-386.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740180901
97
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japan. (2014). Restart of meat and bone
meal for feed in fish farming (The draft). Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries. Tokyo, Japan; [cited August 2014]. (In Japanese) Available from URL:
http://www.maff.go.jp/j/council/sizai/siryou/38/pdf/ref_data.pdf
Morales, A., Buenabad, L., Castillo, G., Arce, N., Araiza, B.A., Htoo, J.K., & Cervantes,
M. (2015). Low-protein amino acid–supplemented diets for growing pigs: Effect on
expression of amino acid transporters, serum concentration, performance, and
carcass composition. Journal of Animal Science, 93. 2154-2164.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2014-8834
Mori, B., & Nakatsuji, H. (1977). Utilization in rats of
14C-L-lysine-labeled
casein
browned by amino-carbonyl reaction. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 41,
345-350.
https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb1961.41.345
NARO (National Agriculture and Food Research Organization). (2013). Japanese
Feeding Standard for Swine (2013). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Livestock Industry
Association. (In Japanese)
NRC (National Research Council). (1979). Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals,
No.2. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 8th Revised ed. National Academy of Science,
Washington, D. C., U.S.A.
NRC (National Research Council). (1988). Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals,
Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 9th Revised ed. National Academy Press,
Washington, D. C., U.S.A.
98
NRC (National Research Council). (1998). Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals.
Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th Revised Edition. Washington, DC: The
National Academies press.
https://doi.org/10.17226/6016
NRC (National Research Council). (2012). Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 11th Revised
Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
https://doi.org/10.17226/13298
Nemechek, J.E., Tokach, M.D., Dritz, S.S., Goodband, R.D., & DeRouchey, J.M. (2014).
Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible valine: lysine, total lysine: crude protein,
and replacing fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry byproduct meal with
crystalline amino acids on growth performance of nursery pigs from seven to twelve
kilograms. Journal of Animal Science, 92, 1548-1561.
https://doi:10.2527/jas/2013-6322
Netke, S. P., Scott, H. M., & Allee, C. L. (1969). Effect of excess amino acids on the
utilization of the first limiting amino acid in chick diets. The Journal of Nutrition.
99, 75-81.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/99.1.75
Newsholme, P., Procopio, J., Lima, M.M.R., Curi, T.C.P., & Curi, R. (2003). Glutamine
and glutamate-their central role in cell metabolism and function. Cell biochemistry
and Function, 21, 1-9.
https://doi.org/: 10.1002/cbf.1003
Oelshelegel, F. J., Schroeder, Jr. J. R., & Stahmann, M. A. (1970). A simple procedure for
basic hydrolysis of proteins and rapid determination of tryptophan using a starch
column. Analytical biochemistry, 34, 331-337.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(70)90116-8
99
Ohta, F., Takagi, T., Sato, H., & Ignarro, L.J. (2007). Low-dose L-arginine administration
increases microperfusion of hindlimb muscle without affecting blood pressure in rats.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,
104, 1407-1411.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610207104
Opieñska-Blauth, J., Charȩziński, M., & Berbeć, H. (1963). A new, rapid method of
determining tryptophan. Analytical biochemistry, 6, 69-76.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(63)90009-5
Osada, T., Takada, R., & Shinzato, I. (2011). Potential reduction of green-house gas
emission from swine manure by using a low-protein diet supplemented with
synthetic amino acids. Animal feed science and technology, 167, 562-574.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.079
Ousterhout. L. E., Grau, C. R. & Lundholm, B. D. (1959). Biological availability of amino
acids in fish meals and other protein sources. The Journal of Nutrition, 69, 65-73.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/69.1.65
Parsons, C.M. (1986). Determination of digestible and available amino acids in meat meal
using conventional and cecectomized cockerels or chick growth assays. British
Journal of Nutrition, 56, 227-240.
https://doi.0rg/10.1079/BJN19860102
Parsons, C.M., Castanon, F., & Han, Y. (1997). Protein and amino acid quality of meat
and bone meal. Poultry Science, 76, 361-368.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/76.2.361
100
Portejoie, S., Dourmad, J.Y., Martinez, J., & Lebreton, Y. (2004). Effect of lowering
dietary crude protein on nitrogen excretion, manure composition and ammonia
emission from fattening pigs. Livestock Production Science, 91, 45-55.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.06.013
Powell, S., Bidner, T. D., Payne, R. L, & Southern, L. L. (2011). Growth performance of
20- to 50kilogram pigs fed low-crude-protein diets supplemented with histidine,
cystine, glycine, glutamic acid, or arginine. Journal of Animal Science, 89, 36433650.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2010-3757
Ravindran, V., Hendriks, W.H., Camden, B.J., Thomas, D.V., Morel, P.C.H., & Butts, C.A.
(2002). Amino acid digestibility of meat and bone meals for broiler chickens.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 53, 1257-1264.
https://doi:10.1071/AR02055
Rider, A., & Perez-Maldonado. (2004). Developing a slope ratio chick assay for amino
acid availability. Barton ACT, Australia: Rural Industries Research and
Development Corporation (established by Australian Government).
Rivera, L.P.H., Peo, E. R. Jr., Stahly, T. S., Moser, B. D., & Cunningham, P. J. (1976).
Availability of tryptophan in some feedstuffs for swine. Journal of Animal Science,
43, 432-441.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1976.432432x
Robel, E. J. & Frobish, L. T. (1977). Evaluation of the chick bioassay for estimating sulfur
amino acid, lysine, and tryptophan availability in soybean meal. Poultry Science,
56,1399-1404.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0561399
101
Robel, E. J. (1967). Ion-exchange chromatography for the determination of tryptophan.
Analytical Biochemistry, 18, 406-413.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(67)90098-X
Rogers, Q.A., & Harper, A.E. (1965). Amino acid diets and maximal growth in the rat.
The Journal of Nutrition, 87, 267-273.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/87.3.267
Russell, L. E., Easter, R. A., Gomez-Rojas, V., Cromwell, G. L., & Stahly, T. S. (1986).
A note on the supplementation of low-protein, maize-soybean meal diets with lysine,
tryptophan, threonine, and methionine for growing pigs. Animal Science, 82, 291295.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000335610001802X.
Russell, L. E., Giesting, D. W., & Easter, R. A. (1983). Methionine, isoleucine, valine,
and glutamic acid additions to a low protein diet for growing pigs. Journal of Animal
Science, 57 (Suppl. 1): 267.
Russell, L.E., Cromwell, G.L., & Stahly, T.S. (1983). Tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine
and methionine supplementation of a 12% protein, Lysine-supplemented cornsoybean meal diet for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 56,1115-1123.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1983.5651115x
Russell, L.E., Kerr, B.R., & Easter, R.A. (1987). Limiting amino acids in an 11% crude
protein corn-soybean meal diet for growing pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 65,
1266-1272.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1987.6551266x
SAS. (1982). SAS User's Guide: Basics. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
102
Sauer, W.C., Cichon, R., & Misir, R. (1982). Amino acid availability and protein quality
of canola and rapeseed meal for pigs and rats. Journal of Animal Science, 54, 292301.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1982.542292x
Sharda, D.P., Mahan, D.C., & Wilson, R.F. (1976). Limiting amino acids in low-protein
corn-soybean meal diets for growing-finishing swine. Journal of Animal Science, 42,
1175-1181.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1976.4251175x
Shirley, R.B., & Parsons, C.M. (2000). Effect of Pressure Processing on Amino Acid
Digestibility of Meat and Bone Meal for Poultry. Poultry Science, 79, 1775-1781.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/79.12.1775
Slump, P., & Schreuder, H. A. W. (1969). Determination of tryptophan in foods.
Analytical biochemistry, 27, 182-186.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(69)90231-0
Smith, R. E. (1968). Assessment of the availability of amino acids in fish meal, soybean
meal and feather meal by chick growth assay. Poultry Science, 47, 1624-1630.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0471624
Smith, R. E., & Scott, H. M. (1965). Measurement of the Amino Acid Content of Fish
Meal Proteins by Chick Growth Assay: 2. The Effects of Amino Acid Imbalances
Upon Estimations of Amino Acid Availability by Chick Growth Assay. Poultry
Science, 44,408-413.
https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0440408
103
Sobotka, W., & Drażbo, A. (2020). Environmental impacts of diets containing different
levels of crude protein and limiting amino acids fed to pigs in a phase feeding system.
Journal of Elementology, 25, 645-655.
https//doi.org/10.5601/jelem.2019.24.4.1926
Spies, J. R. (1967). Determination of tryptophan in proteins. Analytical Chemistry, 39,
1412-1416.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60256a004
Spies, J. R. (1968). Determination of tryptophan in corn (Zea mays). Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 16, 514-516.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60157a014
Spies, J. R., & Chambers, D. C. (1948). Chemical Determination of Tryptophan.
Analytical Chemistry, 20, 30-39.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60013a006
Spies, J. R., & Chambers, D. C. (1949). Chemical Determination of Tryptophan in
Proteins. Analytical Chemistry, 21, 1249-1266.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60034a033
Standard Nutrient Requirements of Pigs in Japan. (1975). Edited by National Research
Council of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery. Tokyo, Japan. (In Japanese)
Standard Tables of Feed Compositions in Japan. (1980). Edited by National Research
Council of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, Tokyo, Japan. (In Japanese)
Standard Tables of Feed Compositions in Japan. (2009). Edited by National Agriculture
and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tokyo Japan: Japan Livestock Industry
Association. (In Japanese).
104
Stein, H. H., Seve, B., Fuller, M. F., Moughan, P. J., & de Lange, C. F. M. (2007). Amino
acid bioavailability and digestibility in pig feed ingredients: Terminology and
application. Journal of Animal Science, 85, 172-180.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2005-742
Stein, H.H., Kim, S.W., Nielsen, T.T., & Easter, R.A. (2001). Standardized ileal protein
and amino acid digestibility by growing pigs and sows.
Journal of Animal Science,
79, 2113-2122.
https://doi.org/10.2527/2001.7982113x
Stockland, W. L., Meade, R. J., & Nordstrom, J. W. (1971). Lysine, methionine, and
tryptophan supplementation of a corn-meat and bone meal diet for growing swine.
Journal of Animal Science, 32, 262-267.
https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1971.322262x
Sugahara, M., Baker, D. H., & Scott, H. M. (1969). Effect of different patterns of excess
amino acids on performance of chicks fed amino acid-deficient diets. The Journal of
Nutrition, 97, 29-32.
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/97.1.29
Suto, R., Osada, T., Oginio, A., & Hanari, T. (2016). Reduction potential of greenhouse
gas emission from swine wastewater purification treatment by using a low-protein
diet supplemented with synthetic amino acids. Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho, 87 (4),
373-380. (In Japanese)
Taguchi, G. (1958).
"Principles of Experimental Design", Vols. I, II, 2nd Ed., Maruzen,
Tokyo, Japan. (In Japanese)
105
Takahashi, S., & Furuya, S. (1967). Suitability of a rat as a pilot animal in pig nutrition
research. Similarity between the two animals in growth and digestibility. Research
Report of Livestock Institute of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 14, 63-67.
Thomas, O. P. (1980). Amino acid availability. Arkansas Nutrition Conference, p101.
Toledo, J.B., Furlan, A.C., Pozza, P.C., Carraro, J., Moresco, G., Ferreira, S.L., & Gallego,
A.G. (2014). Reduction of the crude protein content of diets supplemented with
essential amino acids for piglets weighing 15 to 30 kilograms. Revista Brasileira de
Zootecnia, 43, 301-309.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982014000600004
Wang, T. C., & Fuller, M. F. (1989). The optimum dietary amino acid pat‐ tern for growing
pigs. British Journal of Nutrition, 62, 77-89.
https:// doi.org/10.1079/bjn19890009
Wang, T. C., & Fuller, M. F. (1990). The effect of the plane of nutrition on the optimum
dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. Animal Production, 50, 155-164.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s000335610 0004554
Wang, T.C., & Fuller, M.F. (1989). The optimum dietary amino acid pattern for growing
pigs. British Journal of Nutrition, 62, 77-89.
https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN/19890009
Wang, T.C., & Fuller, M.F. (1990). The effect of the plane of nutrition on the optimum
dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs. Animal Science, 50, 155-164.
https://doi./org/10.1017/S0003356100004554
106
Wang, W., Wu, Z. ...
論文の公開元へ
