1. Erasmus JH, Khandhar AP, O’Connor MA, Walls AC, Hemann EA, Murapa P, et al. An Alphavirus- derived replicon RNA vaccine induces SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in mice and nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med. 2020; 12: 9396.
2. Long B, Carius BM, Chavez S, Liang SY, Brady WJ, Koyfman A, et al. Clinical update on COVID-19 for the emergency clinician: Presentation and evaluation. Am J Emerg Med. 2022; 54:46–57. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ajem.2022.01.028 PMID: 35121478
3. SeyedAlinaghi S, Abbasian L, Solduzian M, Ayoobi Yazdi N, Jafari F, Adibimehr A, et al. Predictors of the prolonged recovery period in COVID-19 patients: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Med Res. 2021; 26:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-021-00513-x PMID: 33957992
4. Duan R, Mao Q, Ding X, Qiu Q, Wang P. Immunologic features of asymptomatic postvaccination infec- tions with the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in adults. Immun Inflamm Dis. 2022; 10:e670. https://doi. org/10.1002/iid3.670 PMID: 35759224
5. Poland GA, Ovsyannikova IG, Crooke SN, Kennedy RB. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development: current status. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020; 95: 2172–2188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.021 PMID: 33012348
6. Chenchula S, Karunakaran P, Sharma S, Chavan M. Current evidence on efficacy of COVID-19 booster dose vaccination against the Omicron variant: A systematic review. J Med Virol. 2022; 94:2969–2976. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27697 PMID: 35246846
7. Alderson J, Batchelor V, O’Hanlon M, Cifuentes L, Richter FC, Kopycinski J; Oxford-Cardiff COVID-19 Literature Consortium. Overview of approved and upcoming vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: a living review. Oxf Open Immunol. 2021; 5: iqab010. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfimm/iqab010 PMID: 34522886
8. Desai D, Khan AR, Soneja M, Mittal A, Naik S, Kodan P, et al. Effectiveness of an inactivated virus- based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBV152, in India: a test-negative, case-control study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022: 3; 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00674-5 PMID: 34826383
9. Park JW, Lagniton PN, Liu Y, Xu RH. mRNA vaccines for COVID-19: what, why and how. Int J Biol Sci. 2021; 17: 1446–1460. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.59233 PMID: 33907508
10. Abdelzaher HM, Gabr AS, Saleh BM, Abdel Gawad RM, Nour AA, Abdelanser A. RNA vaccines against infectious diseases: vital progress with room for improvement. Vaccines (Basel). 2021; 9: 1211. https:// doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9111211 PMID: 34835142
11. Gutie´rrez-A´ lvarez J, Honrubia JM, Sanz-Bravo A, Gonza´lez-Miranda E, Ferna´ndez-Delgado R, Rejas MT, et al. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccine based on a propagation-defective RNA replicon elicited sterilizing immunity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021; 118: e2111075118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2111075118 PMID: 34686605
12. Johansson DX, Ljungberg K, Kakoulidou M, Liljestro¨ m P. Intradermal electroporation of naked replicon RNA elicits strong immune responses. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e29732. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0029732 PMID: 22238645
13. Carroll TD, Matzinger SR, Barro M, Fritts L, McChesney MB, Miller CJ, et al. Alphavirus replicon-based adjuvants enhance the immunogenicity and effectiveness of Fluzone® in rhesus macaques. Vaccine. 2011; 29: 931–940.
14. Bernstein DI, Reap EA, Katen K, Watson A, Smith K, Norberg P, et al. Randomized, double-blind, Phase 1 trial of an alphavirus replicon vaccine for cytomegalovirus in CMV seronegative adult volun- teers. Vaccine. 2009; 28: 484–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.09.135 PMID: 19857446
15. Vogel AB, Lambert L, Kinnear E, Busse D, Erbar S, Reuter KC, et al. Self-amplifying RNA vaccines give equivalent protection against influenza to mRNA vaccines but at much lower doses. Mol Ther. 2018; 26: 446–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.11.017 PMID: 29275847
16. Barrett AD, Teuwen DE. Yellow fever vaccine—how does it work and why do rare cases of serious adverse events take place? Curr Opin Immunol. 2009; 21: 308–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2009. 05.018 PMID: 19520559
17. Draper SJ, Heeney JL. Viruses as vaccine vectors for infectious diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Micro- biol. 2010; 8: 62–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2240 PMID: 19966816
18. Matsuyama S, Nao N, Shirato K, Kawase M, Saito S, Takayama I, et al. Enhanced isolation of SARS- CoV-2 by TMPRSS2-expressing cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020; 117: 7001–7003. https://doi. org/10.1073/pnas.2002589117 PMID: 32165541
19. Charlier N, Davidson A, Dallmeier K, Molenkamp R, De Clercq E, Neyts J. Replication of not-known- vector flaviviruses in mosquito cells is restricted by intracellular host factors rather than by the viral envelope proteins. J Gen Virol. 2010; 91: 1693–1697. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.019851-0 PMID: 20219898
20. Kotaki T, Kurosu T, Grinyo-Escuer A, Davidson E, Churrotin S, Okabayashi T, et al. An affinity- matured human monoclonal antibody targeting fusion loop epitope of dengue virus with in vivo thera- peutic potency. Sci Rep. 2021; 11: 12987. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92403-9 PMID: 34155267
21. Isawa H, Kuwata R, Tajima S, Hoshino K, Sasaki T, Takasaki T, et al. Construction of an infectious cDNA clone of Culex flavivirus, an insect-specific flavivirus from Culex mosquitoes. Arch Virol. 2012; 157: 975–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1240-z PMID: 22297417
22. Kato F, Tajima S, Nakayama E, Kawai Y, Taniguchi S, Shibasaki K, et al. Characterization of large and small-plaque variants in the Zika virus clinical isolate ZIKV/Hu/S36/Chiba/2016. Sci Rep. 2017; 7: 16160. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16475-2 PMID: 29170504
23. Jackson LA, Anderson EJ, Rouphael NG, Roberts PC, Makhene M, Coler RN, et al. An Mrna vaccine against SARS-Cov-2—preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 2020; 383: 1920–1931. https://doi.org/10. 1056/NEJMoa2022483 PMID: 32663912
24. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Po¨ hlmann S. A multibasic cleavage site in the spike protein of SARS- Cov-2 is essential for infection of human lung cells. Mol Cell. 2020; 78: 779–784. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.molcel.2020.04.022 PMID: 32362314
25. Xie X, Muruato A, Lokugamage KG, Narayanan K, Zhang X, Zou J, et al. An infectious cDNA clone of SARS-CoV-2. Cell Host Microbe. 2020; 27: 841–848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.04.004 PMID: 32289263
26. Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, et al. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nature methods. 2012; 9: 676–682. https://doi.org/10.1038/ nmeth.2019 PMID: 22743772
27. Ozono S, Zhang Y, Ode H, Sano K, Tan TS, Imai K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 D614G spike mutation increases entry efficiency with enhanced ACE2-binding affinity. Nat Commun. 2021; 12: 848. https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21118-2 PMID: 33558493
28. Meng B, Kemp SA, Papa G, Datir R, Ferreira IATM, Marelli S, et al. Recurrent emergence of SARS- CoV-2 spike deletion H69/V70 and its role in the Alpha variant B.1.1.7. Cell Rep. 2021; 35: 109292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109292 PMID: 34166617
29. Lundstrom K. Self-replicating RNA viruses for RNA therapeutics. Molecules. 2018; 23: 3310. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123310 PMID: 30551668
30. Hussain S, Rasool ST, Pottathil S. The evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 during pandemic and adaptation to the host. J Mol Evol. 2021; 89: 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00239-021-10008-2 PMID: 33993372
31. Lu J, Lu G, Tan S, Xia J, Xiong H, Yu X, et al. A COVID-19 mRNA vaccine encoding SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles induces a strong antiviral-like immune response in mice. Cell Res. 2020; 30: 936– 939. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-00392-7 PMID: 32801356
32. De´moulins T, Ruggli N, Gerber M, Thomann-Harwood LJ, Ebensen T, Schulze K, et al. Self-amplifying pestivirus replicon RNA encoding influenza virus nucleoprotein and hemagglutinin promote humoral and cellular immune responses in pigs. Front Immunol. 2021; 11: 622385. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fimmu.2020.622385 PMID: 33584723
33. Pepini T, Pulichino AM, Carsillo T, Carlson AL, Sari-Sarraf F, Ramsauer K, et al. Induction of an IFN- mediated antiviral response by a self-amplifying RNA vaccine: implications for vaccine design. J Immu- nol. 2017; 198: 4012–4024. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601877 PMID: 28416600
34. Zhong Z, Portela Catani JP, Mc Cafferty S, Couck L, Van Den Broeck W, Gorle´ N, et al. Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of a naked self-replicating mRNA-based zika virus vaccine. Vaccines (Basel). 2019; 7: 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines7030096 PMID: 31450775
35. Cagigi A, Lore´ K. Immune responses induced by mRNA vaccination in mice, monkeys and humans. Vaccines (Basel). 2021; 9: 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9010061 PMID: 33477534
36. Bauhofer O, Summerfield A, Sakoda Y, Tratschin JD, Hofmann MA, Ruggli N. Classical swine fever virus Npro interacts with interferon regulatory factor 3 and induces its proteasomal degradation. J Virol. 2007; 81: 3087–3096. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02032-06 PMID: 17215286
37. Kariko´ K, Muramatsu H, Welsh FA, Ludwig J, Kato H, Akira S, et al. Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA yields superior nonimmunogenic vector with increased translational capacity and biological sta- bility. Mol Ther. 2008; 16: 1833–1840. https://doi.org/10.1038/mt.2008.200 PMID: 18797453
38. Huang S, Zhang W, Katanski CD, Dersh D, Dai Q, Lolans K, et al. Interferon inducible pseudouridine modification in human mRNA by quantitative nanopore profiling. Genome Biol. 2021; 22: 330. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s13059-021-02557-y PMID: 34872593
39. Tang F, Quan Y, Xin ZT, Wrammert J, Ma MJ, Lv H, et al. Lack of peripheral memory B cell responses in recovered patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a six-year follow-up study. J Immunol. 2011; 186: 7264–7268. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.0903490 PMID: 21576510
40. Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Ramirez SI, Mateus J, Dan JM, Moderbacher CR, et al. Targets of T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals. Cell. 2020; 181: 1489–1501.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.05.015 PMID: 32473127
41. Li P, Luo Z, Liu P, Gao N, Zhang Y, Pan H, et al. Bioreducible alginate-poly(ethylenimine) nanogels as an antigen-delivery system robustly enhance vaccine-elicited humoral and cellular immune responses. J Control Release. 2013; 168: 271–279.
42. Drake JR. Signaling cross-talk between MHC Class II molecular conformers in resting murine B cells. Immunohorizons. 2019; 3: 28–36. https://doi.org/10.4049/immunohorizons.1800078 PMID: 31356174
43. Zhang YN, Li XD, Zhang ZR, Zhang HQ, Li N, Liu J, et al. A mouse model for SARS-CoV-2 infection by exogenous delivery of hACE2 using alphavirus replicon particles. Cell Res. 2020; 30: 1046–1048. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-00405-5 PMID: 32843719
44. Ricardo-Lax I, Luna JM, Thao TTN, Le Pen J, Yu Y, Hoffmann HH, et al. Replication and single-cycle delivery of SARS-CoV-2 replicons. Science. 2021; 374: 1099–1106. https://doi.org/10.1126/science. abj8430 PMID: 34648371
45. Otsuki K, Maeda J, Yamamoto H, Tsubokura M. Studies on avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). III. Interferon induction by and sensitivity to interferon of IBV. Arch Virol. 1979; 60: 249–255. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/BF01317496 PMID: 228636